Twenty Spanish bunch groundnut genotypes were evaluated for genetic parameters of 19 characters of morphological, physiological, yield and yield attributes over three seasons viz., Late Kharif (2012), Rabi (2012-13) and Summer (2013). The pooled data over three environments revealed that the genotype JL 24 showed lowest mean value for days to maturity, highest mean value for SCMR at 40 DAS and SCMR at 50 DAS. The genotype Abhaya showed highest mean value for pod yield per hectare and oil yield per hectare. Results indicated that PCV estimates were higher than those of GCV for all the characters studied indicating the influence of environment in varying degrees on all the characters. The results revealed that highest GCV was observed for pod yield per plant. Moderate heritability accompanied with high genetic advance as per cent of mean was recorded for pod yield per plant, pod yield per hectare (q), kernel yield per plant (g), kernel yield per hectare (q) and oil yield per hectare (q) indicating the preponderance of additive gene action which may be exploited through simple selection procedures.

Genetic analysis for morphological, physiological, yield and yield attributes in groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.)

<div>Background: Mungbean yellow mosaic virus (MYMV) is economically most important disease of greengram reducing grain yields by 20-70%. Whiteflies and thrips are the most important insect pests which transmit the viral diseases MYMV and LCV respectively. The host plant resistance to MYMV disease in greengram genotypes has a great importance. The morpho-physiological and biochemical traits play an important role in host plant resistance against MYMV disease through insect vector resistance. 
 
Methods: A field experiment was conducted during rabi 2017-18 and 2018-19 at RARS, Lam, Guntur in a randomized block design with eight greengram genotypes and replicated thrice under receding soil moisture condition. The experiment was conducted using eight greengram varieties (WGG 42, Pusa Vishal, LGG 607, LGG 630, LGG 601, LGG 610, LGG 460 and LGG 450) obtained from RARS Lam Guntur and the genotype LGG 450 was considered as a susceptible check. The estimation of sugars, phenols, tannins, trichome density and SCMR was done at vegetative and reproductive stages of crop growth. 
 
Result: A significant variation was observed among the varieties for all the traits observed at vegetative and reproductive growth stages during both rabi 2017-18 and 2018-19. The total sugar content of the greengram varieties varied from 25.55 to 47.32 mgg-1 FW; the leaf phenolic content values ranged from 12.09 to 26.83 mg g-1 FW&nbsp;and the tannins content of the dried leaf samples ranged from 0.020 to 0.055 mgg-1 DW. The Trichome density of the greengram varieties varied from 75 to 162/cm2 of leaf area and the SCMR values ranged from 35.12 to 58.67. Higher seed yield was recorded in the variety LGG 630 followed by WGG 42 and the lower seed yield was recorded in the variety LGG 450 during rabi 2017-18 and 2018-19. The MYMV resistant varieties showed relatively higher phenolic, tannins content and trichome density and lower total sugar content in the leaf. The total sugar content showed a significant negative correlation with the seed yield. The SCMR value was significantly lower in the susceptible varieties of greengram with higher disease scores.</div>

<div style="text-align:justify">Morpho-physiological and Biochemical Variability in Greengram [Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek] Varieties for Mungbean Yellow Mosaic Virus (MYMV) Resistance under Natural Field Conditions</div>

<div>Background: Green gram is one of the important pulse crops of chief protein source, with ability to fix nitrogen. Erratic rainfall, while it&rsquo;s grown as rainfed crop, leads to the yield loss due to water stress. Plant root system architecture is plastic and is important sink of photosynthates. In general, the ability of plants to change its root distribution for exploiting water deeper in soil profiles can be an important mechanism to avoid soil water stress. Identification of genotypes based on root traits under water stress conditions will aid in development of drought tolerant varieties for yield exploitation.&nbsp; 
 
Methods: The experiment was conducted during Rabi, 2018-19 with five green gram varieties as main treatment and irrigation intervals as sub treatments in three replications in factorial RBD in root structures. Observations were recorded on root parameters at flowering stage. The root structures were dismantled during flowering stage and all the plants removed from the soil without damaging the roots by using water with jet pump. Five representative samples were collected under different stress level. Root studies were performed with Delta T automatic root scanner. The SPAD chlorophyll meter was used to measure canopy leaves and average of the three readings was taken as SCMR value.&nbsp; 
 
