Background: Induced mutagenesis has proved as a crucial implement to create genetic variability for various essential traits. Trachyspermum ammi is one of the most important medicinal seed spices and its oil exhibits various pharmacological properties. Ajwain has been overlooked owing its narrow genetic base and little study has been performed to create genetic variations. 
 
Methods: Dry and healthy seeds of ajwain were treated with the different concentration of gamma rays (25,50,75 and 100Gy), EMS (0.1%, 0.2%, 0.3% and 0.4%EMS) and different doses of combination treatments (25+0.1%, 50+0.2%, 75+0.3% and 100Gy+0.4%EMS). Among both the mutagens, gamma rays were found to be more effectual mutagens as compared to EMS. 
 
Result: The aim of the present study was to find out the mutagenic consequences of gamma rays, EMS and combination treatments on growth and physio-biochemical parameters of ajwain. Studies show that higher doses of both the mutagens caused significantly negative effect on the growth parameters whereas lower doses have positively influenced the parameters. Result shows lower doses of mutagens (25, 50Gy, 0.1%, 0.2%EMS and 25+0.1%, 50Gy+0.2%EMS) proved to be more effective as it caused less biological damage and therefore would be suitable for inducing the desirable mutations and improving the agronomic traits in ajwain.

Physio-biochemical Parameters of Ajwain (Trachyspermum ammi L.) Induced by Gamma Rays and EMS

<div>Background: Ajwain (Trachyspermum ammi) has anti-bacterial activities and immuno modulatory activities which contribute to better growth performance in broilers. Ajwain can be promoted as a natural growth promoter in the broiler industry to produce quality meat without antibiotics in a very cost-effective manner. Keeping in view these facts, the present experiment was conducted to find out the effect of Ajwain seeds at various levels as feed additive on growth performance and carcass characteristic of broiler chickens. 
 
Methods: A total of 150, day-old broiler chicks were weighed and randomly assigned to five dietary treatment groups in a completely randomized design and each treatment with three replicates of 10 birds each. The birds were fed on fairly isocaloric and isonitrogenous diets of varying levels of Ajwain seeds. The inclusion levels of Ajwain seeds in diets T1, T2, T3, T4 and T5 were 0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0%, respectively. Chicks at different phases were fed as per the recommendations of BIS. During the experimental period, the chicks were reared under standard management practices including feeding, watering and disease control. 
 
Result: The addition of Ajwain to the diet did not affect the total dietary intake and protein efficiency ratio in the chicks. However, average daily body weight gain, total weight gain, feed conversion ratio and performance index of broiler chicks significantly (P&lt;0.05) increased by Ajwain seed supplementation. Birds fed on 1.5% Ajwain diet showed heaviest body weight with the best FCR. Results revealed significantly (P&lt;0.01) higher carcass yield, eviscerated yield and giblet weight in Ajwain supplemented groups as compared to control. It was concluded that dietary inclusion of Ajwain seeds @ 1.5% is effective in improving the growth performance and carcass characteristics of broiler chicks.</div>

Effect of Dietary Inclusion of Trachyspermum ammi on Growth Performance and Carcass Characteristics of Broiler Chickens

<div>Background: Ajwain is used as an antioxidant, as preservative and also valued for its medicinal properties. Ajwain seeds undergo deterioration during storage due to various microorganisms and leads to degradation of quality in terms of discolorations and altering the biochemical constituents. Hence, the effect of different types of storage conditions on quality of ajwain seeds was investigated. 
 
Methods: To assess the effect of storage in four different types of containers viz. Plastic jars (PJ) of make Pearl Pet, tin containers (TC), gunny bags (GB) and plastic lined gunny bags (PLBG) were used. The duration of storage was one year. External environmental conditions, i.e. temperature and relative humidity were recorded quarterly. To study the effect of different storage conditions on quality: (i) Seed quality assessment according to Agmark grade specifications (ii) incidence of mycoflora and (iii) effect on biochemical constituents viz. moisture, crude protein, crude fat, crude fiber, ash, carbohydrates, total soluble sugars, iron, total phenols and volatile oil contents were studied. Initial readings served as control for the experiment.</div>

