<div style="text-align: justify;">Agriculture is a standout amongst the most critical imperative segments of our country. Farming contributes almost around 17.01% of India&rsquo;s GDP. There are different elements that affected the agriculture development; however the most essential bottlenecks are lack of instant information and drudgery involved in farming practices. To conquer these issues, agriculture should be made more alluring and done smartly. Already there are limited talks on climate smart agriculture, which aims for sustainable increase in agricultural productivity and incomes to meet out the current and future demands. Here, we are examining about how the mobile application can help agriculture development faster and hustle free. There are varieties of mobile applications, utilized over the globe for different segments, including farming, but here the usage is still is limited. We have elaborated various agricultural mobile applications which potentially can be used in farming and allied activities as indicated by their source and usage. In India, there are enormous opportunities for utilizing the smart phones as a part of agribusiness improvement. Its utilization is vital for quick growth and easy access to information to Indian agriculturists, farmers and growers.&nbsp;</div>

Smart phone applications: Role in agri- information dissemination

<div>Background: Weather monitoring is an important aspect of crop cultivation for reducing economic loss while increasing productivity. Weather is the combination of current meteorological components, such as temperature, wind direction and speed, amount and kind of precipitation, sunshine hours and so on. The weather defines a time span ranging from a few hours to several days. The periodic or continuous surveillance or the analysis of the status of the atmosphere and the climate, including parameters such as temperature, moisture, wind velocity and barometric pressure, is known as weather monitoring. Because of the increased usage of the internet, weather monitoring has been upgraded to smart weather monitoring. The Internet of Things (IoT) is one of the new technology that can help with many precision farming operations. Smart weather monitoring is one of the precision agriculture technologies that use sensors to monitor correct weather. The main objective of the research is to design a smart weather monitoring and real-time alert system to overcome the issue of monitoring weather conditions in agricultural farms in order for farmers to make better decisions.&nbsp; 
 
Methods: Different sensors were used in this study to detect temperature and humidity, pressure, rain, light intensity, CO2 level, wind speed and direction in an agricultural farm and real time clock sensor was used to measured real time weather data. The major component of this system was an Arduino Uno microcontroller and the system ran according to a program written in the Arduino Uno software. 
 
Result: This is a low-cost smart weather monitoring system. This system&rsquo;s output unit were a liquid crystal display and a GSM900A module. The weather data was displayed on a liquid crystal display and the GSM900A module was used to send the data to a mobile phone. This smart weather station was used to monitor real-time weather conditions while sending weather information to the farmer&rsquo;s mobile phone, allowing him to make better decisions to increase yield.</div>

An IoT based Low-cost Weather Monitoring System for Smart Farming

Background: Smart farming uses information and communication technology (ICT) to optimize crop and livestock environments. It is applied in greenhouses, vinyl houses, and livestock barns. By collecting data on crop growth and environmental conditions, smart farms create optimal growth environments. This leads to higher productivity and better quality with less labor, energy, and nutrient input than traditional farming methods. In Korea, crop production has declined due to fewer farmers, and over 80% of agricultural products are imported. The low birth rate and aging population are worsening the shortage of agricultural workers. It is predicted that Korea could face a food shortage in three years due to low self-sufficiency. Smart farms are seen as a solution. They can be implemented in urban areas and are considered a profitable model due to their high production potential. 
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Methods: Nutrient machines are a vital part of smart farming. They dilute and supply essential nutrients for crop growth. However, different machines require varying nutrient ratios, which complicates crop management. To address this, a recipe program has been developed. It automatically adjusts nutrient ratios according to the user&rsquo;s standard settings. This ensures uniform nutrient delivery, regardless of the type of machine used. 
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Result: The recipe program is expected to improve crop production. It ensures consistent nutrient supply, optimizing growth conditions. It also enhances user convenience by standardizing nutrient management across different machines, reducing complexity in crop cultivation.

A Study on the Standardization of Smart Farm Communication

<div>Food security is one of the major concerns for all developing countries of the world. Even though we had attained the highest food production with the use of new technologies, we may not able to feed the burgeoning population adequately in coming years due to stagnant crop productivity. Natural source of nutrients like organic manures and external source of nutrients, viz. fertilizers, are considered as the two eyes in plant nutrient management. Nutrient use efficiency of fertilizer is very low due to numerous pathways of losses such as leaching, denitrification, microbial immobilization, fixation and runoff. It has been estimated that around 40-70% of nitrogen, 80-90% of phosphorus, 50-70% of potassium and more than 95% of micronutrient content of applied fertilizers are lost in to the environment and results in pollution (Kanjana, 2017).&nbsp; 
 
Smart fertilizers like slow and controlled release fertilizers, nanofertilizers and bioformulation fertilizers are the new technologies to enhance the nutrient use efficiency their by improving crop yield in sustainable manner. The use of slow and controlled release fertilizers increase nutrient use efficiency, minimize the risks like leaf burning, water contamination and eutrophication. Nano-fertilizers are the nano-particles-based fertilizers, where supply of the nutrients is made precisely for maximum plant growth, have higher use efficiency, exploiting plant unavailable nutrients in the rhizosphere and can be delivered on real time basis into the rhizosphere or by foliar spray (Priyanka Solangi et al., 2015). The small size, high specific surface area and reactivity of nano fertilizers increase the solubility, diffusion and availability of nutrients to plants and enhance crop productivity. Bioformulation is microbial preparations containing specific beneficial microorganisms which are capable of fixing or solubilizing or mobilizing plant nutrients for promoting plant growth and crop yield. Smart fertilizers are the better option for the farmers to increase their crop yield with low input cost in sustainable way without degrading natural environment.</div>

