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Legume Research, volume 44 issue 11 (november 2021) : 1338-1342

Effects of Different Doses of Poultry Manure Application on Yield Components and Yield of Different Faba Bean (Vicia faba L.) Varieties

Sipan Soysal1,*
1Department of Plant and Animal Production, Kurtalan Vocational High School, Siirt University, 56500, Kurtalan-Siirt, Turkey.

  • Submitted07-07-2021|

  • Accepted09-10-2021|

  • First Online 26-10-2021|

  • doi 10.18805/LRF-640

Cite article:- Soysal Sipan (2021). Effects of Different Doses of Poultry Manure Application on Yield Components and Yield of Different Faba Bean (Vicia faba L.) Varieties . Legume Research. 44(11): 1338-1342. doi: 10.18805/LRF-640.

ABSTRACT

Background: A study was conducted to determine the effects of different doses of poultry manure application on the yield and some yield components of faba bean crop under ecological conditions of Siirt province, Southern Eastern Anatolian Region of Turkey.

Methods: The study was carried out in randomized complete block design with 3 replications. The main plots were varieties and the sub-plots were poultry manure doses. At 15 days prior to sowing, 0 (control), 500, 1000, 1500 kg ha-1 of poultry manure was spread and mixed with a rake.

Result: All observed parameters were effected from poultry manure doses. Application of 1000 kg/ha poultry manure was found superior in terms of yield and yield related parameters. Grain yield was highest at 1000 kg/ha poultry manure application in 2017 and 2018, (2119 kg/ha and 2083 kg/ha, respectively). Salkım variety was superior in terms of grain yield and most of the other parameters. Both varieties were yielded higher and most of the parameters were higher in 2017 compared to 2018. As a result of the study, cropping “Salkım” faba bean variety with 1000 kg/ha poultry manure application in South Eastern Anatolia or similar ecologies was proposed for higher grain yields.

INTRODUCTION

Legumes are important sources of proteins and minerals for humans and animals (Pradhan et al., 2014). Faba bean (Vicia faba L.) is extensively cultivated in Asia and Africa (Kaur et al., 2013). Faba bean is among the first domesticated crops originating from Near East. Today it is a protein source used for feed and food worldwide and especially in Middle East, Mediterranean environment, Ethiopia and China. It is well adapted to diversified soil types (Cao et al., 2017; Satovic et al., 2013) and this helps the crop to ranks 4th in pulse production in the world (Abid et al., 2015).
       
Faba bean is a rich source of minerals, nutrients (Khursheed et al., 2018) and many bioactive secondary metabolites (Mekky et al., 2020). It is a cheap source of protein (Mulugeta et al., 2021). Faba bean is a prefered crop due to its palatability and ecological value in sustainable cropping systems (Uçar et al., 2021). Protein content of Faba bean is higher than other pulses. This crop is mainly produced for dry seeds but its fresh pods or seeds are also used as vegetables in many countries. Sprouts of faba bean are also a part of human diet. Dried or fresh stems and leaves of the species are a good fodder for cattle and sheep. Diversified faba bean cultivation practices such as intercropping and rotation are well adopted to agricultural systems worldwide (Zong et al., 2019). Faba bean-wheat rotation is a traditional system in many temperate, Mediterranean and tropical highland cropping regions (Nebiyu et al., 2014).
       
Chemical fertilizers are main nutrient source to maintain soil fertility worldwide. Due to high cost of chemical fertilizers and environmental concerns, developing more economical and environmental substitutes is a requirement (Loh et al., 2019). Increased consumption of poultry and its products is resulted with generation of millions of tonnes of manure globally (Fuchs et al., 2018). Poultry manure is a locally available, relatively cheap and natural material. Inorganic fertilizers are more expensive and frequently contaminate environment (Masarirambi et al., 2012). Poultry manure utilization as an organic fertilizer is helping to improve soil and crop productivity (Uçar and Erman, 2020; Dikinya and Mufwanzala, 2010). Poultry manure application is commonly practiced in horticultural sector due to its fertiliser value, soil property improvement ability and low cost (Ranadheera et al., 2017).
       