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<div style="text-align:justify">Result: &nbsp;Irrespective of storage conditions, a sharp increase in deterioration was noted in stored samples of ajwain with respect to presence of shrivelled, damaged, discolored and weevilled seeds after 3 months of storage. This shifted the samples from good to substandard grade. Maximum deterioration was noted after 12 months. The incidence of mycoflora was found maximum in samples stored in tin containers and gunny bags followed by plastic lined gunny bags and plastic Jars. A decline in moisture, crude fiber, carbohydrates, total soluble sugars, iron and volatile oil contents and an increase in crude fat and ash contents were observed after 12 months of storage, irrespective of storage containers. Plastic jars were found to be the best of all containers studied for storage purpose.</div>

<div>Impact on Seed Quality of Ajwain [Trachyspermum ammi (L.) Sprague] Stored under Different Storage Conditions</div>

The highly significant effects of environments, genotypes and interactions were observed for forage and grain yield. The environmental effects explained the major portion of the total variance as of 82.3% and 58.8% respectively. Indicated that the environments were diverse and a major part of variation in yield resulted from environmental changes. The highly significant interaction effects partitioned into IPCA1, IPCA2 and IPCA3, IPCA4; which explained 30.4, 19.4, 14.8 &amp; 13.2% &nbsp;for forage and 37.0, 17.2, 16.1 and 12.5% for harvested grain yield. AMMI stability value(ASV) identified promising &nbsp;genotypes G12(UPB 1035), G6(UPB 1034), G7(BH 971) and G13(RD 2857), G7 (BH 971) &amp; G11(NDB 1570) for forage and grain respectively. &nbsp;AMMI distance (D) marked G3(RD 2035) G9(BH 970) &amp; G13(RD 2857) for former while genotypes G15(RD 2856) G11(NDB 1570) &amp; G7(BH 971) for grain yield. GSI score advocated G13(RD 2857), G11(NDB 1570) G3(RD 2035),G5(RD 2715 ) and G7(BH 971), G2(RD 2552) G14(AZAD) desirable genotypes for selection with forage and grain yield. Genotypes with IPCA-1 scores close to zero identified G4(UPB 1036), G7(BH 971), G16(NDB 1566) and G11(NDB 1570), G2(RD 2552) for forage and yield respectively would have wider adaptation to the tested environments as per AMMI graphical plots.

AMMI model to analyse GxE for dual purpose barley&nbsp;in multi-environment trials

The highly significant variances due to interaction, environments and genotypes were observed by AMMI analysis of salinity tolerant barley genotypes under multi location trials. The genotypes G6 and G13 with negative IPCA1 values showed positive IPCA2, IPCA3, IPCA4 values. Genotype G1 showed lowest value of D with smallest negative IPCA1 score (-0.013). Genotype G18 followed by G8, G1 and G5 were the stable performer based on ASV. Yield stability index advocated G8 followed by G5, G10, G4 and G12. The results of MASV indicated that genotypes G5, G1, G15, G17, G9 and G19 were stable, whereas genotypes G5, G9, G8 and G11 were the stable genotypes with relatively more average yield. Overall mean ranks of all of the AMMI estimates, genotypes G5, G1 and G8 were the most stable genotypes followed by genotypes G17 and G18.

GxE evaluation of salinity tolerant barley genotypes by AMMI model 
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<div>Background: Jack bean is an under-exploited legume species, a source of food, medicine and cover crop. By virtue of its adaptive nature to low fertility soils, it is one of the few pulses that grow well on highly leached, nutrient depleted, lowland tropical soils. But, in India, crop improvement work is very little done. Stability of yield is a major criterion for farmer&rsquo;s acceptability of any variety and there are several methods to estimate the stability and G x E interaction effects of a genotype across seasons. Among these, AMMI analysis is the most recent and widely exploited in different crops for the identification of stable genotypes. In this context, yield stability of 10 accessions of jack bean is studied to identify the stable genotypes. 
 
Methods: The experiment was conducted with 10 Jack bean genotypes in RCBD with two replications under rain fed conditions during 2017-2020 in Kharif for four seasons. The data was subjected to analysis of variance and then taken for AMMI and GGE analysis for identification of stable genotypes. 
 
