<div>Background:&nbsp;Nowadays, many individuals are moving toward business relationships, becoming closer and developing business ties with their business partners in the supply chain. Relationship marketing could underpin strategic marketing in minimizing economic problems and enhancing business performance. However, there is little emphasis on how relationship marketing constructs influence paddy farmer&rsquo;s business, specifically theory-based empirical research. Therefore, the objective of this study is to examine the relationship between relationship marketing components (trust, communication and satisfaction) and paddy farmer&rsquo;s farm performance in Bangladesh.&nbsp; 
 
Methods: A validated survey instrument was used for data collection and 356 paddy farmers were interviewed applying systematic random sampling from the district of Mymensingh in Bangladesh. Partial Least Square Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) was used in data analysis.&nbsp; 
 
Result: The findings revealed that trust, communication and satisfaction had direct relationships with farmers&rsquo; farm performance. It was also revealed that satisfaction was a mediator in the indirect relationship between trust and performance. In enhancing farmer&rsquo;s farm performance, this study suggested that it would be beneficial to practice a long-term relationship marketing strategy instead of a traditional marketing approach in the agriculture context.</div>

Farmers&rsquo; Farm Performance is Correlated with the Dimensions of Relationship Marketing: A Study in Bangladesh

<div>Background: The olive ridley sea turtle is a common inhabitant of primarily in the Pacific and Indian Oceans. Sea turtles show poor clinical signs and due to the existence of carapace and plastron, physical examination requires complementary diagnostic methodology to provide valuable information for clinical diagnosis.&nbsp; 
 
Methods: This work describes the normal ultrasonographic appearance of cervical structures and gastro-intestinal organs of seven olive ridley sea turtles that were stranded during September 2017 to April 2018 along with rescued sea turtle by Trust for Environmental and Education (TREE) foundation, Vettuvankeni, Chennai, Tamil Nadu. Ultrasound examination was performed with multi frequency Probe (3.5 MHz to 7.5 MHz) transducer. Ten soft-tissue areas of integument were used as acoustic windows. 
 
Result: On ultrasonographic examination of the cervical-ventral acoustic window, the esophagus was imaged. The stomach was more frequently seen through the left axillary acoustic window. The liver could be imaged through both sides of the axillary window and the right axillary acoustic window was the most indicated to visualize the gallbladder. The large and small intestines could be seen in the prefemoral and post femoral acoustic window on the both the sides. The ultrasonographic measurement of various organs was done furthermore gastrointestinal dysfunctions were recorded. This study on ultrasound indices was found to be a useful diagnostic tool for evaluation of coelomic organs in olive ridley.</div>

Ultrasonographic Evaluation of Gastro-intestinal Dysfunction in Rescued Olive Ridley Sea Turtles (Lepidochelys olivacea)

<div>Background: Majority of the Farmer in Punjab is of small holders and these farmers face a lot of problems in the process of inputs as well as output marketing. In order to provide solutions to the marketing problems of the such small holder farmers the union government came up with the idea of strengthening or initiating the formation of self-help groups, farmer interest groups, farmer cooperatives and clubs etc. for further integrating these entities into the farmer Producer Organisations (FPOs).&nbsp; 
 
Methods: For this study data were collected from 150 randomly selected respondents belonging to functional as well as non-functional FPOs. Garrett&rsquo;s ranking technique was used to identify the most important constraints faced in the process of running FPOs.&nbsp; 
 
Result: This study attempted to identify the constraints in the process of operationalizing the FPOs in Punjab and it was found that managerial, socio-psychological, economic and marketing constraints were the major ones. Moreover, lack of trust, cooperation, financial crunch, lack of business management skills, unequal work delegation, ineffective group leadership, delayed payments were the major constraints. Mitigation strategies adopted by the executives of the FPOs were transparency of records, strong association with resource institutes, participatory decision making, efficient conflict management etc. The suggestions of the respondents for making FPOs more vibrant and sustainable were accountability of the resource institutes, capacity buildings of the stakeholders, dissemination of awareness about the functioning of FPOs among the members etc.&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;</div>

