<div>Background: Oats provide a tough challenge to miller, consists of rigid outer covering called hull that comprises 30-35% of the weight of the oat grain. Hull composed of cellulose, hemi-cellulose and lignin which are inedible and not digested by humans and should be separated from oats. The study would enhance the utilization of this nutritional cereal to daily diets, as the processing of oats has not yet been exploited much at rural level in India.&nbsp; 
 
Methods: The present investigation was aimed at optimizing the dehulling process to enhance recovery of oat groats.&nbsp; The best combination of dehulling parameters was obtained with response surface methodology (RSM) using Box-Behnken design. The independent process variables for dehulling of oats were moisture content (8-14%), feed rate (6-12 kg/h) and number of passes (2-4).&nbsp; 
 
Result: Seventeen experimental runs in triplicate were conducted to obtain optimal condition moisture content: 10.62% (wb), feed rate: 7.57 kg/h and repetitive passes: 4 with dehulling efficiency of 65.79%, groat recovery 47.16% and broken percent 14.42% respectively. An analysis of variance (ANNOVA) revealed that the process variables, dehulling efficiency, groat recovery and broken percent decreased significantly (p&lt;0.05) with the increase in moisture content, feed rate and number of passes respectively.&nbsp;</div>

Response Surface Methodology to Optimize Process Parameters for Dehulling of Oats

<div style="text-align:justify">Oat (Avena sativa) belongs to the grass (Poaceae) family. It has been recognized as a healthful and nutritious cereal containing high concentration of soluble fiber compounds such as &beta;-glucan, which are beneficial for digestive system and preventive against colon rectal cancer help to maintain an optimal weight due to high fiber content. It also contains antioxidants, vitamins, phenolic acids sterols and phytic acid which has essential role in our body functioning. The key cholesterol lowering ingredient in oats is soluble fiber. &beta;-glucans, the most important cereal non-starch. &beta;-glucan, is abundant in oat kernels and exhibits a high viscosity at relatively low concentrations. Viscosity is an important rheological property of &beta;-glucan and is associated with beneficial physiologic responses that mediate appetite regulation. Oats were traditionally eaten as porridge with salt or sugar were added recent modern product innovation has created an array of oat products (Oat breads, oat cakes and oats milk etc.). Oats are used as an additive in Cereal breakfast, baked goods, oat milk and oat powder is incorporated in many Dairy products like (low-fat ice creams, yoghurts, cheese and other fermented drinks). It is stated that 3 g/day oat &beta;-glucan reduced the total and LDL cholesterol by five to ten per cent.</div>

Oats as a Functional Food

<div>Oat (Avena sativa L.) has been grown in the past hundred years, though its production potential is yet to be explored to combat the winter forage scarcity. &nbsp;The oats can be grown in combination with other fodder legumes such as berseem, lucerne, pea and vetch. In order to increase productivity per unit area, there is a need to test the promising forage species having high forage yield potential and quality as well the compatibility for mix cropping. The present review explores the productive potential of oat combined with promising legumes in terms of dry matter and chemical composition. The present review summarizes the benefits of oat-legume intercropping on forage yield and quality. Further, it discusses that oats in combination with pea and or vetch could be a potential model of intercropping to attain an increased forage dry matter yield that could address the situation of mitigating DM shortage, especially during winter season.&nbsp;</div>

<div>Oat as Green Fodder and Its Intercropping Benefits: A Review</div>

<div>Background: Oat is mostly neglected crop for hybrid development due to its floral structure which results in high damage rate during hybridisation. Due to the cumbersome in acquiring a sufficient number of hybrids and subsequent backcrosses are difficult that lead to lack of much inheritance studies in Oats. 
 