Result: The present study results on root studies revealed that genotype, MGG-295 recorded highest mean plant height under three stress conditions and same genotype also produced longer root length under mild water stress conditions, higher SCMR values under non-stress and mild stress. Genotype, MGG-347 recorded highest root diameter under non- stress and mild stress. MGG-385 produced highest root length under control and severe stresses, highest SCMR values under severe stress, root dry weight under mild and severe water stresses and total plant dry weight under control and mild stress. MGG-360 recorded higher shoot fresh weight under severe stress and same genotype also recorded significant superior values for total root area under mild and severe water stress and root tip count under non-stress, mild stress and severe stress. MGG-351 recorded shoot fresh weight under non stress and mild stress situations and the same genotype recorded highest values for root diameter and total plant dry weight under severe stress. The identified genotypes can be used as water stress resistant genotypes in future drought proof breeding programmes.</div>

Studies on the Effect of Water Stress on Root Traits in Green Gram Cultivars

<div>Background: Blackgram is one of the most important pulse crop in India and it is being affected by a number of insect pests from seedling stage to maturity. Among them whitefly is an important insect pest that transmit the viral disease, yellow mosaic virus (YMV), which is a major disease resulting in severe yield losses accounting for about 70% and infection at early stages may result in complete failure of the crop causing huge loss to the farmers economically. To overcome the losses due to this important disease in blackgram, study of host plant resistance to whiteflies, thereby minimizing the losses due to YMV disease is of great importance. The trichome density plays an important role as a morphological anti-feedant which reduces the pest attack and subsequently lowers the disease incidence and the plants with high trichome density showed less YMV symptom. The morpho-physiological and biochemical traits play an important role in host plant resistance against YMV disease through insect vector resistance and hence, the study was undertaken. 
 
Mathods: A field experiment was conducted during rabi 2017-18 and 2018-19 at RARS, Lam, Guntur in a randomized block design with eight blackgram varieties and replicated thrice under receding soil moisture condition. The experiment was conducted using eight blackgram varieties (LBG 787, GBG 1, TBG 104, LBG 884, LBG 806, LBG 808, LBG 623 and LBG 752) obtained from RARS Lam, Guntur and the variety LBG 623 was considered as a susceptible check. The estimation of sugars, phenols, tannins, trichome density and SCMR was done at vegetative and reproductive stages of crop growth. 
&nbsp; 
Result: A significant variation was observed among the varieties for all the traits observed at vegetative and reproductive growth stages during both rabi 2017-18 and 2018-19. The total sugar content of the blackgram varieties varied from 25.16 to 49.82 mgg-1 FW; the leaf phenolic content values ranged from 10.26 to 23.55 mg g-1 FW and the tannins content of the dried leaf samples ranged from 0.014 to 0.052 mgg-1 DW. The trichome density of the blackgram varieties varied from 12.91 to 74.59/cm2 of leaf area and the SCMR values ranged from 24.21 to 55.17. Higher seed yield was recorded in the variety LBG 884 followed by GBG1 and the lower seed yield was recorded in the variety LBG 623 during rabi 2017-18 and 2018-19. The YMV resistant varieties showed relatively higher phenolic, tannins content and trichome density and lower total sugar content in the leaf. The total sugar content showed a significant negative correlation with the seed yield. The SCMR value was significantly lower in the susceptible varieties of blackgram with higher disease scores.</div>

​Study of Morpho-physiological and Biochemical Traits for Resistance to Yellow Mosaic Virus (YMV) in Blackgram [Vigna mungo (L.) Hepper] Varieties

<div>Background: Knowledge of the genetic diversity for various agronomic traits and their interaction with the environment and subsequent classification of genotypes will be beneficial for identification of divergent and stable sources of agronomic traits.&nbsp; 
 
Methods: A set of 96 groundnut germplasm accessions belonging to four botanical groups were evaluated for three years (2017 to 2019) for pod yield and component traits using AMMI analysis and subsequently accessions were classified based Euclidean cluster analysis.&nbsp; 
 