Constraints in Operationalizing FPOs in Punjab and Strategies to Mitigate Them

Background: Agricultural insurance has emerged as an effective climate risk management strategy in many African countries, but its adoption is still low in Benin. This study seeks to understand farmers&cent;access and perception of agricultural insurance, while analyzing the factors that affect its adoption in the municipality of Ou&egrave;ss&egrave; in Benin.&nbsp; 
 
Methods: Using the method of snowball sampling, the research team collected data from 112 household heads, from six major maize-producing villages. With the data from focus group discussions and a structured questionnaire, we performed descriptive statistics and used the logistic regression model to analyze the factors influencing farmers&#39; agricultural insurance adoption.&nbsp; 
 
Result: Our investigations revealed that almost all (95%) of the respondents have received agricultural insurance information at least once and about 94% of them found insurance useful for effective agricultural risk management. However, most of respondents (66.5%) lacked knowledge of loss assessment methods and 52% of them said that the insurance premium was too high for farmers. Most (95%) of the respondents who subscribed to agricultural insurance also received agricultural credit. The binomial logistic regression analysis revealed that adopting agricultural insurance is positively influenced by the farmers&#39; perception of the insurance, educational level, household size andaccess to agricultural credit. Implementing strategies that consider these influencing factors andpromote awareness, while building capacity and trust, could facilitate farmers&#39; adoption of agricultural insurance, especially in countries like Benin, where agricultural insurance is relatively new.

Agricultural Insurance Adoption in the Context of Climate Change: Influencing Factors in Benin (West Africa)

Background: The House Sparrow (Passer domesticus L.), is a human-commensal bird species, belonging to the order Passeriformes. The rapid changes in our lifestyle resulted in the decrease of this bird population during the past four decades. Among the various causes viz., lack of food resources, pollution pressure, indiscriminate usage of pesticides etc. Habitat loss is found to be one of the main threats for their rapid decline. Installation of artificial nest boxes was found to be the best alternatives for raising the bird population. 
 
Methods: Jangareddigudem of West Godavari district, Andhra Pradesh, India, was chosen as the study area. The nest boxes were designed by incorporating certain modifications to the basic model specified by British Trust of Ornithology. Installation of the nest boxes was initiated from an area with moderate food resources, located towards south-west edge of the town and was expanded in to other areas in a latitudinal wise towards north and south directions. Data was collected on a regular basis to study the occupancy of the nest boxes by the house sparrows. 
 
Result: The model designed was proved to be protective from predators and also well accepted by the public. Out of 570 nests that were installed in the study area, 550 nests were occupied and being used for breeding, that comes to around 97.6% occupancy indicating the suitability and protectiveness of this model. The sparrow population in the study area has been increased with a count of sparrows from few to 300+ sparrows at each roosting site (two roosting sites) by the end of 2020 by utilizing the nest boxes.&nbsp;

Protective Nest Design for Indian House Sparrow (Passer domesticus L.) - with Reference to Predation and Reuse

<div>Background: Agriculture apps or Agri apps, are mobile platforms designed to assist farmers and agricultural stakeholders in managing various aspects of farming by providing essential tools, information, and services. These apps harness digital technologies to enhance productivity, efficiency, and sustainability in agriculture. Agri output apps primarily focus on market linkages and logistics, directly connecting farmers with buyers, while Agri tech apps offer advisory services, input procurement, and data-driven solutions to optimize farming practices. 
&nbsp; 
Methods: The present study employs an exploratory design, relying on secondary data sources such as app descriptions, user reviews, industry reports, and academic papers. Qualitative analysis is used to evaluate the selected apps based on their relevance, innovation, and user impact. The paper identifies key features, unique selling propositions (USPs), and challenges in adoption. 
&nbsp; 
Result: It was found that Marketing strategies for these apps encompass grassroots outreach, social media engagement, and referral programs to address diverse user needs. While rural farmers are engaged through direct communication, tech-savvy users are targeted through online marketing. However, it was found that challenges such as technical issues, limited language support, order tracking difficulties, and security concerns affect user engagement and trust. By enhancing app functionality, offering multilingual support, optimizing logistics, and strengthening security measures, these challenges can be mitigated, enabling agri apps to better empower farmers with real-time updates, expert advisory services, and access to quality agricultural inputs, thereby reducing reliance on costly intermediaries and improving overall farm productivity.</div>