Methods: The procedure for crossing used was almost identical to that used by oat breeders which was conducted for 2 years viz., 2019-20 and 2020-21 at Forage Station, Punjab Agriculrural University, Ludhiana.&nbsp; 
 
Result: The experiment was conducted to know the seed set percent in oat cultivars. Since the oat flower is fragile compared other cereals and it is easily harmed during the emasculation and pollination process. The seed set percent observed was only 12 and 10 percent in the year 2019-20 and 2020-21, respectively.</div>

Hybridization and Factors Influencing Seed Set in Oat

<div>Background: Dessert with good nutritional value could play an important role in the physical and mental growth and development of infants, children and teenagers as well as great tasty food choice of adult and ageing. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the nutritional and organoleptic quality of oat milk dessert. Nine types of dessert prepared from an admixture of oat milk and standardized milk having different ratio of 1:1, 1:2 and 1:3 indicate as TO1, TO2 and TO3, respectively and three different levels of paneer i.e. 5% 10% and 15% indicated as P1, P2 and P3 respectively were compared to each other.&nbsp; 
 
Methods: The study was executed in the Research Laboratory of Warner School of Food and Dairy Technology, SHUATS during 2012 - 2013. Dessert prepared from standardized milk with addition of 10 percent paneer which served as T0P2 (control). The experiment was replicated three times and the data was statistically analyzed by using analysis of variance ANOVA and critical difference (C.D) techniques. Dessert were determined according to the AOAC methods and their organoleptic acceptability by using 9 point Hedonic Scale.&nbsp; 
 
Result: Nutritional content of oat milk dessert experimental sample (TO3P3) showed that protein (9.23%), carbohydrate (28.55%), ash (2.13%) and fat (12.96%). Oat milk dessert gained acceptability in terms of sensory attributes hence was concluded to be a potential nutritious dessert for all vulnerable age group as nutrient-dense food.</div>

<div>Nutritional and Organoleptic Properties of Oat Milk Dessert Enriched with Paneer and Standardized Milk</div>

This experiment was conducted to determine the effects of mixture rates of hairy vetch with oat, barley and wheat on dry matter yield and its quality and to determine the suitable mixture when grown as catch crop at Uludag University, Faculty of Agriculture, Agricultural Research and Application Center, Bursa Turkey during 2011-2012 and 2012-2013 growing seasons. The experimental plant entries were Menemen-79 variety of hairy vetch, Faikbey cultivar of oat, Akhisar-98 cultivar of barley and Flamura cultivar of wheat. Nine mixtures (25 % oat:75 % hairy vetch, 50 % oat:50 % hairy vetch, 75 % oat:25 % hairy vetch, 25 % barley:75 % hairy vetch, 50 % barley:50 % hairy vetch, 75 % barley:25 % hairy vetch, 25 % wheat:75 % hairy vetch, 50 % wheat:50 % hairy vetch, 75 % wheat:25 % hairy vetch) &nbsp;were used. Several parameters such as dry matter yield, leaf area index, light interception, crude protein content and yield; ADF (acid detergent fiber) and NDF (neutral detergent fiber) contents and relative feed value have been examined in the experiment. The highest dry matter yield was obtained from the mixtures of 50 % oat:50 % hairy vetch (12 040 kg ha-1) and 75 % oat:25 % hairy vetch (11 748 kg ha-1). According to the two-year results, the higher and quality hay yield (low in ADF and NDF values, high in relative feed value) was produced at 50 % oat:50 % hairy vetch mixture, and this mixture have been proposed to the experimental conditions due to its suitability. 
&nbsp;

Determination of forage yield and quality of mixtures of hairy vetch with some cereals (oat, barley and wheat) grown as catch crop

<div style="text-align: justify;">In India, oat is grown as fodder crop during Rabi season in north-western and central parts of the country and is now even extending to eastern region as well. The only commercially cultivated species in the genus Avena are Avena sativa, Avena nuda and Avena byzantine. Oat flowers are bit delicate when compared to other cereal floral structure and seed set is influenced by many factors during artificial hybridisation. This paper includes about floral biology of oat crop and also the various factors responsible for seed set during hybridisation viz effect of Interval Between Emasculation and Pollination, effect of temperature for seed set and any Injury to floral Parts during hybridisation.</div>