<div>Smart Fertilizer Strategy for Better Crop Production</div>

Mobile phone use has arisen and rapidly been increased during last decades and therefore electromagnetic radiation or heat sourcing from mobile phones and its possible damages has become focus of interest. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of mobile phone signals on in vitro maturation of bovine oocytes. A total of 224 bovine cumulus oocyte complexes were matured in vitro and separated into two groups, and only treatment group received mobile phone signals for 100 min by calling 5 min/h. Following maturation period, oocytes were stained by fluorescent stain to assess maturation rates. The results showed that oocytes reaching Metaphase I and Metaphase II stage were 35.2&plusmn;2.24 % and 48.2&plusmn;2.21 % for treatment group whereas 11.9&plusmn;1.45 % and 73.8&plusmn;4.60 % for controls, respectively (P&lt;0.01). In conclusion, bovine oocyte maturation has been significantly reduced by mobile phone signals.

Effects of chronic exposure to 2G/3G cell phone radiation&nbsp;on in vitro maturation of bovine oocytes

Background: Women play a critical role in both household management and agricultural production in rural Bangladesh. In Dumuria Upazila, Khulna district, it is well known that women dairy farmers contribute significantly to household income and food security. However, they face socio-economic and gender-based barriers that affect their access to resources, decision-making power and adoption of modern technologies. This study explores gender roles, access to credit, ownership perception and the adoption of climate-smart agricultural practices among women dairy farmers, who spend their time mostly on the farming. 
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Methods: A qualitative interviewfor gender analysis was conducted among 133 women dairy farmers selected from a broader population of 3,050 women aged 20 to 89 years in Dumuria Upazila of Khulna district. The family income of those farmers comes mostly from dairy farming. Data were collected through 12 Key Informant Interviews (KIIs) and 3 Focus Group Discussions (FGDs) on demographics, household size, educational background, farming experience, access to credit, financial and decision-making involvement, asset perception and adoption of climate-smart technologies. The responses were analyzed to understand the gender dynamics and socio-economic conditions affecting the livelihood of those women. 
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Result: The higher number of the respondents (44 farmers, 33%) were aged between 30-49. Women managed both household and farming responsibilities, with family sizes ranged from 2 to 10 members and dairy farming experience ranging from new entrants to over 30 years. Educational attainment varied. Only 35 (26.31%) respondents had access to credit. Nevertheless, women showed increasing involvement in financial decisions and milk distribution. Although most assets were officially registered in their husbands&rsquo; names, 131 (98.50%) women perceived the assets as their own. Joint decision-making in income management was common, though in households with elders or in-laws decisions were largely elder-driven.Regarding climate-smart technologies, only 14 (10.5%) respondents acknowledged familiarity. Nine (6.77%) used biogas plants and two used biogas combined with vermi-composting. Other mentioned to include rubber mats, water pumps and fans-suggesting unintentional use of such technologies. However, 64 (48%) respondents were unaware, 53 (39.85%) marked &ldquo;N/A,&rdquo; and one responded negatively, highlighting a major awareness gap in climate-smart farming practices.It was concluded from the findings that while women in dairy farming are increasingly participating in financial and household decision-making, their formal financial empowerment, such as buying assets in their names or opening fixed deposit in bank and access to climate-smart technologies remain limited, with a significant awareness gap in sustainable farming practices underscoring the need for targeted education and support interventions. 
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Empowering Women in Dairy Farming: Gender Roles, Challenges and Climate Smart Practices in Southern Bangladesh

<div>Background: Yellow pepper production is the major farming activities of women in Nsukka senatorial zone of Enugu state of Nigeria. The main sources of irrigation for this group of farmers are tanks and under-ground tanks that are artificially supplied with water in their different farms, since natural sources of water are not always available. These women mostly use their buckets or other containers to fetch water from tanks. They continually monitor the water level of their tanks in all their farms to know the best time to refill those tanks and also, they irrigate their crops manually. With the continuous demand of this variety of pepper, this current approach is quite challenging, not sustainable and highly labour intensive. Hence, there is an urgent need to boost production and address those challenges and difficulties associated with the current irrigation method through Internet of Things and other innovative techniques. The aim of this paper is to use a smart system to monitor and control soil moisture, temperature and water level in the tank. The paper equally aims at detecting the location of the farm where tank that is to be refilled is placed.&nbsp; 
 
Methods: Simulation and experimental methodology was employed in this research. The components of the proposed system include sensors, GSM, GPS, water pumps and microcontroller. Ultrasonic sensor monitors the water level in the tank, moisture and temperature sensors monitor the soil moisture and temperature, water pump sprinkles water on the crops, GPS provides the location of the tank, GSM sends message when the need arises while the microcontroller takes decision and coordinates the functioning of the entire system. 
 
