The economic implications of crop loss due to pest incidences have resulted in superfluous pesticide usage by the farming community, which in turns resulted in several ecological and environmental consequences. Considering this, present review is presented with the objective to determine which pesticides are being used by the farmers and also the presence of different pesticide residues in different vegetable crops. This review paper analysed a total of 21 research articles published in reputed journals. It was observed that application of insecticides was the major protective measure against the attacks by devastating pests. Vegetables mostly found to be contaminated were okra, brinjal, lettuce, cucumber and tomato. Pesticides found in most of the vegetable samples in the preliminary observations were Chlorpyrifos, Monocrotophos, Endosulfan, DDT and Lindane etc. Provisions to adherence of the policies of the government in the domain of pesticide application measures should be made and appropriate watch should also be kept against any violation of these policies and recommendations.&nbsp;

Presence of pesticide residue in vegetable crops: A review

<div>Background: Pesticides act as endocrine disruptors and cause enormous disturbances in steroidogenesis, spermatogenesis and sexual behavioural display. These toxicants modulate and/or disrupt the reproductive and hormonal environment by acting on hypothalamus, pituitary and reproductive organs. Few studies have been carried out to assess the levels of pesticides in dairy cattle / buffaloes. The information on pesticide residues in body fluids especially blood and semen in breeding bulls is lacking.&nbsp; 
 
Method: In the light of above background nineteen fresh semen ejaculates were collected from Milkfed, Khanna and PLDB (Punjab Livestock Development Board), Nabha, Punjab and stored at -80◦C. Immediately after collection, the semen was centrifuged at 4500 &times; g for 20 min at 4◦C. The supernatant (seminal plasma) was stored at -20◦C until processing for the assessment of pesticide residues using gas chromatography (GC). In the present study on crossbred breeding bulls, the semen samples were analyzed for organochlorines, organophosphates and synthetic pyrethroid pesticide residues. Seven OCP were screened namely Heptachlor epoxide, Chlordane, Fipronil, Lindane, Methoxychlor, op-DDT, Endrin. Eleven OPP were screened namely Chorpyrifos, Dichlorovos, Ethion, Monocrotophos, Malathion, Parathion-methyl, Profenphos, Phorate, Triazophos, Quinalphos and Phosalone and four SP&rsquo;s namely Cypermethrin, Permethrin, Deltamethrin, Cyalothrin were screened in the semen samples. Semen samples were also assessed for viability, HOST (%) and abnormality (%) for both fresh as well as post thaw samples. 
 
Result: None of the semen samples were found positive for any of the above pesticide residues. This may be attributed to the feeding of fodder cultivated at the stations without using any pesticides, hence no pesticide residue found in the semen samples of the crossbred breeding bulls of these semen stations In present study, viability (%) of sperms were found to be significantly higher (p&lt;0.05) in fresh (75.57 &plusmn; 5.31) as compared to post thaw (70.17 &plusmn; 4.64) semen of bulls. The abnormality (%) of sperms was found to be significantly lower (p&lt;0.05) in fresh (13.61 &plusmn; 3.71) than post thaw (18.22 &plusmn; 3.59) semen bulls. Also in present study the host (%) was found 67.23&plusmn;4.76 in fresh semen which decreased to 46.82&plusmn;3.55 in post thaw semen.</div>

​Evaluation of Level of Pesticide Residue in Seminal Fluid of Crossbred Bulls

<div>Due to ever increasing population and limited natural resources use of pesticides as a major input to increase agricultural productivity is indispensible today. However, their inadequate application may produce large quantities of residues in the environment leading to environmental contamination. These residues may leach in the soil, water and even remain in the crop residues and food products. From there they enter in human food chain posing serious health hazards. Various food processing techniques, at industrial and/or domestic level, have been found to reduce the contents of pesticide residues in most food materials. These techniques alone or in combination reduce the levels of pesticides significantly in the food items. In the present review effect of processes like washing, peeling, cooking, drying, milling and industrial techniques like, baking, dairy products, fermentation, malting etc are reviewed. The review of literature suggests there is a need to systematize and optimize these techniques so that these can be used to provide a safer food culture for humans.</div>

<div>Processing of Raw Agricultural Produce and its Effect on Pesticide Residues: A Review</div>

<div>Background: The pesticides are potentially toxic compounds that have become omnipresent in the environment. These toxicants modulate and/or disrupt the reproductive and hormonal environment by acting on hypothalamus, pituitary and reproductive organs. Fewer studies have been carried out on pesticide residues in body fluids especially blood and semen in breeding bulls. 
 
Method: Study was done to assess the pesticide residues in blood in relation to the endocrine profile in crossbred breeding bulls. Nineteen blood samples were collected and were allowed to clot overnight; serum was separated and stored at -20&deg;C until analysis. The samples were analyzed for the pesticide residues using gas chromatography (GC) for seven organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) namely Heptachlor epoxide, Chlordane, Fipronil, Lindane, Methoxychlor, op-DDT and Endrin and eleven organophosphorus pesticides (OPPs)&nbsp;namely Chorpyrifos, Dichlorovos, Ethion, Monocrotophos, Malathion, Parathion-methyl, Profenphos, Phorate, Triazophos, Quinalphos and Phosalone and four synthetic pyrethroids (SPs) namely Cypermethrin, Permethrin, Deltamethrin, Cyhalothrin. 
 