<div style="text-align: justify;">Oat Floral Biology and Factors Affecting Seed Set</div>

<div>Background: Dairy farming is one of the oldest and well established subsidiary occupation and most widely adopted by all over farming community of Punjab state. Every farmer, if wish to start any entrepreneurship along with agriculture-First Think upon Dairy Farming. The latest training, new techniques and research work help in making this business work better. There is a need for substantial increase in the current yield of green fodder to provide complete and good quality feed to the animals. The current study aimed to study the effect of fly ash and phosphorous on the growth and fodder and grain yields of dual purpose oats.&nbsp; 
 
Methods: Field experiments were conducted at Research Farm, College of Agriculture, Guru Kashi University, Talwandi Sabo, Bathinda to study the effect of different levels of fly ash and phosphorous on growth and productivity of oats during rabi seasons in 2018-19 and 2019-20. The trial was laid out in split plot design with three levels of fly ash (0, 5 and 10 t ha-1) in main plot and four phosphorous levels (0, 10, 20 and 40 kg P2O5 ha-1) in sub plot, replicated thrice. 
 
Result: Fly ash @ 10 t ha-1 recorded highest plant height, dry matter accumulation, leaf area index, number of effective tillers/m row length, number of seeds/spike, 1000-grain weight, grain yield, straw yield and biological yield than control and 5 t ha-1. The per cent increase of grain yield in fly ash @ 10 t ha-1 was 8.69 and 18.11 over 5 t fly ash ha-1 and control, respectively. Phosphorous @ 40 kg P2O5 ha-1&nbsp;resulted in higher growth characters, yield attributing characters and productivity of oats. Phosphorous @ 40 kg P2O5 ha-1 (21.35 q ha-1) and 20 kg P2O5 ha-1 (20.87 q ha-1) treatments produced statistically similar grain yield of oats. Phosphorous @ 20 and 40 kg P2O5 ha-1 recorded 20.29 and 23.05% higher grain yield than 0 kg P2O5 ha-1, respectively. Application of P2O5 @ 40 kg ha-1 along with application of fly ash @ 5 and 10 t ha-1 produced statistically similar fodder yield of oats. The highest grain yield (22.97 q ha-1) was recorded in plots treated with the application of P2O5 @ 40 kg ha-1 along with the application of fly ash @ 10 t ha-1 and it was statistically at par with 20 kg P2O5 ha-1 and application of fly ash @ 10 t ha-1. The highest grain yield (22.97 q ha-1) was recorded in plots applied with P2O5 @ 40 kg ha-1 along with fly ash @ 10 t ha-1 and it was statistically at par with 20 kg P2O5 ha-1 and fly ash @ 10 t ha-1.</div>

Growth and Productivity of Oats (Avena sativa L.) as Influenced by Fly Ash and Phosphorous Levels in Indo-Gangetic Plains of India

<div>Background: Avena sativa L. (common oat) is the most important among the cultivated oat belongs to the Poaceae family and is known as Jai or Javi in Indian subcontinent. It is important winter forage in many parts of the world and is grown as multipurpose crop for grain, pasture, forage or as a rotation crop. 
 
Methods: A field experiment was conducted to study the effect of Zinc Sulphate and Borax on growth, yield components, yield and economics of oats seed production in red and lateritic soil of West Bengal during rabi seasons of 2015-16 and 2016-17 at agricultural farm, Institute of Agriculture, Visva-Bharati, Sriniketan, West Bengal. The experiment was laid out in Factorial Randomized Block Design having two factors each with four levels (Zinc Sulphate with 0, 15, 20 and 25 kg/ha as well as Borax with 0, 5, 10 and 15 kg/ha). 
 