Marketing Strategies and Issues in Agri Output and Agritech Mobile Apps: An Exploratory Analysis

Background: Drought stress significantly limits the growth and productivity of legume crops, posing a serious threat to global food security. Conventional drought detection methods are often labor-intensive, subjective and inadequate for large-scale monitoring. While drone-based spectral sensing offers precise and high-resolution assessment of crop stress, challenges remain in data security, transparency and traceability. Integrating blockchain technology with remote sensing provides a robust framework for secure, tamper-proof storage and real-time sharing of drought assessment data. 
 
Methods: Legume crops were subjected to controlled irrigation treatments, including moderate and severe drought stress conditions. Drone-mounted spectral sensors captured high-resolution data to compute vegetation indices reflecting physiological indicators such as leaf water content, chlorophyll activity and canopy temperature. These datasets were securely recorded on a blockchain platform to ensure data integrity and accountability. Machine learning algorithms, particularly the Random Forest model, were employed to classify drought stress levels, while smart contracts enabled automated validation and traceable data management. 
 
Result: Drought stress resulted in significant reductions in vegetation index values and increased canopy temperatures, confirming deterioration in plant physiological health. The blockchain-assisted system ensured secure, transparent and immutable storage of spectral data, enhancing trust in the monitoring process. The Random Forest model demonstrated high classification accuracy in distinguishing stress levels, while spatial stress maps enabled precise identification of affected zones, supporting optimized irrigation and site-specific management in precision agriculture.

Assessing Drought Stress in Legumes using Block-Chain-Assisted Drone-based Spectral Sensors

Background: A systematic assessment of energy balance and the economic feasibility of an agro-ecosystem can provide insights on the environmental impacts associated with crop production technologies and provide a basis for adopting best management practices. 
 
Methods: A field experiment on &ldquo;Energy indices, productivity and profitability of rainfed chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) influenced by crop geometry and nutrient management practices&rdquo; was conducted by Watershed Organisation Trust, India on farmer&rsquo;s field at Dhule, Maharashtra during the winter season of the year 2017 and 2018. The experiment was laid out in a randomized block design with the factorial concept. The treatments comprised three levels of nutrient management and four levels of crop geometry. 
 
Result: The pooled data of two years indicated that application of 100 % RDF through organic manures recorded significantly higher grain yield (1.28 t/ha), energy ratio (10.78) and energy productivity (0.29 kg M-1) and it was at par with the application of 50% RDF through chemical fertilizer + 50% RDF through organic manures. Among the crop geometry treatments, sowing behind the plough method produced significantly higher seed (1.38 t/ha) and straw yield (2.72 t/ha) and it was at par with the sowing of chickpea at 30 x &nbsp;10 cm. In case of treatment combinations, N1S1 i.e. application of 50% RDF through organic manures + 50 RDF through chemical fertilizers along with sowing behind the plough method recorded maximum seed yield (1.42 t/ha) and net profit (45300 Rs/ha) as well as performed efficiently based on different energy indices.

Energy Indices, Productivity and Profitability of Rainfed Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) Influenced by Crop Geometry and Nutrient Management Practices

<div>Background: The&nbsp;olive ridley sea turtle also known as the&nbsp;Pacific ridley sea turtle is a medium-sized&nbsp;species of&nbsp;turtle found in warm and tropical waters, primarily in the Pacific and Indian Oceans. Sea Turtles are an integral part of coastal and marine ecosystems, they have also been fundamental to the culture of coastal societies for millennia. But human activities over the past 200 years have massively tipped the scales against the survival of these ancient mariners, despite its conservation status the olive ridley are considered vulnerable. The aim of the study was to collect biochemical data on olive ridley sea turtles while drawing comparisons with previous published data on sea turtles.&nbsp;</div>

