Background: Oil palm has been recognized as one of the most important crops especially in Southeast Asia and the rest of the world. Palm oil production has recently been lowered as a result of the influence of various factors, which include weather and climate. The distribution of temperature, wind speed, relative humidity, solar radiation and rainfall all influence the growth and development of palms, which later reflects in the production quantity of the fresh fruit bunches and palm oil. The objective of this study is to investigate the impacts of various weather factors especially (temperature, wind speed, relative humidity, solar radiation and rainfall) on oil palm production in Peninsular Malaysia.&nbsp; 
 
Methods: The Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) 20.0 version was used to analyse the data, which include descriptive statistics and multilinear regression (MLR). The MLR model evaluated the strength of the relationship between oil palm yield (as a dependent variable) and temperature, solar radiation, wind speed, relative humidity and precipitation. Temperature, wind speed, relative humidity, solar radiation and rainfall, on the other hand, have been shown to have little effect on oil palm production and yield.&nbsp; 
 
Result: According to the R2 value, the independent variables only explained 20.2% of the variation in palm oil production. This study recommends operating within a comprehensive framework that includes scientific research, planting improved varieties, enhancing regional intellectual and academic leadership, engaging the participation of private and public stakeholders, highlighting participatory initiatives with researchers in consumer countries and enhancing growers&rsquo; ability to adapt best agroecological practises.

What does Modelling Tells us on the Influence of&nbsp;Certain Weather Parameters on Oil Palm Production in Peninsular Malaysia

<div style="text-align: justify;">The need to increase food production and improve the quality of our environment has prompted a search for materials to control wind and water erosion. This paper is a review of research and development associated with application, methods, and amounts of mulch types-crop residues, chemical soil stabilizers, and feedlot wastes (manure)-required to control wind erosion. An effective wind erosion control treatment is one that can resist a 38.0 m/s wind as measured at 15.2 m. &nbsp;Mulching has becomes an important practice in modern field production. Mulch paper reduces the application of chemical fertilizer and herbicide, weed control and maintain the land temperature. This article reviews the published research on mulches and discusses the opportunities that they solving the problem in agriculture.</div>

Effect of mulching on soil and water conservation -A review

Background: Turmeric is a vital crop in Manipur, but its production is increasingly influenced by changing climatic conditions. Understanding the relationship between climate variables and turmeric output is essential for sustainable agricultural planning in the region. 
 
Methods: This study analyzes the causal relationship between climate factors and turmeric production in Manipur using secondary data from 2001-02 to 2020-21. Key climate variables examined include minimum temperature (&deg;C), relative humidity (RH%), wind speed (m/s), solar radiation (W/m&sup2;), and rainfall (mm). Statistical tools such as Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR), mean, standard deviation, standard error, and the Cuddy Della Valle Index (CDVI) were used to assess variability and trends. Additionally, the Correlogram and Augmented Dickey-Fuller (ADF) test was applied to data from 2013 to 2022 to evaluate the stationarity of climate and production variables. 
 
Result: The findings indicate high instability in turmeric cultivation area during Periods I and III, alongside moderate fluctuations in production and significant variability in rainfall and wind speed. The ADF test revealed stationary behavior in variables such as turmeric area, production, productivity, maximum RH, and wind speed. Conversely, temperature, wind direction, solar radiation, and rainfall exhibited non-stationary patterns. A strong positive correlation was found between turmeric production and factors like cultivation area, solar radiation, and maximum temperature. This study highlights the significant influence of climate variability on turmeric production in Manipur. The insights can guide policymakers and farmers in developing climate-resilient agricultural strategies to ensure stable turmeric yields in the future. 
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Study on Relationship between Climate Variability and Turmeric Production in Manipur; India

<div>Background: Weather monitoring is an important aspect of crop cultivation for reducing economic loss while increasing productivity. Weather is the combination of current meteorological components, such as temperature, wind direction and speed, amount and kind of precipitation, sunshine hours and so on. The weather defines a time span ranging from a few hours to several days. The periodic or continuous surveillance or the analysis of the status of the atmosphere and the climate, including parameters such as temperature, moisture, wind velocity and barometric pressure, is known as weather monitoring. Because of the increased usage of the internet, weather monitoring has been upgraded to smart weather monitoring. The Internet of Things (IoT) is one of the new technology that can help with many precision farming operations. Smart weather monitoring is one of the precision agriculture technologies that use sensors to monitor correct weather. The main objective of the research is to design a smart weather monitoring and real-time alert system to overcome the issue of monitoring weather conditions in agricultural farms in order for farmers to make better decisions.&nbsp; 
 
Methods: Different sensors were used in this study to detect temperature and humidity, pressure, rain, light intensity, CO2 level, wind speed and direction in an agricultural farm and real time clock sensor was used to measured real time weather data. The major component of this system was an Arduino Uno microcontroller and the system ran according to a program written in the Arduino Uno software. 
 
