<div style="text-align: justify;">The land use efficiency and weed suppression through intercropping plays a pivotal role. A field experiment was carried out on finger millet (Eleusine indica L. Gaertn) &ndash;horsegram (Macrotyloma uniflorum (Lam.) Verdc.) mono- and intercropping with various weeding (0, 1, or 2 hand-weeding operations) and row spacing (20 and 30 cm) treatments in the Bastar plateau region of India over consecutive five Kharif seasons (2010/2014). The experimental design was a randomized complete block with eighteen treatments replicated thrice. Five percent significant differences were observed in yield and its economics with and without weeding treatments. Horsegram yield was significantly reduced by Finger millet when intercropped. However, total productivity and land use efficiency were higher under the intercropping system as compared to monocrops of either species. There was a significant reduction in weed density and biomass for the intercropping system over both monocrops. Finger millet facilitated an increase in nodule number and dry weight in horsegram under intercropping over monocrops, moreover, root length of horsegram was greater when intercropped. These findings suggest that intercropping Finger millet and horsegram increase total productivity per unit area improve land use efficiency and suppress weeds. Focussing the experimental findings, Finger millet&ndash;horsegram (30 cm) with two weedings may be recommended for yield advantage, higher net income, more efficient utilization of resources, and weed suppression as a biological control in western plateau region of India.&nbsp;</div>

Finger millet and horsegram intercropping systems in replacement series for advantages and weed smothering

<div><strong>Background:</strong> Seed is the starting point of agriculture and dictates ultimate productivity of other inputs. Quality seed of improved varieties is an important basic unit for enhancing productivity of any crop species. As the quality deteriorates during subsequent generations, the old must be replaced with fresh lots of quality seeds. The present study was an attempt to analyze the source, SRR and management of wheat seed in Amritsar district of Punjab.<br />
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<strong>Methods:</strong> The current study was conducted on primary data collected from 120 farmers during the agricultural year 2019-20. The data was analyzed using simple tabular analysis and other suitable statistical techniques.<br />
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<strong>Result:</strong> The study found that the most preferred source of seed was institutional sources from which 45.83 per cent of the seed was procured from these agencies. The second most preferred source was self-retained by the farmers as 43.70 per cent farmer&rsquo;s preferred self-retained seeds. Only small farmers and medium farmers procured wheat seed from fellow farmers, relatives and friends. This source was preferred by small and medium farmers as seed is available free of cost and no immediate cash payment was charged by fellow farmers or relatives. Seed replacement rate was found to be 49.94 per cent for wheat crop in Amritsar district of Punjab. The study found that minimum attention was paid at post storage of wheat seed (2.50 per cent) whereas maximum attention was paid in the field (48.83 per cent) during wheat seed production.&nbsp;The main determinants of purity and quality of wheat seed were past experience of the farmer, repute of the institution, tag of certification agency and advice of known person. Seed replacement rate (SSR) for wheat was less for small farmers in the study area which can be increased by giving incentives to farmers for using certified seeds. These incentives can be in the form of higher price of produce to the small farmers. Maximum farmers used self-retained seed foe the next season and they paid minimum attention to the storage of seed which lead to deterioration in the quality of seed. Farmers should be educated to use scientific methods in the storage of seeds.</div>


<p>​Seed Replacement Rate and Management of Wheat Seed in Amritsar District of Punjab</p>


<div style="text-align: justify;">The present study envisaged optimization and evaluation of corn starch (CS) level as a fat replacer in buffalo calf meat. A total of four treatments of sausages viz. Control: 20% fat, T-1: 3% CS, T-2: 6% CS, T-3: 9% CS were tried to select suitable level of fat replacer on the basis of water holding capacity, emulsion stability and sensory evaluation. The sausages with selected level of CS were evaluated for physico-chemical properties, texture profile, thio-barbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS), proximate composition and sensory attributes. The 6% level of CS was found optimum and the cooking yield, pH, moisture content, protein content and sensory scores of selected sausages were significantly (P&lt;0.05) higher in comparison to control, however vice-versa for TBARS and fat content. The study concluded that 6% CS level is optimum to develop the low-fat sausages with improved quality and with 43% lower calorie content.</div>