Result: Pooled data over two years of experiments showed that soil application with Zinc Sulphate and Borax at various levels significantly influenced growth attributes (dry matter accumulation, leaf area index and crop growth rate), yield components (no. of panicles/m2, no. of filled grains/panicle and test weight), yield (seed yield, straw yield and biological yield) and economics of oats seed production. With increasing levels of ZnSO4 application, highest number of panicles/m2 (196.27), seed yield (3.00 t/ha), straw yield (6.94 t/ha) and biological yield (9.85 t/ha) were obtained at 25 kg/ha though these were at par with 20 kg ZnSO4 /ha. Higher number of filled grains/panicle (76.47), test weight (29.93 g), seed yield (2.95 t/ha), straw yield (6.70 t/ha) and biological yield (9.63 t/ha) were found with application of borax @ 10 kg/ha. The highest gross return, net return and return per rupee investment was achieved with application of ZnSO4 @ 20 kg/ha (₹ 1,17,257/ha, ₹ 68,997/ha and 2.65, respectively) which was significantly higher than both of 25 kg ZnSO4/ha (₹ 1,15,051/ha, ₹ 64,489/ha, and 2.52, respectively) and&nbsp; 15 kg ZnSO4/ha &nbsp;(₹ 1,05,198/ha, ₹ 59,240/ha and 2.44, respectively). Similarly, highest gross return, net return and return per rupee investment was obtained with application of borax @ 10 kg/ha (₹ 1,15,537/ha, ₹ 69,070/ha and 2.67, respectively). &nbsp;A significant interaction between Zinc Sulphate and borax was found towards seed yield, biological yield, gross return, net return and return per rupee investment in oats seed production.&nbsp; Use of ZnSO4 at 20 kg/ha and borax at 10 kg/ha conjunctively achieved highest seed yield (3.28 t/ha), biological yield (10.81 t/ha), gross return (₹ 1, 27, 530/ha), net return (₹78,760/ha) and return per rupee investment (₹3.78) in oats seed production.</div>

Assessing the Impact of Zinc and Boron Supplementation on Oats Grown under Red and Lateritic Soil of West Bengal

<div>Background: Proximate analysis of fodder crop helps us to design a balanced ration for the livestock.&nbsp;Oat is major fodder crop in North India during the Rabi season. Chinese cabbage can be a potential fodder crop for increasing the quantity as well as nutrient content of the available fodder during the season. The present study was conducted at NDRI research farm for assessing the yield, economics as well as the proximate analysis content advantage in oats and Chinese cabbage intercropping.&nbsp; 
 
Methods: A field trial was conducted during rabi season, 2020 at research farm of NDRI, Karnal. It consisted of seven treatments (Oats sole + RDF, Chinese Cabbage sole + RDF, Oats + Chinese Cabbage (1:1) + RDF, Oats + Chinese Cabbage (2:1) + RDF, Oats + Chinese Cabbage (1:2) + RDF, Oats + Chinese Cabbage (2:1) + 75% RDF+ FYM+ PGPR, Oats + Chinese Cabbage (1:2) + 75% RDF + FYM+ PGPR).&nbsp; 
 
Result: LER of intercropping was observed highest in the &ldquo;Oats + Chinese Cabbage (2:1) + 75% RDF+ FYM+ PGPR&rdquo; which was significantly higher than the other treatments. Yield of various quality parameters like crude protein, ether extract, NDF, ADF and hemicellulose for oats and Chinese cabbage solely were obtained in their sole treatment (Sole Oats+ RDF, Sole Chinese cabbage +RDF respectively) but the total yield of CP was recorded highest in the Oats + Chinese Cabbage (1:2) + 75% RDF+ FYM+ PGPR&rdquo; and the total yield of remaining quality parameters were reported maximum in the &ldquo;Oats + Chinese Cabbage (2:1) + 75% RDF+ FYM+ PGPR.&rdquo;&nbsp; Gross returns (₹ 72022/ha), net returns (₹ 50593/ha) were again reported maximum in the &ldquo;Oats + Chinese Cabbage (2:1) + 75% RDF+ FYM+ PGPR.&rdquo;&nbsp;</div>

Effect of Nutrient Management on the Land Equivalent Ratio, Yield of Various Quality Parameters, Economics of Oats and Chinese Cabbage in Intercropping