Result: The research produced a system prototype that monitors and controls the usage of water on yellow pepper crops and refilling of water tank in the farm.</div>

Smart Irrigation for Yellow Pepper Production using GPS and GSM Technologies

Background: Climate-Smart Aquaculture (CSAq) is built on three pillars, i.e., sustainably increasing productivity and income, improving resilience and mitigating climate change, respectively. Feed constitutes 60%-80% of the total production cost in aquaculture. The reduction of feed cost as well as the pollution originating from uneaten feed have always attracted the attention of aquaculture researchers. Adoption of an optimal feeding regime reduces both feed cost and nutrient loading in the ponds and in turn, enhances the income of farmers and reduces environmental impacts of aquaculture practices. Mixed feeding schedules, pulsed feeding or intermittent feeding have been proposed as some of the climate-smart methods to reduce feed cost and pollution by aquaculture and it has been successfully tested in many fish species. There is lack of sufficient reports on the impact of feeding regimes on the rearing of Labeo rohita, Rohu fry. The information will be useful to farmers for rearing of fry to fingerlings with reduced cost and environmental impact. 
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Methods: A 90-day experiment was conducted to evaluate the growth performance and feed utilization of Labeo rohita fry under pulsed feeding regimes as a climate smart approach.&nbsp; For the experiment, the feeding regimes followed were, control (daily feeding @5% of the biomass), 1D4R (1 day starvation+ 4 days refeeding at 5% of the biomass), 2D12R (2 days starvation+ 12 days refeeding at 5% Biomass), 4D16R (4 days starvation+ 16 days refeeding at 5% biomass). The data obtained were subjected to statistical analysis using SAS 9.3. PROC GLM was used for analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey&rsquo;s Honestly Significant Difference (HSD) test was used for all possible pair comparison of treatments at 5% level of significance. 
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Result: The fishes under 1D4R exhibited significantly higher weight gain, SGR and feed conversion efficiency (FCE) and significantly lower FCR and production cost than the control group. Water quality parameters like Total NO2, NO3, total ammoniacal nitrogen and total phosphate were higher in the control group than in the treatments. The results suggest that one-day feed restriction followed by four days of refeeding could be an efficient strategy for rearing Labeo rohita fry to reduce production costs and environmental impact without compromising growth.

Pulsed Feeding Regimes for the Rearing of Labeo rohita (Hamilton) Fry: A Climate Smart Approach

Background: At the present time, various technologies have been used in the development of modern agriculture. The technology used to help in the development of agricultural farms is called a smart farm. Mashed Mushroom is a food due to their usefulness and high nutritional and good income, as this result, the researcher was interested in the use of technology and innovation of smart farms in the mashed mushroom cultivation house and find a mathematical model of the optimum temperature and humidity for growing mashed mushrooms. Furthermore, find a mathematical model of the yield amount of mashed mushrooms against temperature and humidity. 
 
Methods: There are 5 methods in this research, to be composed of studying the problem, planning the operation process, using technology and innovation in smart farms, collecting data and finally finding a mathematical model of the optimum temperature and humidity for growing mashed mushrooms. In addition, a mathematical model of the yield of mashed mushrooms was obtained.&nbsp; 
 
Result: The results showed that the mathematical model of the optimum temperature for mashed mushroom was T= 0.3267t3-2.83t2+7.1433t+20, the most appropriate temperature was 24.95&plusmn;5.557&deg;C at the average andthe mathematical model of the optimum humidity for mashed mushroom was H= -0.8417t3+4.82-0t2.1883t+59.65, the most appropriate humidity was 74.58&plusmn;15.451% at the average. In addition, the mathematical model of product yield of mashed mushrooms was&nbsp;<img alt="" src="data:image/png;base64,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" />= -1.479+0.055T+0.028H when temperature T and humidity H were determined.

Mathematical Model for Optimum Temperature and Humidity Determination of Mashed Mushroom in Greenhouses by using Smart Farm Technology and Innovation

<div>Background: Climate Smart Agriculture (CSA) is an approach to increase farmers&rsquo; income and agricultural production by adapting to the changing climatic conditions. Ethiopian agriculture is predominantly rain-fed and vulnerable to variability in rainfall and temperature. Adoption of CSA practices and technologies among smallholder farmers remains low.&nbsp; 
 
Methods: This study was carried out in Ambo district, Oromia region, Ethiopia to assess the challenges faced by smallholder farmers in the adoption of CSA. A semi-structured interview schedule was used to collect data from 156 respondents from 3 rural villages.&nbsp; 
 
Result: Crop residue management and mulching faced stiff competition with livestock feeding since crop residues are allowed for grazing by livestock. Hence, it is suggested to promote the cultivation of fodder grasses. Minimum tillage was practiced by only a few farmers in the study area. The farmers&rsquo; belief on minimum tillage should be changed through proper education, training and result demonstration on the advantages of minimum tillage. The awareness of integrated nutrient and soil management should be enhanced by creating awareness of the benefits of soil testing.&nbsp;</div>