<div>Background: Use of organic manures to meet the nutrient requirement of the crop would be an inevitable practice for sustainable agriculture. Since organic manures generally improve the physical, chemical and biological properties along with conserving soil moisture and thus resulting in enhanced crop productivity along with maintaining the quality of crop production. Organic farming in recent years is gaining significance due to the realization of inherent advantages it confers in sustaining crop production and also in maintaining dynamic soil nutrient status and safe environment. Organic farming is also concerns to produce the quality food and human health, so that this research and studied the interaction effect of vermicompost and poultry manure on groundnut crop in Chitrakoot condition. 
 
Methods: The experiment was conducted at Rajola Farm of the Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Mahatma Gandhi Chitrakoot Gramodaya Vishwavidyalaya, Chitrakoot in kharif 2019. The present experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of different levels of poultry manure and vermicompost applications. The morphological and biochemical parameters were evaluated in experimental farm and departmental laboratory. 
 
Result:&nbsp;The combination dose of V3P3&nbsp;(6 ton ha-1&nbsp;vermicompost and 4 ton ha-1 poultry manure) was found to be best giving the maximum values. The effect of V3 on the number of pod per plant and number of seed per plant was maximum 15.20 and 3.22 and effect of P3&nbsp;on the number of pod per plant and number of seed per plant was maximum 14.156 and 3.11 respectively. The interaction of vermicompost and poultry manure of the V3P3&nbsp;combination was recorded maximum 17.13 per plant. Seed per pod interaction of vermicompost and poultry manure of the V3P3 combination also recorded maximum 3.66 per pod. Effect of vermicompost and poultry manure on 100 kernel weight was maximum in V3 (42.55 g) and P3&nbsp;(41.00 g) respectively. The shelling percentage also was recorded maximum in V3&nbsp;(69.77) and P3 (67.77) and interaction of both parameters was recorded non significance. Effect on yield (q/ha) was recorded maximum in V3 (1.05) and P3&nbsp;(0.99) and the interaction was recorded maximum in V3P3&nbsp;combination (1.27). The effect of vermicompost on oil percentage, protein percentage and oil yield (kg/ha) was recorded maximum 48.46, 21.33 and 1573.5 in V3 respectively. The effect of poultry manure recorded maximum in P3&nbsp;(48.03), 20.68 and 1411.2 kg/ha oil percentage, protein percentage and oil yield respectively. The interaction of vermicompost and poultry manure was recorded maximum with the combination of V3P3&nbsp;and found 49.52 oil percentage, 21.76 protein percentage and 1696.00 kg/ha oil yield. The results indicated that all these parameters were significantly increased due to vermicompost and poultry manure application. Their interaction was also significant. It was evident that a combination dose of V3P3 (6 ton ha-1&nbsp;vermicompost and 4 ton ha-1&nbsp;poultry manure) was found to be best giving the maximum values.</div>

Effect of the Vermicompost and Poultry Manure on Groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) under Rain-fed Condition

Background: A study was conducted to determine the effects of different doses of poultry manure application on the yield and some yield components of faba bean crop under ecological conditions of Siirt province, Southern Eastern Anatolian Region of Turkey. 
 
Methods: The study was carried out in randomized complete block design with 3 replications. The main plots were varieties and the sub-plots were poultry manure doses. At 15 days prior to sowing, 0 (control), 500, 1000, 1500 kg ha-1 of poultry manure was spread and mixed with a rake. 
 
Result: All observed parameters were effected from poultry manure doses. Application of 1000 kg/ha poultry manure was found superior in terms of yield and yield related parameters. Grain yield was highest at 1000 kg/ha poultry manure application in 2017 and 2018, (2119 kg/ha and 2083 kg/ha, respectively). Salkım variety was superior in terms of grain yield and most of the other parameters. Both varieties were yielded higher and most of the parameters were higher in 2017 compared to 2018. As a result of the study, cropping &ldquo;Salkım&rdquo; faba bean variety with 1000 kg/ha poultry manure application in South Eastern Anatolia or similar ecologies was proposed for higher grain yields.