Standardization of corn starch as a fat replacer in buffalo calf meat sausages and its effect on the quality attributes

<div><strong>Background: </strong>Pig rearing is the main income source for many unemployed people in India, particularly for the people in the north-east part of the country. It was found that the morbidity as well as mortality of young pigs immediately after weaning is high due to weaning stresses, mainly due to diet changes causing them to suffer from severe diarrhoea. For these reasons, providing creep feed along with dairy products during the period of pre-weaning and post-weaning is recommended. The majority of the farmers used skimmed milk powder which is commonly available in the market places, but since it is expensive, it may diminish the return for small-scale farmers.<br />
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<strong>Methods: </strong>Present study was conducted to compare the growth performance of Large White Yorkshire young pigs (LWY) fed with diet containing skimmed milk and milk replacer during the pre and post weaning periods<em> i.e</em>., from 0 to 56 days of age. Parameters recorded were body weight in kilogram (kg), average daily gain (ADG) in gram (g), average daily feed intake (ADFI) in gram (g), feed conversion ratio (FCR) and cost of feed/kg gain (₹/kg).&nbsp;<br />
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<strong>Result: </strong>Statistical analysis of all the parameters revealed non-significant (P&ge;0.05) differences between the three groups during pre-weaning, post-weaning and overall periods.&nbsp;It may be concluded that skimmed milk powder (SMP) can be replaced by milk replacer powder (MRP) in the diet of weaned pigs without any clinical complications.&nbsp;</div>


<p>Comparative Study on Performance of Young Pigs Fed with Diet Containing Skimmed Milk and Milk Replacer during Pre and Post Weaning Periods</p>


<div style="text-align: justify;">Nowadays, the availability of huge computing facilities makes it easy to adopt a complex algorithm for&nbsp;various problem-solving. As a result, the Bayesian method of parameter estimation, which is based on Bayes&rsquo;&nbsp;theorem given by Thomas Bayes, gains its popularity in recent times. Time series modeling and forecasting is an&nbsp;important aspect of modeling. Model performance and forecasting accuracy can be improved largely using a Bayesian&nbsp;approach. In this article, some basic knowledge about Bayesian inference in time series has been discussed.</div>

<div style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Application of Bayesian Inference in Time Series Analysis</strong></div>

<div><strong>Background:</strong> The pig is the most efficient feed-converting animal among all livestock and plays a crucial role in improving the socioeconomic status of rural masses. of India. The present study was to develop a best-suited milk replacer for piglets and its effect on growth performance and stress physiology of Ghoongroo piglets.&nbsp;<br />
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<strong>Methods:</strong> The experiment was conducted on 20 Ghoongroo piglets divided into four groups, each containing 5 piglets, i.e., 3 treatment groups and 1 control group maintained at Livestock Farm ERS-IVRI, Kalyani. Control group (T<sub>0</sub>) piglets kept with sows and looked after under standard management practices. Whereas, three treatment groups (T<sub>1</sub>, T<sub>2</sub> and T<sub>3</sub>) piglets were fortified with 3 different kinds of milk replacers and piglets were fed through bottle feeding for 28 days, thereafter, creep feed was started and gradually, milk replacer was stopped.<br />
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<strong>Result:</strong> Significant difference (P&lt;0.05) was observed in average body weight (kg) and daily body weight gain (g/day) on 56 days of age between the treatment and control groups. It was also found that feeding milk replacers had no stress on piglets. So, it can be concluded that feeding milk replacers showed improved economic return along with a higher growth rate till weaning without any stress on the piglets.</div>


<p>Effect of Feeding Milk Replacer on Growth Performance and Stress Physiology of Ghoongroo Piglets in Tropical Climate</p>


