Background: No published data on two-dimensional echocardiographic quantitation of left ventricular size and function in Indian mongrel dogs is reported till date. 
 
Methods: Reference intervals for linear and area measurements of left ventricle size and function was generated in fifty healthy mongrel dogs (25 males, 25 females; mean age=1.59&plusmn;0.13 yr; mean body weight=16.66&plusmn;0.73 kg) using two-dimensional echocardiography. Dogs deemed&nbsp; healthy after thorough clinico-physiological, hematological, radiographic, electrocardiographic and echocardiographic evaluation were included in study.Relationship between two-dimensional linear and area measurements&nbsp; of left ventricle and body weight and, between same measurements obtained from different tomographic planes was studied using linear regression analysis. 
 
Result: Linear left ventricular measurements, left ventricular internal and external area, mitral valve orifice area showed significant (P&lt;0.001) positive correlation with body weight while fractional shortening and ejection fraction showed significant (P&lt;0.001) weak negative correlation with body weight. Left ventricular internal length in diastole, interventricular septum thickness and left ventricular internal dimension in systole and left ventricular free wall thickness in diastole were significantly (P&lt;0.01) higher in male dogs while mitral valve orifice area was significantly (P&lt;0.01) higher in female dogs. All linear measurements of left ventricular size obtained from different tomographic planes displayed&nbsp; significant (P&lt;0.001) correlation with each other.

Echocardiographic Quantitation of Left Ventricular Size and Function in Indian Mongrel Dogs

Background: Upward fixation of patella is common clinical malady in cattle due to extensive movement of stifle joint during the locomotory activity because of unknown etiology. However, at certain peak point (overstretching of ligament) or due to occupational trauma (wear and tear), ligament become flaccid and weak leading to patellar displacement and lameness. Patellar ligaments play crucial role in stifle joint movement and any functional or structural alterations in the ligaments can lead to acute to chronic lameness in cattle. The present study was carried out to evaluate the structural changes in collagen fibril material in medial patellar ligament in cattle suffering 
with patellar luxation.&nbsp;&nbsp; 
 
Methods: Tissue specimens of medial patellar ligament of normal (control animal) and affected cattle (luxation of patella) were harvested and preserved for scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopic (TEM) study as per standard procedure at RUSKA Laboratories, College of Veterinary Science, PVNRTVU, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad, India. 
 
Result: The incidence of medial patellar luxation was higher in females as compared to male cattle and the duration of lameness was between 3-12 months (7.35&plusmn;0.56 months) characterized by dragging of toe, outward jerky movement of affected limb, extension of limb and change in appearance of gait during walk and flexion of fetlock. Scanning electron study of normal ligament showed dense, uniformly and compact arrangement of collagen fiber bundles with morphometric thickness was 3.66&plusmn;0.58 &micro;m. whereas in luxated patella cases, medial ligament showed derangement in collagen fiber bundles. The collagen fibers were arranged irregular and wavy with morphometric thickness of collagen was 2.58&plusmn;0.03 &micro;m. Electron microscopy of the normal ligament showed presence of thick collagen fiber bundles packed in dense and compact arrangement. Electron microscopy of affected ligament had degenerative changes of the fibers characterized by thin collagen fiber bundles which were loosely and disorganized arranged fibrils. The present study concludes that, luxation of patella was common locomotory disorders in cattle due to derangement in collagen fiber bundles with drastic reduction in thickness of collagen fibers, increased gap between two collagen fibers, broken and overlapping fiber bundles and surface of collagen fibers appeared irregular rough via scanning and electron microscopy analysis.

Collagen Fibril Morphological Study of Medial Patellar Ligament of Stifle Joint Affected with Patellar Luxation in Cattle

<div>Background: Heart is the principal organ of circulatory system that pumps blood into the blood vessels and performs many vital functions. Studies on its development before birth of utmost important to safeguard the animal from the occurrence and consequences of various developmental anomalies. The ultrastructural details of ventricular architecture of heart especially in pre-natal sheep has not yet been reported. &nbsp;&nbsp; 
 
Methods: The collected foeti of sheep were divided into three age groups viz. early prenatal (up to 50 days), mid prenatal (51-100 days) and late prenatal (101 to 150 days). The samples from ventricles were processed for scanning electron microscopic study and subsequently, the samples were viewed and the photographs were taken in the facility available at Central Instrumentation Facility (CIF), OUAT, Bhubaneswar. The measurements of various parameters of ventricles were also taken at the ultrastructural level. The recorded data were subjected to routine statistical analysis. &nbsp;&nbsp; 
 