Effects of Different Doses of Poultry Manure Application on Yield Components and Yield of Different Faba Bean (Vicia faba L.) Varieties

<div>The light texture coastal saline soils are well known for the deficiency of both macro and micronutrients especially zinc, boron, iron and manganese, etc. The zinc (Zn) and manganese (Mn) plays an important role in improving the growth, yield and quality of sesame. A field experiment was conducted to find out the influence of organics and micronutrients fertilization on the soil properties and yield of sesame in coastal saline soil. The experiment was carried out in a farmer&rsquo;s field at Ponnanthittu coastal village, near Chidambaram Taluk, Cuddalore district, Tamil Nadu. The Physico- chemical properties and nutrient status of initial soil were: pH- 8.43, EC- 4.25 dS m-1, organic carbon- 2.30 g kg-1 and DTPA Zn &ndash; 0.70 mg kg-1 and Mn- 0.96 mg kg-1, respectively. &nbsp;The treatments included were T1 -Control (Recommended dose of NPK), T2 &ndash;125% NPK + Composted coirpith (CCP) @ 12.5 t ha-1, T3 -T2 + ZnSO4 @ 25 kg ha-1 soil application (SA), T4 -T2 + MnSO4 @ 5 kg ha-1 (SA), T5 -T2 + (ZnSO4 + MnSO4) SA, T6 -T2 + ZnSO4 &nbsp;@ 0.5 % foliar application (FA),T7 -T2 + MnSO4 (FA), T8 -T2 + (ZnSO4 + MnSO4 )FA, T9 -T2 + ZnSO4 &nbsp;(SA) + ZnSO4 (FA), T10-T2 + MnSO4 &nbsp;(SA) + MnSO4 (FA) and T11-T2 + (ZnSO4 &nbsp;+ MnSO4 ) SA + (ZnSO4 + MnSO4 )FA. The experiment was laid out in a Randomized Block Design (RBD) with three replications, using sesame variety TMV 7. The results of the study indicated that the combined application of 125 per cent NPK + composted coirpith (CCP) @ 12.5 t ha-1 + ZnSO4 @ 25 kg ha-1 + MnSO4 @ 5 kg ha-1 through soil application along with foliar application of ZnSO4 @ 0.5% + MnSO4 twice at 0.5 per cent significantly increased the soil nutrient availability, microbial population, enzyme activity and yield of sesame in coastal sandy soil. This treatment recorded the highest sesame seed yield of 815 kg ha-1 and stalk yield of 1805 kg ha-1 as compared 100% recommended NPK alone 421 and 944 kg ha-1 of seed and stalk yield, respectively.</div>

<div>Influence of Organic Manures and Micronutrients Fertilization on the Soil Properties and Yield of Sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) in Coastal Saline Soil</div>

<div style="text-align: justify;">The aim of this study is to determine the effect of different combinations of farm manure and farm manure on earthworm proliferation and earthworm manure production quantity and property. Accordingly, 100% horse manure (H), 100% cattle manure (C), 100% straw cattle manure &nbsp;(SC), 90% horse manure + 10% hen manure (H/H), 90% cattle + 10% hen manure (C/H) and 90% straw cattle manure + 10% hen manure (SC/H ) six research groups were designed. The highest level of worm growth in the experimental period was in group H, followed by SC group. The lowest values were found in C/H group and C group. In the amount of worm manure produced, the highest value was found in H/H group and the lowest value was found in SC group. As a result, it was found that 100% H and 100% SC groups made a better contribution to the increase in worm growth.&nbsp;</div>

<div style="text-align: justify;">Effect of Various Farm Manures and Straw Containing Cattle Manure on Worm and Worm Manure Production</div>

<div style="text-align:justify">Background: A well-managed manure is a valuable resource in providing nutrients for crop production. Farmers usually follow manual manure application practices which involves lot of drudgery and physical stress to pulverize as well as to apply in field. Also traditional practices results in a reduced field capacity along with higher cost of application. So there is a need to create a medium between the farmers and manure application practices by introducing manure pulverizers and applicators. Hence a study was undertaken to analyze the economic impact of a tractor powered manure pulverizer cum applicator over traditional practices. 
 
Methods: A manure pulverizer cum applicator helps in managing the manure by simultaneous pulverization and application in the field as basal application. On the other hand traditional practices involve manual dumping, clearing of lumps and spreading them in the field which require more than 3 labours to cover an acre in a day. Cost incurred with both manual and mechanical practices were calculated in terms of rupees per hour and rupees per hectare of operation. 
 