<div> 
Methods: This research work was carried out in rescued Olive Ridley Sea Turtles (Lepidochelys olivacea) which were stranded or rescued during various periods of breeding season from September, 2017 to April, 2018 by Trust for Environmental and Education (TREE) foundation, Vettuvankeni, Chennai, Tamil Nadu. The Clinical samples were collected from 7 sea turtles in rescue centers and examined for biochemical parameters analysis. The biochemical parameters measured were Glucose, cholesterol, Total protein, albumin and globulin, Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN), Creatinine, Alanine Aminotransferase (ALT), Calcium and Phosphorus. The statistical analyses of data were carried out by using student&rsquo;s t-test.&nbsp;</div>

<div> 
Result: The results of this study were more or less unfailing with previous studies but variations with other studies may result from values depends upon the geospatial distribution such as species, age, sex, season, sample site, nutrition and management condition. The data in this research was more specific to olive ridley sea turtles, indicating need to standardize reference values because of little know data on these turtle species, which are intended for health evaluation for free-ranging and captive/rescued sea turtles.</div>

<div style="text-align:justify">Biochemical Parameter Analysis of Rescued Olive Ridley Sea Turtles (Lepidochelys olivacea)</div>

Background: The profitability of ruminant production hinges on the reliable availability of top-quality fodder. Nevertheless, a concerning issue is emerging: a substantial gap between the supply and demand of fodder. This imbalance predominantly affects small and marginal dairy farmers, who possess limited land. These farmers prioritize cash crop cultivation on their available land while dedicating only minimal space to fodder production. The rising cost of external feed supplements further intensifies the burden, affecting both milk yield and animal health. Inadequate fodder leads to nutritional deficiencies, reduced reproductive efficiency and increased susceptibility to diseases. Ensuring year-round access to diverse, nutrient-rich green fodder is, therefore, essential for improving livestock productivity and farmer income. Integrated fodder production models that maximize yield even in limited spaces can serve as a sustainable solution. Empowering farmers with low-cost, space-efficient techniques for cultivating multiple fodder types can significantly bridge the gap and support resilient dairy farming systems. 
 
Methods: In this regard, to address the prevailing fodder scarcity challenge, Bhagavatula Charitable Trust&ndash;Krishi Vigyan Kendra (BCT-KVK), Anakapalli, has been actively demonstrating a multi-cut fodder production model in a compact area of 10 cents. This model is specifically designed to enable small to medium-scale dairy farmers to access a consistent and diverse supply of green fodder throughout the year in its operational villages across the Anakapalli district. The demonstration plot incorporates a strategic mix of high-biomass-yielding grasses like Super Napier, cereal fodders (such as fodder maize and sorghum) and leguminous fodders (like cowpea and hedge lucerne) thereby ensuring a balanced nutritional profile for ruminants. In addition, tree fodders such as Subabul, Sesbania, Moringa and Glyricidia are planted around the boundaries to serve as a perennial source of green fodder and to provide essential vitamins and minerals. This integrated approach contrasts with the conventional practice of feeding carbohydrate-dominant grasses alone, which often leads to poor nutrient balance, reduced milk productivity and subclinical deficiencies. The model is designed for continuous harvesting and re-growth, ensuring sustainable fodder availability and minimizing the dependency on purchased feed resources. 
 
Result: With the multi-cut fodder production model, farmers obtained average milk yields of 2,500-3,000 litres per lactation in crossbred HF cows. The average milk fat and SNF content were consistently above 4% and 8%, respectively. This improvement is attributed to the year-round availability of nutritious green fodder, which enhanced rumen function, digestion and overall animal health. The inclusion of leguminous and tree fodders helped bridge nutrient gaps, leading to better metabolic efficiency and sustained lactation performance. Farmers also reported reduced dependency on commercial feed and improved profitability per animal due to better feed conversion efficiency and reduced health-related issues. 
&nbsp;

Farmers’ Farm Performance is Correlated with the Dimensions of Relationship Marketing: A Study in Bangladesh