Result: It was observed that the endocardium of the ventricles consisted of a simple squamous epithelium. The endothelial cells were elongated in shape and arranged linearly on the surface of ventricles in 33 days prenatal non-descript sheep. The boundaries among the endothelial cells were indistinct in this age group. There was presence of pores among the endothelial cells on the surface of the ventricles. In late prenatal period, the endothelial cells of the ventricles became elongated in shape. The subendocardial layer consisted of connective tissue fibers and conducting purkinje fibers, which were quite predominant in the late prenatal period, i.e. at the age of 120 days of gestation. The endocardial fibers were distinctly coiled around the endothelial cells of the ventricles in this age group. The myocardium comprised of cylindrical and highly branched cardiac muscle fibers with pores all over the surface of the myocardium of the ventricles. Each muscle bundle in the myocardium consisted of muscle fibers extending parallel to each other longitudinally and that these fibers made collateral connections with each other in some regions. The papillary muscles were ridge like structures projecting into the lumen of the ventricles of heart. The chordae tendinae connected the papillary muscles and the bicuspid and tricuspid valves. The endothelial surface of the chordae tendinae consisted of elongated endothelial cells with pores among them. The pores of various sizes were arranged linearly in patches on the endothelial surface of the chordae tendinae of the ventricles especially in the late prenatal period, i.e. at about 105 days of gestation. &nbsp; &nbsp;</div>

<div>Scanning Electron Microscopic Studies on the Ventricular Architecture of Pre-natal Non-descript Sheep</div>

<div>Background: Being the vital organ of circulatory system, the development of the heart before birth must be studied to safeguard the animal from the incidence of various developmental anomalies. The ultrastructural details of auricular and atrio-ventricular valvular architecture of heart especially in pre-natal sheep has not yet been reported. &nbsp;&nbsp; 
 
Methods: The collected foeti of sheep were divided into three age groups viz. early prenatal (up to 50 days), mid prenatal (51-100 days) and late prenatal (101 to 150 days). The samples of auricle, bicuspid and tricuspid valves were processed for scanning electron microscopic study (Scanning Electron Microscope, Make: Hitachi and Model: S-3400N) and subsequently, the samples were viewed and the photographs were taken in the facility available at Central Instrumentation Facility (CIF), OUAT, Bhubaneswar. The measurements of various parameters of auricles and valves were also taken at the ultrastructural level by the inbuilt software programming system. The recorded data were subjected to routine statistical analysis. 
 
Result: It was revealed that the endocardium was the inner layer of the auricles of heart. The endothelial surface of the auricles was occupied by the simple squamous epithelium. The endothelial cells were elongated in shape in all the age groups. The subendothelial layer was consisted of connective tissue fibers and conducting fibers. The pectinate muscles covered the inner side of the right and left atria and were interconnected having a network like appearance except in mid prenatal stage, i.e. at 96 days of gestation, where they were arranged linearly. There was presence of pores among the pectinate muscles in both the atria in all the age groups under study. The endothelial surface of the bicuspid or mitral and tricuspid valves was lined by simple squamous endothelium that projected into the lumen of the valve. There was presence of pores among the endothelial cells of the valves. Further, the subendothelial layer was present just below the endothelium and comprised of connective tissue fibers and conducting fibers in both the valves. The width of the fibers in bicuspid valve was not uniform and was further categorized into thick and thin fibers especially in the mid prenatal stage, i.e. at 96 days of gestation. There was presence of clusters of pores among the endothelial cells of the tricuspid valve in the heart especially in the late prenatal stage, i.e. at 120 days of gestation period.</div>

<div>Scanning Electron Microscopic Studies on the Auricular and Atrio-ventricular Valvular Architecture of Pre-natal Non-descript Sheep</div>

<div>Background: Cardiac disorders are the second most common disorders after cancer in dogs. Cardiac disorders are often fatal and/or silent killers in canines. In our country, in the majority of cardiovascular disorders, there is a frequent omission by clinician and client due to lack of awareness. However, any cardiac abnormality requires to be dealt with top priority to avoid morbidity and mortality in the dog population. The present study was aimed to know the electrocardiographic interpretations of cardiac disorders in dogs. 
 
Methods: For this purpose, a total of 5110 dogs presented at Veterinary Clinical Complex, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Nanaji Deshmukh Veterinary Science University, Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh, from November 2019 to June 2020 were screened. Among them, 137 dogs had clinical signs about cardiac disorders were subjected to thorough electrocardiographic recordings for interpretations of various cardiac conduction anomalies. 
 