Result: The actual field capacity and efficiency of manure pulverizer cum applicator was observed to be 0.311 ha h-1 and 86.5% at a forward speed of 2.0 km/h-1. The cost of manure pulverizer cum applicator alone was Rs. 64,000. Cost of operation of manure pulverizer cum applicator as an attachment to tractor was found to be 1943.5 Rs ha-1. Cost of manual manure application followed by manure pulverization was noted as 4662.2 Rs ha-1. Saving in cost of operation was more than Rs. 2700 with tractor operated manure pulverizer cum applicator over manual application practices. The benefit-cost ratio of the developed machine was 1.4:1.</div>

Economic Analysis of Tractor Powered Manure Pulverizer cum Applicator over Traditional Manure Application Practices

<div>Background:&nbsp;Conventional monoculture or cereal-cereal sequence systems insist farmers to use excessive application of chemical fertilizer in agriculture resulting reduce the soil organic matter contents and structures. The inclusion of green manuring crops in a rotation is vital to improve the biochemical and physical properties of the soil via increasing the labile of organic matter and ultimately increased crops yield. Some complex molecules of green manuring crops takes a longer time of decomposition and thus nutrients reserve in soil and release latter which provide nutrients to the succeeding and following crops. So the current experiment aimed to study the residual effect of different in situ green manuring crops to the sub-sequent and following soil. 
 
Methods: The field experiment conducted during 2015 to 2016 with eight green manuring crops and rice and mustard was the subsequent and following crop. In situ incorporation of GM crops with 100% (F1) and 50% (F2) fertilizer, the prior and post-harvest soil (cropping pattern) of experiment field (0-15 cm) was collected and analyzed. 
 
Result: After two consecutive year, GM-T.aman-Mustard cropping pattern increased soil organic matter 0.04% to 0.07% and 0.02% to 0.03% (T1 and T2 with F1 and F2) and nitogen 0.05% (T1, T2 and T7 with F1 and F2) and K 0.2 to 0.5 meq/100 g (M. pudica with F1 and F2) and P 2 ppm to 15 ppm (T1, T2, T3 and T7 with F1 and F2) compared to initial soil. Rice yield with T1, T2, T3 and T6 shown higher with both fertilizer doses. Nitrogen fertilizer rates could be reduced after the incorporation of green manures in the succeeding and following crops.</div>

Residual Effect of Green Manure on Soil Properties in Green Manure-Transplant Aman-Mustard Cropping Pattern

<div>Background: Sesame Webworm, Antigastra catalaunalis (Dupunchel) is a principal harmful insect of sesame crop. It infests the all shoot parts and stages of sesame plant growth and responsible for approximately seventy percent seed yield loss, therefore, the present study conducted to investigate the seasonal incidence and evaluate two sets of cultural control practices against the damages of the pest larvae. 
 
Methods: Field experiment was carried out in the Grda Rasha Research Station-College of Agricultural Engineering Sciences-Erbil-Kurdistan region-Iraq, apart from seasonal incidence, first Set was for assessing the effect of three Sowing Dates viz. 16-May, 15-June, 15-July-2020. The second set was for evaluating the efficiency of three different crop plants viz. corn, cowpea and sunflower plants, intercropped with sesame crop to minimize the capsule infestation damage and seed losses caused by A. catalaunalis (Dup.). The experiments were performed using the RCBD design.&nbsp; 
 
Result: The results revealed that the larvae appearance started 2 weeks after sowing and reached its peak 2.31, 2.50 and 2.83 larvae/plant 13 weeks after sowing for all three dates of sowing, the results also showed that the percent capsule infestation and Seed weight loss/25 capsules were 22.27%, 33.85% and 34.16%/25 capsule of sesame plant, for sowing dates mid-May and mid-June and Mid-July respectively. The findings of the intercropping experiment revealed that the least percentages of capsule infestation and losses in seed weight/25 capsules were on sesame plants intercropped with cowpea 18.00% and 21.00% and followed by sesame intercropped with Sunflower and Sesame plants intercropped with corn plants which were 19.40%, 25.60% and 20.20%, 27.60% respectively.</div>

Seasonal Incidence of Sesame Webworm, Antigastra catalaunalis (Dup.) and Evaluation of&nbsp;Selected Cultural Control Practices, on Sesame Crop in Erbil City

<div>Background: Limited biosecurity measures in smallholder poultry facilities expose birds to various pathogens as a result, poultry products particularly raw ones are reported to be responsible for cases of human foodborne diseases. The aim of the study was to profile and characterise the zoonotic bacterial pathogens in water, poultry mouth and rectal swabs in a value chain project of Capricorn district, Limpopo Province, South Africa. 
 