Poultry manure includes a wide range of mineral elements and organic substances (Sushkova et al., 2021). It is an excellent soil amendment due to rich nitrogen and phosphorous content (Han et al., 2017; Espindola et al., 2021). 2021). Phosphorus forms in animal manure are different than synthetic phosphorus fertilizers (Kamran et al., 2019). As a disadvantage, it is believed to increase the spread of antibiotic resistance from animal digestive systems the soil but instead, usage of this organic material for crop production is common worldwide (Yang et al., 2016). Animal manures also usually contain high amounts of heavy metals (Bai et al., 2020). The application rate of poultry manure as fertilizer is limited due to its low N/P and C/P ratios (Vandecasteele et al., 2014). This study was conducted to determine the effects of different doses of poultry manure on the yield and some yield components of faba bean crop under ecological conditions of Siirt province, Southern Eastern Anatolian Region of Turkey.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Field trials were carried out in the experimental field of Siirt University Faculty of Agriculture Field Crops Department during 2017-2018 in Siirt province of Turkey. In the experiments, Salkým and Kýtýk varieties registered by Aegean Agricultural Research Institute were used as faba bean seeds. Salkým and Kýtýk are dry, suitable for grain consumption, upright growing, certified broad bean varieties (AARI, 2018). The study was carried out in randomized complete blocks design with 3 replications. The main plots were two varieties and the sub-plots were poultry manure doses. Monthly average temperature, monthly total precipitation and monthly average relative humidity for the first year (2017) of the experiment were 20.5°C, 321.7 mm and 44.7%, respectively; while the second year it was 22.0°C, 258.4 mm and 42.9%, respectively. The average temperature was above the long-term average for both years of the study (Table 1). While the amount of precipitation and average relative humidity values were above the long-term average in 2017, they were below the long-term average in 2018. The soils of the study fields were clayey loam, at pH 7.60, slightly calcareous (1.61%), poor in organic matter content 0.90%, poor in phosphorus (31.2 kg ha-1) and rich in potassium (669 kg ha-1) nutrients.
       
Previous crop in rotation was wheat. In autumn, the trial area was cultivated with a plow. In the spring, before sowing, a shallow cultivator and then harrow was applied. At pre-planting, 0 (control), 500, 1000, 1500 kg ha-1 of poultry manure was spread and mixed with a rake. Plant inter-row and intra-row spacings were 50 cm and 10 cm, respectively.  The seeds were sown in four rows in each plot with a sowing depth of 4-5 cm conducted in the first week of March in both years. The plants were grown under rainfed conditions. Weeding was conducted manually by hand at four-six leaves stage of the crop. Pesticide was used to treat anthracnose disease. For observation and harvesting, one row from the edges of the plots and 0.5 m from the both ends of the plots cut out. 10 plants selected from the remaining plants for observations, except grain yield parameter. Parcel harvest was conducted for yield determinations. Plant height, first pod height, number of pods per plant, number of seeds per pod, 100-grain weight and grain yield were investigated. The plants were hand harvested and threshed in the first week of July. The data obtained as a result of the trials were analyzed in the JMP statistical package program.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Based on 2017, 2018 and two years averages, all observed parameters were effected from poultry manure doses and variety factor (Table 2 and 3). Plant height was lowest at control (zero CM) and 500 kg ha-1 CM (49,42 and 50,65 cm respectively) and highest at 1000 and 1500 kg ha-1 CM application doses (55,1 and 54,92 cm) in 2017 (Table 2). In 2018, plant height was lowest at control (zero CM) (47,75 cm) and highest at 1000 and 1500 kg ha-1 CM application doses (54,91 and 54,48 cm). Salkým variety was taller than Kýtýk variety based on 2017, 2018 and two years averages. Both varieties were taller in 2017 compared to 2018.
 

Table 2: The effects of the applications on the plant height, the first pod height and the number of pods per plant values of the faba bean.


