<div style="text-align: justify;">Background: Rice blast disease due to Pyricularia oryzae fungus is one of the most destructive ones for rice, causing serious losses in yield and quality in Vietnam and other countries. Studying to develop new fungicides to control the fungal disease effectively is essential. Methods: The sodium alginate-stabilized Cu-Cu2O nanocolloidal solution with a size of about 4 nm and the Cu concentration of 5,000 mg/L was prepared by chemical method. The antifungal activity in vitro against P. oryzae and the ability to control the rice blast disease in the greenhouse of nano Cu-Cu2O/alginate were assessed. Result: The nano Cu-Cu2O/alginate exhibited highly fungal activity with the IC50 of 17.8 mg Cu /L. The disease severity of nano Cu-Cu2O/alginate treatments was in the range of 9.38 - 18.54% in comparison with 47.57% of the untreated control. The grain yield of rice plants treated with nano Cu-Cu2O/alginate increased compared with that of the untreated control, and the Cu content in polished rice was almost the same as that of usually cultured polished rice. Thus, the nano Cu-Cu2O/alginate can be used in agriculture as a plant fungicide, especially for rice cultivation.</div>

<div style="text-align: justify;">Study on Antifungal Activity and Ability Against Rice Leaf Blast Disease of Nano Cu-Cu2O/Alginate</div>

<div>Background: Streptolysin O (SLO), a pore-forming protein in plasma membrane (PM), has been used to internalize a variety of molecules (DNA and RNA) in cells. In sperm, however, SLO has only been used to release acrosomal contents. Its possible use as biotechnology in the cryopreservation of pig semen. However, porcine sperm are very sensitive to the freeze-thaw process. The study aimed to evaluate the pore formation in the PM, the addition of trehalose and the post cryopreservation viability of porcine spermatozoa using SLO. 
 
Methods: Research period was spring 2017- summer 2018. Thirty ejaculates from five mature boars were used. Semen was incubated in SLO 0.6 IU/ml and trehalose (added at 100, 200 and 400 &igrave;M). Semen diluted in commercial diluent as control group. Presence of pores was checked by scanning electronic microscopy. To evaluate sperm membrane integrity and functional status the Coomassie stain with HOST test and the Chlortetracycline test were used.&nbsp; 
 
Result: It was found that SLO could form pores in the sperm cell membrane The addiction of 200 &igrave;M trehalose to the freezing medium have different effects on the quality of boar sperm, showing highest motility and viability during the cooling process.</div>

<div>Pores Formation in Porcine Sperm Incubated in Streptolysin O and Its Post Thawing Viability after Trehalose Treatment</div>

<div style="text-align: justify;">The molecular epidemiological study of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) has been carried out from different outbreaks in Assam the present study is based on the nucleotide sequencingof circulating FMDV serotype. The samples were subjected to sandwich ELISA, multiplex-PCR and molecular phylogeny to identify the type species. The phylogenetic analysis of virus sequence revealed similarity with theBangladesh isolates in the major branching pattern. The serotype &lsquo;O&rsquo;has found to be dominant and responsible for most of the recentoutbreaks.Thepersistence of serotype &lsquo;O&rsquo; and cytokines expression of IL-1&aacute;, IL-1&acirc;, IFN-&aacute;, TNF-&aacute; in blood of recovered animals were done by Real time PCR. The findings indicated that IL-1&aacute;, IFN-&aacute; and TNF-&aacute; genes were up-regulated upto 3 months post infection but IL-1&acirc; found to be down regulated with progression of recovery. The present study thus supports that real-time PCR is a powerful technique for reliable detection of persistent FMDV in recovered animals.</div>

Molecular epidemiology and phylogenetic analysis of foot and mouth disease virus type &lsquo;O&rsquo; and evaluation of its carrier state in cattle of Assam by Real time PCR

<div style="text-align: justify;">Tea (Camellia sinensis (L) O. Kuntze) plants require comparatively higher quantity of potassium for production and quality of produce. After nitrogen, potassium is the second major nutrient for tea plant. Potassium plays vital role in enzyme activation, water relation, photosynthesis protein and starch synthesis. It offers abiotic as well as biotic stress toleration in tea plants and also improves biochemical parameters and organoleptic quality of tea. However, owing to the climatic conditions and soil mineralogical compositions, tea soils are predominantly poor in their potash content. Thus, the need based adequate supply of potash through inorganic or organic sources as soil application or foliar nutrition in tea growing soils of India is essential to realize the optimum economic yield with desired quality. Furthermore, the possibilities of development of potassium solubilizing biofertilizer with identification of native strains of microbes and development of potassium efficient tea genotype need to be explored. Such attempts minimize the cost of cultivation, sustain soil fertility and prevent environmental pollution. &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;</div>

Potassium in tea (Camellia sinensis (L) O. Kuntze) cultivation from soil to cup quality - A review