Result: This is a low-cost smart weather monitoring system. This system&rsquo;s output unit were a liquid crystal display and a GSM900A module. The weather data was displayed on a liquid crystal display and the GSM900A module was used to send the data to a mobile phone. This smart weather station was used to monitor real-time weather conditions while sending weather information to the farmer&rsquo;s mobile phone, allowing him to make better decisions to increase yield.</div>

An IoT based Low-cost Weather Monitoring System for Smart Farming

<div style="text-align:justify">El Ni&ntilde;o events are large climate disturbances which are originated within the equatorial Pacific, and occur in every 2 to eight years. The developed phase of El Ni&ntilde;o is characterized by unusual warm waters at the ocean surface, from the coasts of Peru and Ecuador to the middle of the equatorial Pacific. This phenomenon is caused by strange weakening of the trade winds blowing westward, which allows warm surface waters to reverse their direction eastward. The climatic impacts of El Ni&ntilde;o are amplifying throughout the planet which may show several effects on regional weather. it&rsquo;s related with wide-ranging changes within the climate system and may cause prominent socio-economic impacts affecting infrastructure, agriculture, health and energy sectors. albeit El Ni&ntilde;o appears within the region of tropical Pacific; it&rsquo;s impact on the worldwide climate and weather phenomena like drought/flooding and tropical storms. the traditional status within the equatorial Pacific is modified due to the raise in greenhouse gases which in turn leads to El Ni&ntilde;o Southern Oscillation (ENSO) changes. we are able to assure that ENSO variations will endure and influence the worldwide climate within the coming decades and centuries. Hence, forecasting and interpreting ENSO conditions are essential to both the scientists and therefore the public. during this paper, the occurrence of El Ni&ntilde;o and its impact on global climate and socio-economic status has been studied and reviewed from literature.</div>

ENSO - A Review

Background: To effectively manage the rust disease, it is crucial to understand how weather conditions impact both the host stage and disease development, as environmental factors significantly influence its severity and occurrence. 
&nbsp; 
Methods: The effect of weather factors on the development of cotton rust in different varieties and Bt cotton hybrids were investigated during kharif 2021-2023 at ICAR- Central Institute for Cotton Research (CICR), coimbatore under irrigated conditions. 
&nbsp; 
Result: The development of rust during different years in the same varieties/hybrids showed similar trend. Correlation analysis of pooled data indicated strong correlations between rust intensity and maximum temperature, wind speed and relative humidity in both varieties and hybrids. Positive and significant correlation of wind speed was recorded both in varieties and hybrids. Multiple regression analysis of pooled data showed that weather parameters including RH I, SSH and windspeed significantly influenced the development of rust disease. 
&nbsp;

Influence of Weather Variables on Progression of Rust Disease (Phakopsora gossypii) in Cotton

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<div>Background: Fall Armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda is a crop pest with over 80 host species that causes severe damage to maize and sorghum crops. S. frugiperda is native to tropical and subtropical region of America that has spread rapidly throughout the world.&nbsp; 
 
Methods: Based on the severity of&nbsp; S. frugiperda in India a field experiment was conducted to study the pest influence in maize and Sorghum crops for two years i.e., 2020 and 2021 during the kharif season at Regional Agricultural Research Station, Tirupati. Using correlation and regression techniques, the data was pooled and statistically analysed with weather parameters.&nbsp; 
 
Result: Correlation studies revealed a significant positive relationship between pest damage and minimum temperature showed negative relation with morning and evening relative humidity, while wind velocity and evaporation are positively influenced S. frugiperda damage. Maximum temperature, wind velocity and evaporation together played a role in the occurrence of S. frugiperda.&nbsp; Regression equations were developed using SPSS for predicting the damage caused by S. frugiperda.&nbsp;</div>

Crop Weather Pest Relationship and Forewarning Model for Spodoptera frugiperda on Maize and Sorghum

<div>An investigation was carried out at Experimental Farm, JNKVV, Jabalpur (MP) during 2016 - 2017 to know the population dynamics of major phototactic insect pests using Jawahar light trap in chickpea ecosystem. The present study revealed that gram pod borer was first recorded during 45th SW in light trap. The activity period of Helicoverpa armigera was noticed from November 2016 to April 2017 with two distinct peaks during 13th and 14th SW. The highest peak was observed in 14thSW. Cutworm was first recorded during 46th SW in light trap. Three distinct peaks were observed during 4th, 12th and 16th SW with highest peak was observed in 12th SW. Tobacco caterpillar was also firstly recorded during 46th SW in light trap with one distinct peak during 13th SW. Further, the correlation studies revealed that maximum temperature, minimum temperature, sunshine, wind velocity, morning vapor pressure and evaporation showed significant positive correlation whilemorning relative humidity and evening relative humidity, showed negative correlation with Helicoverpa armigera, Agrotis ipsilon (Hufnagel) and Spodoptera litura (Fabricius) moth catches and statistically found significant except wind velocity which wasnon-significant against Agrotis ipsilon (Hufnagel). Rest of the weather parameters were found non-significant.</div>