Result:&nbsp;Among different botanical groups, Virginia genotypes matured late and possessed high SPAD chlorophyll meter readings (SCMR) and pod yield compared to Spanish types. The component traits of pod maturity like days to flowering (first and 50%) showed low heritability and high genotype &times; environment interaction (GEI) and significant negatively affected sound mature kernel (SMK) and shelling per centage (SP). The cumulative contribution of environment and GEI component to the total variance was the highest in the expression of SP (67%) followed by days to maturity (54%) and days to 50% flowering (52%). Euclidean distance-based cluster analysis grouped the 96 accessions into five major clusters. Cluster I had accessions with higher pod yield, whereas cluster V contained accessions with low SLA, high SCMR and moderate pod yield. High yielding as well as stable accessions identified based on AMMI stability value (ASV) are NRCG 17332, 10076, 17268, 17197, 17108, 10106, 10089 and 17165. Trait specific as well as stable accessions identified in the present study can be useful donors for groundnut breeding programme.</div>

Genetic Variability and G&times;E Interactions in a Diverse Set of Groundnut Accessions

<div>Background: Among several reasons for low productivity in mungbean, various biotic and abiotic factors play a major role. Although intensive research work has been done on genetic architecture of yield and yield attributes of mungbean but limited work was done on yield attributes along with water use efficiency (WUE) and heat stress tolerance related traits. The present study is aimed to identify the genetic potential of mungbean genotypes with high yield and drought and heat stress tolerance. 
 
Methods: The F2 seed was harvested from selfed F1 population during 2017-18 from three superior crosses viz., ML 267&times;LGG 528, MGG 390&times;LM 95 and LM 95&times;EC 362096. These crosses were selected based on their per se performance of yield, yield attributes and WUE related traits. Genetic analysis was carried out in F2 populations of three crosses for fourteen quantitative characters to identify the number of transgressive segregants in desirable direction. 
 
Result: A good number of transgressive segregants in desirable direction were observed for plant height, number of pods per cluster, harvest index, SLA, SLW and relative injury in the cross ML 267&times;LGG 528: for plant height, number of branches per plant, SCMR, SLA, SLW and relative injury in the cross MGG 390&times;LM 95 and for plant height, number of pods per cluster, number of pods per plant SCMR, SLA, SLW, relative injury and seed yield in the cross LM 95&times;EC 362096.</div>

Transgressive Segregants in F2 Populations of Three Superior Crosses viz., ML 267&times;LGG 528, MGG 390&times;LM 95, LM 95&times;EC 362096 in Mungbean

<div>Background: Genotype sensitivity to mid-season drought suggests the possibility of identifying genotypes with high yield potential and low sensitivity to mid-season droughts. The overall objective of the present research was to select genotypes with high tolerance to mid-season moisture stress. This effort includes assessing the variation of physiological and productive traits among RIL population lines, assessing the range of correlation for physiological and productive traits across two seasons and identifying a set of contrasting material under drought stress conditions.&nbsp; 
 
Methods: To assess the recombinant inbred lines (RIL) under moisture stress, we screened RIL population of groundnut with 432 lines and parents under mid-season drought stress conditions in rabi for two years. During the drought stress period, soil moisture content (SMC) and temperatures were measured. SPAD chlorophyll meter reading (SCMR), specific leaf area (SLA), relative water content (RWC), visual wilting rate (VWR) and canopy temperature (CT) were recorded at the end of the stress period. Pod yield per plant (PYPP), kernel yield per plant (KYPP) and shelling percent (SP) were recorded at harvest. 
 
Result: Physiological traits and yield attributes varied significantly among the RIL population. The Genotype by Trait biplot (GT biplot) revealed that the yield attributes showed a positive association with RWC, SCMR and a negative association with SLA, VWR and CT. The inbred lines were classified as visually healthy with high physiological and high or moderate yield traits; visually wilting with low physiological and low yield traits under a drought environment. The identified superior and inferior lines werefurther utilized to analyze genomic regions and genes for drought tolerance in groundnut.</div>

Phenotyping RIL Population to Identify Water Deficit Tolerant Lines in Groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.)