Result: The blood samples of these bulls were found positive for organophosphate-phosalone and around 73.68% of the bulls were positive for phosalone at a retention time of 13.837 min. The concentration of phosalone in the blood of crossbred breeding bulls was found to be 1.89&plusmn;0.98 ng/ml. In the present study, the blood hormonal profile of pesticide residues was analyzed and it showed a significant increase in the level of Estrogen thereby decreasing the testosterone: estrogen ratio. The decreased testosterone: estrogen ratio may be attributed to the detection of phosalone in blood.</div>

Evaluation of Level of Pesticide Residue in Blood and its Effects on Hormonal Levels of Crossbred Bulls

<div>Background: Many studies have reported the contamination by pesticides in a variety of matrices, such as food, water and soil, which despite their use, health risk of pesticides residues on food and in drinking water for the general population has been raised. The aim of this study is to quantify the pesticides residues of Abamectin and Imidacloprid in some vegetable samples; to study the in vitro effects of the both pesticides on the lipid peroxidation and hemolytic activity and finally, based on the mathematical models we estimate the values equivalent to the concentrations of pesticide residues detected in the vegetable samples.&nbsp; 
 
Methods: The extraction of pesticide residues from vegetable samples we use the FaPEx kits. Agilent Technologies 1260 infinity high performance liquid chromatography having UV/visible detector was used for the identification and quantification of pesticides residues. The results of this study proved the presence of pesticide residues in vegetable tested with higher values comparing with their corresponding MRLs.&nbsp; 
 
Result: The mean of the quantity of Abamectin detected in the vegetables samples ranged from 1.93 to 4.11 mg/kg for the green pepper (Capsicum annuum spp) and courgette (Cucurbita pepo), respectively. In addition, the Imidacloprid is just detected in the cucumber (Cucumis sativus) samples and the mean value of quantity is 24.09 mg/kg and corresponding MRL is 0.05 mg/kg. The in vitro study of the effects of the both pesticides on lipid peroxidation and hemolytic activity demonstrate significant effects of the different concentrations of the both pesticides on the both activities. The estimation by mathematical models of malondialdehyde quantity and hemolytic activity equivalent to the concentrations of the pesticides residues detected in vegetables samples proved the non-toxicity effects of these residues.</div>

The Estimation of Lipid Peroxidation and Osmotic Fragility of Human Red Blood Cell Induced by Pesticides Residues Detected in Some Vegetables Crops

<div>Background: Studies pertaining to the presence of OCP residues in the freshwater and marine &ucirc;shes caught from the Thamirabarani river basin region are not available to analyze the extent of bioaccumulation to assess their safety for human consumption. Hence, this study was undertaken as a maiden work to examine the OCP residues in the fishes collected from &ucirc;ve sites spanning from the source to mouth region of the Thamirabarani river system, along with other related niches to examine the effect of environment pollution. 
 
Methods: Pesticides from fish muscle and their organs were extracted as per AOAC 2007.01 using QuEChERS method. A Gas Chromatograph model Perkin Elmer - equipped with Ni Electron Capture Detector of activity 15 MCi was used for the analysis. A volume of 1.0&micro;l of the extracts was injected. The operating conditions were capillary column Elite-5 capillary column, 60m x 0.25mm, 1.00&micro;m temperature programme: 70&ordm;C (2 min) to 180&ordm;C (I min) 25&ordm;C/min to 300&ordm;C 5&ordm;C/min, Injection temperature: 270&ordm;C, Detector temperature: 300&ordm;C, Carrier gas: Nitrogen at 1.0 mL/min, Make up gas: Nitrogen at 29 mL/min. 
 
Result: Among fishes, rohu accumulated maximum of 0.4014 to 0.605 ug/kg of DDT in station IV and V respectively. <a href="#dhananjayan_2010">Dhananjayan and Muralidharan (2010)</a> reported OCPs in 156 fishes sample from Kaveri river. The average concentration of DDT ranged between 0 and 0.605 ug/kg. <a href="#buvanaeshwari_2012">Bhuvaneshwari and Babu rajendran (2012)</a> also reported 2.8 ug/g of DDT in fishes from Kaveri river. The low occurrence of DDT in the presence study is mainly due to their rapid degradation with living organisms.</div>

<div>Occurrence of Pesticide Residues in Freshwater and Estuarine Fishes of Thamirabarani River</div>