Result: Electrocardiography revealed various types of supraventricular and ventricular abnormalities. Among supraventricular disorders maximally wandering pacemaker (30.60%) was recorded followed by atrial fibrillation (22.58%), left atrial enlargement (8.06%) and sinus arrest (4.84%) in dogs. Among ventricular abnormalities; left ventricular enlargement, right ventricular enlargement and biventricular enlargement (i.e. 41.67%, 37.49% and 8.33%, respectively) were commonly diagnosed.</div>

Electrocardiographic Interpretations of Cardiac Disorders in Dogs

The present study was conducted to recognize by part, the cardiovascular events of the nasopharyngeal reflex, through electrocardiographic interpretations. ECG patterns were traced in twelve clinically normal and healthy New Zealand White rabbits of both sexes, weighing between 2-3 kg and aged between 1-3 years with inhalant irritants. Immediately after induction of formaldehyde vapour, the heart rate fell by 69% from a mean of 192 &plusmn; 7.310 bpm to 60 &plusmn; 1.296 bpm, whereas exposure with cigarette smoke caused a fall in heart rate by 74% from a mean of 205 &plusmn; 9.605 bpm to 53 &plusmn; 3.065 bpm. With both irritants, P wave becomes smaller and totally disappeared, indicating an increased vagal activity inducing a sinoatrial node arrest. The amplitude of QRS complex also significantly decreased; and so did the duration of P wave and PR interval, presumably due to junctional escape. T wave duration decreased with slow ventricular repolarization. Bradycardia was also evident with increased QT interval. However, there was no change in QRS complex or ventricular depolarization, mediated perhaps via compensatory sympathetic influence on the ventricular myocardium. The study demonstrates that both formaldehyde and cigarette smoke provoked a similar protective response of rabbits against noxious fumes. 
&nbsp;

Electrocardiographic interpretation of the nasopharyngeal&nbsp;response in conscious rabbits

<div>Background: Cardiac diseases defined as structural, functional, mechanical and electrical abnormality of heart. Characterization of different cardiac diseases in dogs prevalent in North Indian conditions is least studied.&nbsp; 
 
Methods: Out of total 2582 registered dogs, 41 were suspected for cardiac diseases based on clinical signs. Further confirmation and characterization was done by electrocardiography, radiography, echocardiography and cardiac biomarkers. Statistical analysis was done through SPSS 23.&nbsp; 
 
Result: Present study inferred, Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) as the most prevalent cardiac affection. Left ventricular dilation, interventricular septum thinning, increased E point septal separation and left atrial enlargement were characteristic echocardiographic indices in DCM. Echocardiographic indices in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy were increased interventricular septum, left ventricular posterior wall and reduced left ventricular lumen. Labrador retriever found to be most predisposed breed for DCM while Rottweiler reported to be most affected with pericardial effusion. Cardiac Troponin-I (cTnI) was statistically (p&lt;0.05) increased in all cardiac categories with cut off value above 92 ng/l indicating cardiac affection, while Lactate dehydrogenase serve as screening biochemical marker with significant increase in all the cardiac cases ranging from 291 IU/l to 586.4 IU/l.</div>

Characterization of Cardiac Diseases in Dogs Prevalent in Indian Conditions

Background: Pseudopericarditis is a rare phenomenon encountered in day to day clinical practice. A handful of reports have been introduced on pseudopericarditis due to theleriosis. This case study is first of its type that aims to describe the echocardiographic characteristics in cattle and buffaloes with pseudopericarditis due to pulmonary and hepatic hydatid cysts. 
 
Methods: The selected animals were presented with clinical signs mimicking that of cardiac insufficiency i.e. brisket edema, jugular engorgement, open mouth breathing, however they did not show any cardiac abnormality upon physical and cardiovascular examination. Thoracic and abdominal ultrasound revealed presence of cystic densities in lungs and/ or liver. These cases were further evaluated using M-mode echocardiography to access the functioning of heart and to see the effect of existing cysts on cardiac function.&nbsp; 
 
Result: This study constitutes the first report on various changes in M-mode echocardiographic parameters in bovines affected with lung and/or liver cysts. M-mode echocardiographic findings were significantly reduced left ventricular internal diameter in both systole and diastole, significantly reduced left ventricular end diastolic and systolic volumes and further significant increase in left ventricular contractility indices as these are directly dependent on the dimensions of the left ventricle as compared to healthy cattle and buffaloes. From the present study it was inferred that presence of single or multiple cysts in the thoracic cavity or hepatic parenchyma by putting pressure at the base of the cranial and caudal vena cava leads to the clinical signs similar to that of cardiac insufficiency. It is further documented that changes in echocardiographic parameters are only seen when there is direct compression of the heart due to the presence of cysts.