<div>Genetic variability among thirty chickpea genotypes with three replications utilising 19 yield, drought tolerance and mechanical harvestable traits was studied under rainfed and irrigated conditions at Regional Agricultural Research Station, Nandyal, Andhra Pradesh, India. The analysis of variance carried out for 19 yield, yield attributing and drought tolerant traits revealed highly significant differences among the genotypes for all characters under rainfed as well as irrigated conditions. Variability study revealed high heritability accompanied with high to moderate genetic advance for drought tolerant traits like SLA, SCMR and proline. Traits related to mechanical harvesting viz., height of the first pod and plant height exhibited moderate variability, high heritability and high genetic advance both under rainfed and irrigated conditions. Seed yield, harvest index, 100 seed weight and days to 50 per cent flowering exhibited moderate to high genetic variability, high heritability coupled with high genetic gain under rainfed and irrigated conditions. &nbsp;&nbsp;</div>

<div>Variability Studies on Yield, Drought Tolerant and Mechanical Harvestable Traits in Genotypes of Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.)</div>

Groundnut yield in rain fed areas has been limited by drought stress because pod yield and other growth parameters have been severely affected. The aim of this study is to evaluate the genetic variability, character association and path analysis between yield and its contributing traits in 30 groundnut genotypes under drought. Analysis of variance revealed the existence of significant differences among genotypes for all characters studied. The magnitude of PCV and GCV was moderate to high for number of pods per plant, dry haulm yield, kernel yield, plant height and dry pod yield. High heritability coupled with high genetic advance as per cent of mean was observed for kernel yield, plant height, dry pod yield, and hundred kernel weight indicating the role of additive gene in expressing these traits. Dry pod yield was significant positively correlated with kernel yield, no of pods per plant, hundred kernel weight and SPAD chlorophyll meter reading (SCMR). Path coefficient analysis indicated that number of pods per plant and hundred kernel weight were essential traits to be considered for realizing the improvement in yield.

Genetic variability, correlation and path coefficient analysis under drought in Groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.)

Background: Sorghum extract + ready-mix clodinafop + metsulfuron herbicide as post-emergence was most effective for broad spectrum weed management in wheat crop. Sorghum extract and herbicide combination increased the growth as well as yield of wheat. Weeds are a major challenge in wheat crop causing poor productivity. At a present time, maximum does of herbicides are used in wheat crop, but after some time their harmful effect are visible on crop and soil. so sorgoleone allelochemical are used with herbicide. this ecofriendly integrated approach reduce weed density and increase the productivity of wheat.&nbsp; 
 
Methods: The experiment was conducted to work out &ldquo;Bio-efficacy of sorghum extract and herbicide on growth, yield and quality of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.).&rdquo; The eleven treatment combination sorghum extract alone as well as combined with ready-mix of clodinafop + metsulfuron herbicide with weed free and weedy check was taken during experiment. The experiment was laid out in randomized block design (RBD) during rabi season of 2021-22 at Instructional Farm, College of Agriculture, Jodhpur (Rajasthan) India.&nbsp;&nbsp; 
 
Result: Sequential application of sorghum extract (1:3) + ready-mix of clodinafop + metsulfuron 64 g/ha was applied at 21 and 30 DAS, significantly increased plant population, plant height, tillers and SPAD chlorophyll meter reading (SCMR) of wheat. This treatment resulted in significantly higher grain yield 4543 kg/ha and magnitude of increments were 34.87% over weedy check and was comparable with sorghum extract (1:2) + ready-mix of clodinafop + metsulfuron 64 g/ha.

Genetic analysis for morphological, physiological, yield and yield attributes in groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.)

Morpho-physiological and Biochemical Variability in Greengram [Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek] Varieties for Mungbean Yellow Mosaic Virus (MYMV) Resistance under Natural Field Conditions

Studies on the Effect of Water Stress on Root Traits in Green Gram Cultivars

Study of Morpho-physiological and Biochemical Traits for Resistance to Yellow Mosaic Virus (YMV) in Blackgram [Vigna mungo (L.) Hepper] Varieties

Genetic Variability and G×E Interactions in a Diverse Set of Groundnut Accessions

Transgressive Segregants in F₂ Populations of Three Superior Crosses viz., ML 267×LGG 528, MGG 390×LM 95, LM 95×EC 362096 in Mungbean

Phenotyping RIL Population to Identify Water Deficit Tolerant Lines in Groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.)

Variability Studies on Yield, Drought Tolerant and Mechanical Harvestable Traits in Genotypes of Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.)

Genetic variability, correlation and path coefficient analysis under drought in Groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.)

Efficacy of Sorghum Extract and Ready-mix Formulation of Clodinafop+Metsulfuron on Growth and Yield of Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)