Background: In Tunisia, the date palm mite Oligonychus afrasiaticus McGregor (Acarina: Tetranychidae) is one of the most important pests of the date palm Phoenix dactylifera L. (Arecaceae). The control of Oligonychus afrasiaticus in Tunisian oases requires the use of safe and effective acaricides. 
&nbsp; 
Methods: In this study, the toxicity of pesticides (sulfur, hexythiazox, bifenazate and spinosad) against O. afrasiaticus in date palms was investigated in the field. The aim of this study was also to evaluate the dissipation of bifenazate, hexythiazox and spinosad in date fruits by the QuEChERS method. 
&nbsp; 
Result: Bifenazate was effective with a reduction of 90.2 and 89.4% of O. afrasiaticus motile forms and eggs, respectively, up to 21 days after application of this insecticide. Within 21 days of spraying, hexythiazox was an effective acaricide, reducing eggs and motile forms to 98.5% and 82.5%, respectively. Spinosad was effective for up to 14 days. Under the conditions of the Tunisian oases, the sulfur toxicity applied in July may remain effective for &lt;14 days after treatment. Regarding, the dissipation of tested pesticides, the results showed that bifenzate deposited faster in date fruits than hexythiazox and spinosad. The initial deposition of bifenzate and spinosad decreased and was no longer detected after 7 and 14 days, respectively. Hexythiazox was detected at harvest when the date fruits were treated twice, but the residues were lower than the residue levels recommended by the European Union. These results would be useful to improve the control of O. afrasiaticus based on the efficacy, persistence and toxicity of these pesticides.

Toxicity of Some Pesticides against Oligonychus afrasiaticus (Mcgregor) (Acari: Tetranychidae) in Tunisian Oases and Analysis of Their Residues in Date Fruits

<div style="text-align:justify">Photo selective shade net is a product made of plastic fibers connected together with each other, forming a regular porous structure and allowing gases, liquid and light to pass through. It has a capacity to selectively filter the intercepted solar radiation, in addition to their protective function. Vegetables are considered as protective food which are highly perishable in nature. High temperature due to global warming, climate change and excessive use of chemicals are some of the burning issues of vegetable production. Photo selective shade net can be a partial solution for these problems. Vegetable crops grown under different photo selective shade net shows productive responses thus by application of various Photo selective shade nets we can improve the quality as well as production of vegetable crops.</div>

Photo Selective Shade Net: An Effective Tool to Reduce the Impact of Global Warming and Pesticide Residues in Vegetable Production: A Review

Background: One of the main reasons for India&rsquo;s decreased food production is the depletion of soil fertility. The primary causes of soil deterioration are lack of awareness among farmers and lack of land use regulations. By limiting the erosion and enhancing the nutrients available to the crops, conservation agriculture increases the organic matter content of the soil and contributes to the improvement of field conditions. But compared to conventional agriculture, the practise of conservation agriculture is less advanced. And also there is a dearth of research on the use of crop residues for the management of soil fertility. So this study was undertaken in order to examine the impacts of crop residue, inorganic fertilizers and cropping system as a component of an integrated crop residues and fertility management system on nutrient uptake and net returns of greengram. 
 
Methods: The experiment consists of strip plot design and was carried out during 2020-21 and 2021-22 under zero till conditions at college farm, Rajendranagar, PJTSAU to study the effect of previous crop residues and fertility levels on succeeding greengram.&nbsp; 
 
Result: According to the data, greengram absorbed more nutrients at various growing stages. The residual effect of incorporation of residues treated with microbial consortia composed of Trichoderma viridae, Aspergillus awamori and Phanerocheate spp. along with 300:100:100 kg ha-1 of N, P2O5 and K2O (125% RDF) and phosphorous supplied in the form of single super phosphate (SSP) resulted in significantly higher financial returns. In greengram, residue incorporated plots outperformed residue burning, removal and retention plots with 125% RDF in terms of nutrient uptake, as well as monetary returns like gross returns, net returns and B:C ratio. In a similar vein, yield in residue-incorporated plots was higher than it was in residue-removal and in-situ burning plots during summer, 2021 and 2022.

Nutrient Uptake and Economics of Summer Greengram as Influenced by Residual Effect of Paddy Residues and Fertility Levels

Background: Farmers&rsquo; conventional tillage and residue removal practices in rice-maize-greengram systems in India are input-intensive, costly and soil degradative. A number of soil quality issues have emerged due to continuous cropping and burning of residues threatening the sustainability of rice based cropping systems for the last more than four decades. Nevertheless, the in-situ or in-field decomposition of crop residue using microbial inoculum is rarely studied. This necessitated the use of microbial consortia developed by a combination of potent strains of fungi which can perform harmoniously for rapid decomposition of crop residues. 
 
Methods: A field experiment was conducted during 2020-21 and 2021-22 with eight residue-management treatments and three fertility levels to zero till maize at college farm, Rajendranagar, PJTSAU using strip plot design and the residual effect on the succeeding greengram was studied. 
 
Result: Greengram growth and yield were significantly higher under residual effect of incorporation of residues treated with microbial consortia consisting of Trichoderma viridae, Aspergillus awamori and Phanerocheate spp. along with 300:100:100 kg ha-1 of N, P2O5 and K2O (125% RDF) and P supplied in the form of single super phosphate (SSP) under zero tillage during summer, 2021 and 2022. Growth parameters like plant height, leaf area index, dry matter production and yield attributes like number of pods plant-1, pod length and number of seeds pod-1 in greengram were higher under residue incorporated plots compared to residue burning, removal and retention plots with 125% RDF.