Result: The combined analysis of variance revealed that there was highly significant variation (p &lt; 0.01) in grain yield and environments and genotype interaction among the genotypes. The average bean yield of the genotypes was 533.1 grams per plant. The highest and the lowest mean yield was recorded in PSR-12202 and CHMJB-02 respectively which was corroborated by the AMMI bi-plot as well. Similar to the AMMI bi-plot, the GGE bi-plot also confirmed that PSR-12202 was the stable genotype across the environments, whereas, G1, G2, G3, G4, G6, G7 and G8 were the other genotypes with low yields in some or all the environments. Kharif, 2018 and Kharif, 2020 are discriminating environments and are declared as the most representative than Kharif, 2017 and Kharif, 2019. Generally, PSR-12202 was the ideal genotype with higher mean yield and relatively good stability; G5 was the moderately good yielding genotype and the most unstable genotype; Whereas, G1, G2, G3, G4, G6, G7 and G8 were the poorly yielding and unstable genotypes. Both AMMI and GGE bi-plot are able to establish the genotypic stability and these models can be exploited for judging the genotypes for their GEI in other crops as well. &nbsp;</div>

<div>Understanding of Yield Stability in Jack Bean (Canavalia ensiformis L.) Genotypes using AMMI and GGE bi-plot Models</div>

<div style="text-align: justify;">Multi-environmental trials have generally significant genotype main effects and genotype x environment interaction (GEI) effect and, therefore different univariate and multivariate stability methods have been used to study the GEI. &nbsp;Among the multivariate methods, the additive main effects and multiplicative interaction (AMMI) analysis is widely used for GEI investigation. This method has been effective because it captures a large portion of the GEI sum of squares; it clearly separates main and interaction effects and often provides meaningful interpretation of data to support a breeding program such as genotypic stability. Based on the AMMI model, a stability index has been used to rank the genotypes. This index is the weightage of stability and yield component and higher the index value better is the genotypes. The index of 40 promising chickpea genotypes were calculated with two different weight of yield (50% and 75%) and stability component (50% and 25%). These genotypes were evaluated at seven locations viz. Hiriyur, Nandyal, Coimbtore, Dharwad, Lam, Bijapur and Gulbarga representing the south zone of All India Coordinated Research Project on Chickpea program during 2015-16. Ranking of genotypes are done based on two different weight of stability and yield component.</div>

AMMI based simultaneous selection for yield and stability of chickpea genotypes in south zone of India

<div>Background: Efficient estimation of main and interaction effects under multi environment trials had been carried out by AMMI. Studies with low proportion of the variance explained by first interaction principal component IPCA1 under AMMI analysis had been reported biased interpretation for the stability of the genotypes. 
 
Methods: Weighted Average of Absolute scores (WAASB), quantitative stability measure had been recommended for selection of productive genotypes with broad adaptation. The selection of promising genotypes had been assisted by use of superiority index (WAASBY) that considered simultaneous use of yield and stability by allowing variable weighting mechanism for yield and stability. 
 
Result: Wheat GW509 and HI1633 genotypes had been identified by stability measure WAASB for the first year. While Superiority index considered stability and high yield settled for HI1633 and Raj4083 genotypes. Analytic measures of adaptability PRVG and MHPRVG observed suitability of HI1633 and Raj 4083. SI expressed positive linear behaviour with yield, MHPRVG and PRVG measures. While stability measure WAASB maintained moderate negative correlation with yield, SI, MHPRVG and PRVG. Wheat genotypes HI1633, HI1641 and HI1646 identified by stability measure for the next year of study. Superiority index selected HI1641, HI1633 and MACS6752 genotypes. SI expressed direct linear relation with yield, MHPRVG and PRVG. Stability measure exhibited indirect relationships with SI, MHPRVG, PRVG and yield Wheat genotypes HI1633, Raj 4083 for first year and HI1641, MACS6752 for the second year of study.</div>

<div>Stability of Wheat Genotypes by AMMI and Yield Evaluated under Peninsular Zone of India</div>

<div style="text-align:justify">Background: Blackgram is an important pulse crop grown in almost all agro ecological zones in India. One of the major limitations of pulse cultivation in India is lack of superior genotypes with better adaptation to local conditions. Hence developing high yielding stable blackgram genotypes becomes a necessity to improve the area and production across the country. With this background, the present study was undertaken to identify stable and superior performing blackgram genotypes over seasons. 
 