<div>Population dynamics of major phototactic insect pests of chickpea ecosystem through light trap</div>

<div>Background: Bitter gourd, an important tropical and sub-tropical vegetable which occupies a predominant position in Indian vegetables. The aphids and leafhoppers are more serious agricultural insect pests and aphids indirectly transmit plant virus diseases like, Cucumber Mosaic Virus (CMV) in cucurbit crops. Our study aimed to noticed seasonal fluctuations and bio-inputs using management of sucking pests in bitter gourd. 
 
Methods: Field experiments were conducted during 2017-19 in a farmer&rsquo;s field at Ellamanam village, Tiruchirappalli district, Tamil Nadu in insect pest population was monitored at weekly intervals from ten randomly selected plants in three plots. In field efficacy studies conducted Randomised Block Design with eight treatments and three replications.&nbsp; 
 
Result: Our results showed in the maximum aphid and leafhopper populations were recorded in September 2018 during 39th SMW (Standard Meteorological Week). In Rabi, the aphids and leaf hopper population were maximum in 9th and 10th SMW in February and March. The population of aphids and leafhopper were positively correlated with maximum temperature, minimum temperature, wind speed and wind direction. Rainfall and relative humidity were negatively associated to aphids and leafhopper infestation. In Kharif and Rabi, high reduction of aphid and leafhopper pest population were noticed in chlorantraniliprole 18.5 SC and spinosad 45 SC compared to control. Among the bio-inputs agniastram recorded higher reduction of pest population followed by karpurakaraisal, NSKE, fish acid and ten leaf extract.</div>

<div>Seasonal Fluctuations and Management of Sucking Insect Pests on Bitter Gourd (Momordica charantia L.)</div>

<div>The hot arid regions in India is spread in an area of 31.7 m ha, majority area being in Rajasthan (61%). The great Indian Thar desert is also located in this region. This region receives vary low rain fall with erratic distribution. Presence of harsh climatic condition such as high evapotranspiration, low relative humidity, with high aridity index and high wind velocity are other disadvantages. The soils are also light textured, less fertile, and prone to wind erosion. About 90 per cent of the area is dependent on monsoon rain for growing of annual crops which often fails due to insufficient rain or improper distribution. Despite these limitations, the region has good floral and faunal diversity that supports high human and livestock population. Many drought hardy perennial fruits and vegetables are grown with annual crops to complement farm income. Certain fruit crops like pomegranate (Punica granatum), Indian jujube (Ziziphus mauritiana Lam.), aonla (Emblica officinalis), date palm (Phoenix dactylifera) and Citrus species are grown commercially in irrigated areas. Many underutilized fruit crops also grow naturally or are cultivated. These include kair (Capparis decidua), lasora (Cordia myxa) jhar ber (Ziziphus nummularia), bordi (Ziziphus rotundifolia) pilu (Salvadora oleoides), khejri (Prosopis cineraria), phalsa (Grewia subinaequalis), Bengal quince (Aegle marmelos), karonda (Carissa carandas), prickly pear (Opuntia ficus-indica), kachri (Cucumis melo var. callosus) and snap melon (Cucumis melo var. momordica) etc. Most of these species are drought hardy with less incidence of pests and diseases yet give good yield despite environmental constraints. They serve as a source of nutrition for rural people being rich in vitamins, minerals, dietary fibres and other bioactive compounds. Germplasm collection, evaluation, conservation, ethnomedicinal values, improvement, propagation, agrotechniques, post-harvest management, value addition and future prospects of some of these crops are discussed in the paper.</div>

What does Modelling Tells us on the Influence of Certain Weather Parameters on Oil Palm Production in Peninsular Malaysia

Effect of mulching on soil and water conservation -A review

Study on Relationship between Climate Variability and Turmeric Production in Manipur; India

An IoT based Low-cost Weather Monitoring System for Smart Farming

ENSO - A Review

Influence of Weather Variables on Progression of Rust Disease (Phakopsora gossypii) in Cotton

Crop Weather Pest Relationship and Forewarning Model for Spodoptera frugiperda on Maize and Sorghum

Population dynamics of major phototactic insect pests of chickpea ecosystem through light trap

Seasonal Fluctuations and Management of Sucking Insect Pests on Bitter Gourd (Momordica charantia L.)

Underutilized Fruits and Vegetables in Hot Arid Regions of India: Status and Prospects: A Review