&nbsp;

Characterizing M-mode Echocardiography Findings in Bovines Diagnosed with Pseudopericarditis: A Diagnostic Approach

Background: Being the vital organ of circulatory system, the development of the heart before birth must be studied to safeguard the animal from the incidence of various developmental anomalies. The histochemical and biochemical details of cardiac architecture especially in pre-natal sheep have not yet been reported.&nbsp; &nbsp; 
 
Methods: The collected foeti of sheep were divided into three age groups viz. early prenatal (up to 50 days), mid prenatal (51-100 days) and late prenatal (101 to 150 days). The samples of heart were processed by routine paraffin technique and cryo technique and after section cutting, the slides were stained by various histochemical staining methods. Further, fresh pieces of the heart samples were also processed for getting tissue extracts for the biochemical analysis.&nbsp; &nbsp; 
 
Result: It was revealed that the PAS activity was observed in the cardiac wall, interatrial septum and interventricular septum in the sheep foeti at all stages of gestation. A variable degree of acid phosphatase activity was noted in the myocardium of heart wall in the sheep foeti at all stages of gestation. The lipid deposition also increased with advancing age in the myocardium of cardiac wall, interatrial septum and interventricular septum in the heart of sheep foeti. The activities of various enzymes like creatine kinase, alkaline phosphatase, serum glutamic-pyruvic transaminase and serum glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase were high in left ventricle than the right ventricle in the heart of sheep foeti. Certain protein bands of specific molecular weight appeared in the ventricular tissue at specific age of gestation in addition to a group of common proteins which appeared in ventricular tissue of sheep foeti in all age groups under study.

Histochemical and Biochemical Developmental Studies on the Heart in Pre-natal Non-descript Sheep (Ovis aries)

<div>Background: Heart is the central organ of circulatory system that pumps blood into the blood vessels and performs many vital functions. Its development before birth must be studied to safeguard the animal from the occurrence and consequences of various developmental anomalies. The detailed morphometry of different internal parameters of heart especially in pre-natal sheep has not yet been reported. &nbsp;&nbsp; 
 
Methods: The foeti of sheep were divided into two age groups viz. mid prenatal (51-100 days) and late prenatal (101 to 150 days) with fifteen animals in each age group. The various internal parameters were recorded by using digital weighing machine, graduated measuring cylinder, digital Vernier&rsquo;s calliper, non-stretchable nylon thread and graduated scale. The data recorded was statistically analysed by independent t test with IBM SPSS 25.0 version software.&nbsp; 
 
Result: The average thickness of left ventricular wall of heart was measured as 2.85&plusmn;0.15 mm and 4.28&plusmn;0.07 mm in mid prenatal and late prenatal stages respectively with significant (p&le;0.01) differences between the ages. Similarly, the average diameter of left atrio-ventricular opening of heart was measured as 2.06&plusmn;0.27 mm and 6.08&plusmn;0.36 mm in mid prenatal and late prenatal stages respectively with significant (p&le;0.01) differences between the ages. The average length of septal papillary muscle in right ventricle was measured as 1.12&plusmn;0.10 mm and 3.29&plusmn;0.21 mm in mid prenatal and late prenatal stages respectively with significant (p&le;0.01) differences between the ages. Further, the average length of moderator band in heart was measured as 1.45&plusmn;0.11 mm and 4.34&plusmn;0.23 mm in mid prenatal and late prenatal stages respectively with significant (p&le;0.01) differences between the ages. Similarly, the average length of chordae tendinae in right ventricle of heart was measured as 0.97&plusmn;0.09 mm and 3.50&plusmn;0.34 mm in mid prenatal and late prenatal stages respectively with significant (p&le;0.01) differences between the ages.&nbsp;</div>

Echocardiographic Quantitation of Left Ventricular Size and Function in Indian Mongrel Dogs

Collagen Fibril Morphological Study of Medial Patellar Ligament of Stifle Joint Affected with Patellar Luxation in Cattle

Scanning Electron Microscopic Studies on the Ventricular Architecture of Pre-natal Non-descript Sheep

Scanning Electron Microscopic Studies on the Auricular and Atrio-ventricular Valvular Architecture of Pre-natal Non-descript Sheep

Electrocardiographic Interpretations of Cardiac Disorders in Dogs

Electrocardiographic interpretation of the nasopharyngeal response in conscious rabbits

Characterization of Cardiac Diseases in Dogs Prevalent in Indian Conditions

Characterizing M-mode Echocardiography Findings in Bovines Diagnosed with Pseudopericarditis: A Diagnostic Approach

Histochemical and Biochemical Developmental Studies on the Heart in Pre-natal Non-descript Sheep (Ovis aries)

Age Wise Internal Morphometrical Studies on the Heart of Pre-natal Non-descript Sheep