Methods: A total of 74 samples comprising of 14 water samples, 60 mouth and rectal swab samples were collected from the farms. The samples were screened for the presence of Escherichia coli, Salmonella spp. and Shigella spp. through selective cultivation.&nbsp; 
 
Result: The study revealed that the water resources, mouth and rectal swab samples of chickens were contaminated by coliform bacteria. Escherichia coli and Klebsiella spp., were dominant isolates. E. coli strains that were isolated from the water sources, mouth and rectal swabs of the chickens showed strong resistance to gentamycin, neomycin, penicillin, streptomycin, tetracycline, erythromycin, nalidixic acid, ciprofloxacin and ampicillin. K. pneumoniae showed resistant to neomycin; penicillin; erythromycin while K. oxytoca and E. absuriae showed similar antibiotic resistance profile as penicillin, erythromycin, nalidixic acid and ampicillin.</div>

Presence of Coliforms in Water, Poultry Mouth and Rectal Swabs from Selected Smallholder Poultry Farming Projects of Capricorn District, South Africa

<div>Background: Sesamum indicum&nbsp;L. is a tropical and subtropical plant cultivated for seed purpose, which yields about 50% high quality edible oil with 65% of the seeds being used for oil extraction and 35% for consumption purpose. The seeds have outstanding amounts of oil&nbsp;and consists of extensive root system that makes it very tolerant of drought. 
 
Methods: A field experiment entitled &ldquo;Effect of planting density and Integrated Nutrient Management in sesame&rdquo; was carried out at the Agronomy Research Farm of School of Agricultural Sciences and Rural Development, Nagaland University, Medziphema campus, during Kharif season of 2017-18. Nine treatment combinations consisting of three level of planting density i.e., T1- (20cm x 10cm), T2&nbsp;(30cm x 10cm) and T3 (40cm x 10cm) along with three levels of nutrient management practices i.e., N1 (100% RDF), N2 (75% RDF + 25% FYM) and N3 (75% RDF + 25% poultry manure) were tried in factorial randomized block design with three replications.&nbsp; 
 
Conclusion: Among the different planting density and nutrient management practices, combined effect of 20cm x 10cm&nbsp;planting density with 75% RDF + 25% FYM nutrient recorded highest growth attributes viz., plant height (cm), number of leaves plant-1, number of branches plant-1 and yield attributes viz., number of capsules plant-1, seed yield (kg ha-1) and stover yield (kg ha-1). However, the highest net return (₹16687.66) and B:C ratio (1.13) was obtained from the treatment combination of 40cm x 10cm planting density along with combination of 75% RDF + 25% poultry manure. Hence, the combined application of manures with inorganic source of nutrients with reduced planting density recorded higher growth and yield attributes thereby resulting higher economic return than the application of RDF alone.</div>

<div>Effect of Planting Density and Integrated Nutrient Management in Sesame (Sesamum indicum L.)</div>

<div style="text-align: justify;">The experiment was conducted to investigate the influence of animal manures, NPK and soil type on growth performance of sweet corn. The study consisted of five different fertilizers (poultry manure, goat manure, cattle manure, NPK and control) and two soil types (sand clay loam and sandy loam). The study was a 5 x 2 factorial experiment in a complete randomized design with three replications and conducted during autumn and spring seasons of 2018. Measured growth parameters were number of leaves per plant, plant height, leaf area, stem diameter and chlorophyll content. Sweet corn fertilized with goat manure had significantly higher number of leaves per plant (9.17), higher leaf area (450 cm2) and stem diameter (2.18 cm). Sweet corn planted under sand clay loam soil had significantly taller plant height, higher number of leaves per plant, leaf area and stem diameter. Sweet corn showed better growth performance when planted under animal manures and sand clay loam soil.</div>

Effect of the Vermicompost and Poultry Manure on Groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) under Rain-fed Condition

Effects of Different Doses of Poultry Manure Application on Yield Components and Yield of Different Faba Bean (Vicia faba L.) Varieties

Influence of Organic Manures and Micronutrients Fertilization on the Soil Properties and Yield of Sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) in Coastal Saline Soil

Effect of Various Farm Manures and Straw Containing Cattle Manure on Worm and Worm Manure Production

Economic Analysis of Tractor Powered Manure Pulverizer cum Applicator over Traditional Manure Application Practices

Residual Effect of Green Manure on Soil Properties in Green Manure-Transplant Aman-Mustard Cropping Pattern

Seasonal Incidence of Sesame Webworm, Antigastra catalaunalis (Dup.) and Evaluation of Selected Cultural Control Practices, on Sesame Crop in Erbil City

Presence of Coliforms in Water, Poultry Mouth and Rectal Swabs from Selected Smallholder Poultry Farming Projects of Capricorn District, South Africa

Effect of Planting Density and Integrated Nutrient Management in Sesame (Sesamum indicum L.)

The growth performance of sweet corn under the influence of animal manure, NPK and soil type