       
First pod height was lowest at control (zero CM) and 500 kg/ha CM (14,82 and 15,57 cm respectively) and highest at 1000 kg ha-1 CM application doses (16,97 cm) in 2017 (Table 2). In 2018, first pod height was lowest at control (zero CM) (13,01 cm) and highest at 1000 and 1500 kg ha-1 CM application doses (15,38 and 14,66 cm). First pod height of Salkým variety was higher than Kýtýk variety based on 2017 and two years averages.
       
Pod number per plant was lowest at control (zero CM) (5,80 piece plant-1) and highest at 1000 and 1500 kg ha-1 CM application doses (7,36 and 7,13 piece plant-1, respectively) in 2017 (Table 2). In 2018, pod number per plant was lowest at control (zero CM) (4,41 piece plant-1) and highest at 1000 kg ha-1 CM application doses (6,16 piece plant-1). Pod number per plant of Salkým variety was higher than Kýtýk variety based on two years averages.
       
Grain number per plant was lowest at control (zero CM) (21,30 piece plant-1) and highest at 1000 kg ha-1 CM application doses (24,13 piece plant-1) in 2017 (Table 3). In 2018, grain number per plant was lowest at control (zero CM) (20,28 piece plant-1) and highest at 1000 kg ha-1 CM application doses (22,95 piece plant-1). Grain number per plant was higher at Salkým variety than Kýtýk variety based on 2017, 2018 and two years averages. Grain number per plant was higher for both varieties in 2017 compared to 2018.
       
100 grain weight was lowest at control (zero CM) (121,57 g) and highest at 1000 kg ha-1 CM application doses (130,6 g) in 2017. In 2018, 100 grain weight was lowest at control (zero CM) (117,88 g) and highest at 500, 1000 and 1500 kg ha-1 CM application doses (between 121,55-123,96 g) (Table 3). 100 grain weight of Salkým variety was higher than Kýtýk variety based on 2017, 2018 and two years averages. 100 grain weight of both varieties were higher in 2017 compared to 2018.
 

Table 3: The effects of the applications on the grain number per plant, 100-grain weight and the grain yield of the faba bean.

  
 
Grain yield was lowest at control (zero CM) (1806 kg ha-1) and highest at 1000 kg ha-1 CM application dose (2119 kg ha-1) in 2017. In 2018, grain yield was lowest at control (zero CM) (1763 kg ha-1) and highest at 1000 kg ha-1 CM application dose (2083 kg ha-1) (Table 3). Probable reason for obtaining highest yield from highest poultry manure entry is cropping without any chemical fertilizer condition and the crop’s positive reaction to macronutrients exist in poutry manure. Salkým variety was more productive in terms of grain yield than Kýtýk variety based on 2017, 2018 and two years averages. Probable source for this varietal difference is higher pod number, grain number per plant and 100 grain weight of Salkým variety compared to Kýtýk variety. Both varieties were yielded higher in 2017 compared to 2018. Lowest two years average grain yield (1759 kg ha-1) was obtained from Kýtýk variety at zero CM application dose. Highest two years average grain yield (2144 kg ha-1) was obtained from Salkým variety at 1000 kg ha-1 CM application dose.
       
Similar to this result, Yousif (1987) was found increase in yields (>25%), number of pods and seeds and plant heights with poultry manure application under Sudan ecological conditions. Also, Elsheikh and Elzidany, (1997) determined that poultry manure treatments to faba bean significantly increased yield and 100 seed weight values. In a field experiment conducted in Egypt by Gomaa et al., (2010), application of poultry manure on faba bean increased seed yield (Gomaa et al., 2010).

CONCLUSION

All observed parameters were effected from poultry manure doses. 1000 kg ha-1 poultry manure application was found superior interms of yield and yield related parameters. Grain yield was highest at 1000 kg ha-1 poultry manure application dose in 2017 and 2018, (2119 kg ha-1 and 2083 kg ha-1, respectively). Salkým variety was superior in terms of grain yield and most of the other parameters. Temperatures were milder in 2017 compared to 2018 and this found a reflection in average year results. Both varieties were yielded higher and most of the parameters were higher in 2017 compared to 2018. As a result of the study, cropping Salkým faba bean variety with 1000 kg ha-1 poultry manure in South Eastern Anatolia or similar ecologies was proposed for higher grain yields.

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