<div>India is the land of spices and is the largest producer, consumer and the exporter of spices in the world. Spices are an important component of Indian Agricultural Exports earning valuable foreign exchange and are the source of livelihood for millions of small and marginal farmers across different states of the country. Modeling of agricultural exports in general and spices exports in particular is important in the contest of spices exports being a priority area for Indian policy makers. Time series modeling of agricultural commodity exports is an active area of research in recent times. Generally Box Jenkins approach (ARIMA) is the referred technique for this purpose. When data exhibits volatility clustering, ARCH/GARCH models are used .When the data does not support linearity assumptions neutral network models are used. However, real world time series data is believed to be a combination of linear and non-linear patterns. In this context, Hybrid models which are a combination of AR models and Artificial Neural Networks are providing more accurate forecasts. &nbsp;The present study, using &nbsp;secondary data for the period &nbsp;from 1960-61 to 2017-18 applies three hybrid models &nbsp;for forecasting &nbsp;Indian spices exports both in terms of volume and prices. Based on the RMSE each model is evaluated and finally model with least RMSE was selected for forecasting both volume and unit prices of total spices export for the coming 10 years (2018-19 to 2027-28). Analysis of data was done with the help of open source software R. Results from the study show that, Hybrid model consisting of ARIMA, Exponential Smoothing and Tbats Model with unequal weights was found to be the best model on the basis of RMSE for forecasting Indian spices exports. Thus, for both forecasting and policy formulation the hybrid model is recommended.</div>


<div>Time Series Analysis of Indian Spices Export and Prices</div>


<div>The effect of maltitol and stevia on the physicochemical and the sensory characteristics of bread were investigated. Sugars were replaced with maltitol and stevia at 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 20% and 10, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1, 0%, respectively in bread formulation and prepared using a straight dough method. The loaf weight, specific volume, calorific values were affected (p&lt;0.05) by addition of stevia and maltitol in bread while the fermentation rate of breads was not significant (p&gt;0.05). The energy values were decreased by increasing the addition of maltitol and stevia. The organoleptic quality of bread loaves was reduced on complete replacement of sucrose with maltitol and stevia. But, the overall acceptability of bread had higher scores than control by addition of 4% maltitol with 3% stevia. This study concluded that combination of stevia and maltitol gave good physiochemical properties in bread.&nbsp;</div>


<div>Effect of Sugar Replacer (Stevia and Maltitol) on Quality Characteristics of Bread</div>