Methods: The experiment was carried out during kharif 2017, rabi 2017-18, kharif 2018 and rabi 2018-19 at National Pulse Research Centre, Vamban. A total of 21 genotypes were evaluated in randomized block design with two replications in each environment. The data on seed yield was subjected to statistical analysis. The G X E interaction was studied as per Eberhart and Russell model, AMMI model and GGE biplot analyses. 
&nbsp; 
Result: In Eberhart and Russell model, the checks VBN 6, VBN 8 and VBN 10 and genotypes VBG 17-019, VBG 17-023 and VBG 17-026 were considered as stable with average response to the environments. In biplot 1 of AMMI analysis, check VBN 8 and genotypes VBG 16-005 and VBG 17-023 were considered as stable with high mean seed yield and less interaction with environment. In biplot 2 of AMMI analysis VBG 16-005 and VBG 007 were less interactive genotypes. GGE biplots indicated that rabi seasons are more informative than kharif seasons to assess the stability of genotypes. This model identified VBG 17-007, VBG 17-024 and VBG 17-030 as ideal genotype with high mean seed yield and stability. It also identified VBG 17-023 as with high mean seed yield and moderate interaction with environment. Based on the results of all models, the genotype VBG 17-023 was considered as stable genotype with high mean seed yield. Hence, the genotype VBG 17-023 can be tested in larger environments to release for general cultivation.</div>

<div style="text-align:justify">Stability Analyses using Regression and AMMI Models for Seed Yield in Blackgram&nbsp;</div>

<div>Background: Pigeonpea is an important legume crop in the world. The diseases Fusarium Wilt (FW) and Sterility Mosaic Disease (SMD) causes a complete yield loss i.e. up to 100% in susceptible pigeonpea genotypes. Amidst of these conditions the selection of stable resistant genotypes against these diseases under varying environmental conditions is the primary management choice for minimizing yield losses (Sharma et al., 2012; Bhaskar et al., 2016). 
 
Methods: Fifty pigeonpea genotypes were evaluated against Fusarium wilt and SMD in artificial epiphytotic conditions during four Kharif seasons i.e., 2017, 2018, 2019 and 2020. Additive main effects and multiplicative interaction (AMMI) analysis was used to decipher the interaction between genotype (G) and environment (E) for FW and SMD in pigeonpea. 
&nbsp; 
Result: Analysis revealed that in both the diseases IPCA1 and IPCA2 collectively contributed more than 80% interaction. AMMI biplots revealed that Kharif- 2019 shows positive effect to FW disease and negative effect to SMD. The AMMI model integration with GGE biplot, identified stable and resistant genotypes (1, 6, 7, 9, 11, 14, 20, 25, 21, 30, 33, 35, 42, 44, 46, 47, 48 and 49) to both FW and SMD based on their performance across diverse environments. These genotypes will be referred for pigeonpea FW and SMD disease resistance breeding programmes.</div>

Physio-biochemical Parameters of Ajwain (Trachyspermum ammi L.) Induced by Gamma Rays and EMS

Effect of Dietary Inclusion of Trachyspermum ammi on Growth Performance and Carcass Characteristics of Broiler Chickens

Impact on Seed Quality of Ajwain [Trachyspermum ammi (L.) Sprague] Stored under Different Storage Conditions

AMMI model to analyse GxE for dual purpose barley in multi-environment trials

GxE evaluation of salinity tolerant barley genotypes by AMMI model

Understanding of Yield Stability in Jack Bean (Canavalia ensiformis L.) Genotypes using AMMI and GGE bi-plot Models

AMMI based simultaneous selection for yield and stability of chickpea genotypes in south zone of India

Stability of Wheat Genotypes by AMMI and Yield Evaluated under Peninsular Zone of India

Stability Analyses using Regression and AMMI Models for Seed Yield in Blackgram

Identification of Elite Pigeonpea Genotypes against Fusarium Wilt and Sterility Mosaic Disease through AMMI and GGE Biplot Analysis