<p><strong>Background: </strong>The current study was undertaken to evaluate the clinical efficacy of cemented prosthetics for total hip replacement&nbsp; &nbsp;for management of hip dysplasia in dogs. Total hip arthroplasty will eliminate pain and, restore function of hip joint.<br />
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<strong>Methods: </strong>The dogs with clinical signs of coxofemoral joint affections were diagnosed using standard hip extended ventrodorsal radiographs of pelvis. Those dogs which are not responded to the medical management, with severe degenerative changes and osteoarthritis were selected for surgical management&nbsp; for total hip replacement. The femoral stems used in this study were small (4) and Medium (2). The size of the acetabular cup used ranges from 20 to 22 mm outer diameter. The bone cement used was polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) low viscosity type bone cement (Simplex-P). Clinical evaluation of the treated dogs on 2<sup>nd</sup> day post operatively indicated functional outcome (on the basis of WOMAC score) as excellent in four dogs and good in 2 dogs as the mean&nbsp; scores&nbsp; of parameters was 1.0&plusmn;0.36, 0.83&plusmn;0.65, 0.83&plusmn;0.40, 1.0&plusmn;0.68, 0.50&plusmn;0.34, 0.66&plusmn;0.33, 1.50&plusmn;0.50, 1.16&plusmn;0.47, 0.50&plusmn;0.34, 1.50&plusmn;0.42, 2.0&plusmn;0.51 and over all mean of functional outcome is 11.33&plusmn; 4.06 out of 40 points, lower scores reflect better function than higher scores. Radiological and clinical assessment are excellent to good in four cases and poor&nbsp; in two cases, with&nbsp; mean&nbsp; score of 0, 0.83, 1.50&plusmn;0.5,0,0,0, 1.16&plusmn;0.40,0, 1.33&plusmn;0.84. The mean score of radiological and clinical assessment was 4.88&plusmn;1.85 out of 40 points, lesser score indicates effectiveness of the surgical procedure. The lamenessfrom grade V improved onby 45 days to&nbsp; grade I except one dog at grade II, by 60<sup>th</sup> day,&nbsp; all 5 dogs progressed to grade I and one dog to grade II. The post-operatively radiographic&nbsp; evaluation on day one revealed hip showing cup of the prosthesis into acetabulum.&nbsp;<br />
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<strong>Result:</strong> Total hip replacement using&nbsp; cemented&nbsp; prosthetics for management of&nbsp; Hip dysplasia in dogs was found to be effective in dogs with more than 20 kg body weight&nbsp; and returned to normal limb function after 45<sup>th</sup> post operative day in 4 out of 6-dogs, whereas in other&nbsp; two dogs, there is a complication of loosening of acetabullar cup after 60 days, the complications will be addressed&nbsp; with uncemented implants.&nbsp;</p>


<p>A Clinical Study on Total Hip Replacement using Cemented Prosthetics for Management of Hip Dysplasia in Dogs</p>


<div style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Background: </strong>The recent market trend of Diabetic products is increasing very fast due to awareness in consumers about the benefits of the products for sound health. It is estimated that around 8-12% of the global population buys diabetic products on regular basis. Shrikhand is fermented dairy product prepared by blending chakka, a semi-solid mass obtained after draining whey from dahi, with sugar, and other ingredients. In the preparation process of both sugar and Jaggary powder, sweeteners are different. While manufacturing White Sugar, harmful chemicals like Phosphoric acid, Sulfur Dioxide, Calcium Hydroxide, Polyacrylamide and Bone Char are used. Jaggery is far better than white sugar, Jaggery is far better than white sugar, because of its nutritional significance of sucrose (C12H22O11), with traces of mineral salts, iron, and some fiber. Shrikhand is a highly refreshing and energy dense dairy dessert due to its high fat, protein and carbohydrates content. Hence, the current study aimed at evaluating the effect of Jaggery powder on the sensory quality and Nutritional quality of shrikhand in order to manage and control eating calorie-rich food like sugar increases the risk of diabetes.<br /><strong>Method: </strong>In this study Laboratory investigation during 2019-2020 conducted. The experiment was carried out in the Department of Dairy science Research Centre, Yeshwant Mahavidyalaya Nanded, MS. To utilize jaggery powder in place of sugar, value added shrikhand prepared by replacing 45 % sugar replaced with three levels of sugar i.e. 31, 41, and 51% Jaggery powder was used and study was laid in Completely Randomized Design with three replication. The effect of all treated samples and their interaction were studied on the sensory quality of Shrikhand.&nbsp;<br /><strong>Conclusion: </strong>In present investigation the effect of Jaggery powder on the sensory and nutritional quality of value added Shrikhand was studied, on the basis of sensory and chemical qualities. There was a significant difference (P&lt;0.05) in overall acceptability scores observed between all treatment combinations. Higher acceptability score (7.99) indicating superior acceptability among experimental samples. The mean liking was in the following trend: SO&gt;S2&gt;S1&gt;S3 .The present work showed that Shrikhand (S2) prepared with 41% Jaggery powder had more acceptable quality characteristics among all the experimental samples. The nutritional parameters were significantly (p&lt;0.05) differ except protein. It is acceptable that sugar can be replaced with Jaggery powder on an equal weight basis in preparation of shrikhand.</div>