<div>Background: Carica papaya L. (family Caricaceae) is one of the popular fruits in world. As with many tropical and subtropical crops, papaya is host to various pests and pathogens. More than 700 papaya plants were infected by unknown virus. The incidence of plants infected with leaf curl disease was 50-75%, but the infection was very severe. A typical curling and thickening were observed. The infection spread by air and rainwater to nearby papaya farms.&nbsp; 
 
Methods: This study reports the effect of BamO formulation on the biotic stress of the Papaya plant. BamO was sprayed on the plants and its effect was observed. After six days of Bam O treatment, new healthy leaves were observed on the plants.&nbsp; 
 
Result: The yellow and old leaves were dropped from the plants. After 2 months of the treatment BamO, the fruits were elongated and having similar shapes without uneven bumps. The green fruits without any dark or light spots were observed in BamO treated plants. Priming effect was observed by GCMS analysis, the 3 methylsalicylic acid increased quantity was observed in 7th day and 30th day samples of BamO treated plants. The BamO treatment not only increased the immunity of the plant but found effective in increasing yield of the papaya plants. In BamO treated papaya plants, the total yield obtained was 92.10 tonnes per 444 plants.</div>

Increase in Yield and Immunity in Bam OTM Treated Papaya Plants in India

Background: Due to the highly contagious nature of Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD) in ruminants, outbreaks require decisive action. Early detection and prompt treatment approaches are crucial to limit the severity of the disease and prevent its widespread transmission. 
 
Methods: The study aimed to assess the clinical pattern, therapeutic approaches and recovery time in crossbred cattle affected by foot-and-mouth disease during the 2021-2022 outbreak in Kashmir Valley. The suspected cases were clinically evaluated and samples were collected. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was performed to confirm the FMD-positive cases. A therapeutic trial was conducted on 18 affected cattle, comparing treatment regimens: The first regimen with enrofloxacin, meloxicam and an immunomodulator; the second with gentamicin, meloxicam and an immunomodulator and the third group of cattle with an antibiotic (enrofloxacin) and supportive treatment without an immunomodulator. All cattle received boro-glycerine paste (2%) and potassium permanganate (1:1000) wash for lesions until recovery. 
 
Result: Affected cattle exhibited typical signs of FMD, including fever, altered vital parameters and distinct lesions in the mouth and hooves. PCR confirmed the presence of FMDV in all samples, identifying FMD serotype O. Consistent clinical signs included salivation (100%) and mouth lesions (98.88%) in affected cattle. Therapeutic interventions led to significant (p&le;0.05) improvements in vital parameters, with decreased respiration rate, heart rate and rectal temperature in treated cattle. Group I and II cattle achieved complete clinical recovery in an average of 16.17 and 12.5 days respectively, while Group III had average recovery times of 21 days. The study demonstrated that treatment regimens including antibiotics and immunomodulators showed significantly better clinical recovery and healing results in an average number of days than those without immunomodulators.

Clinical Pattern and Therapeutic Approaches in Dairy Cattle Affected with Foot and Mouth Disease Virus (FMDV) Serotype O/2021-22 during an Outbreak in Kashmir, India

<div style="text-align: justify;">A field experiment was conducted at Tamil Nadu Rice Research Institute, Aduthurai, Tamil Nadu during Summer, 2013 and 2014 to study the response of blackgram varieties to different levels of irrigation through applied sprinkler system. Four levels of irrigation I1 - 50 per cent pan evaporation through sprinkler irrigation, I2 - 75 per cent pan evaporation through sprinkler irrigation, I3 - 100 per cent pan evaporation through sprinkler irrigation and I4 - Surface irrigation in main plot and three blackgram varieties viz., ADT 5, PBG 4 and VBN BG 6 were evaluated in split plot design with three replications. Sprinkler irrigation at 100% &nbsp; pan evaporation in variety ADT 5 gave significantly better growth and yield attributes and higher grain yield of 1217 kg/ha which was at par with surface irrigation method in ADT 5 variety (1184 kg/ha). Surface irrigation method utilized higher amount of irrigation water of 428.1 mm and 413.6 mm, whereas, sprinkler irrigation at 100% pan evaporation utilized minimum amount of irrigation water of 329.2 mm and 308.7 mm during summer 2013 and 2014, respectively. Water saving under sprinkler irrigation at 100% pan evaporation was 23.1% and 25.4% as compared to surface irrigation method during summer 2013 and 2014, respectively.</div>

Effect of sprinkler irrigation levels on the performance of blackgram (Vigna mungo) varieties

<div>Background: Melatonin, a powerful free radical scavenger and broad-spectrum antioxidant may directly affect ovarian function by regulating folliculogenesis, maintenance of follicular integrity, oocyte quality and maturation capacity. Therefore, we aimed to study effects of melatonin and its interaction with growth factors in sheep preantral follicles. 
 
Methods: The influence of different concentrations of Melatonin (5-500 pM) on in vitro culture of preantral follicles (PFs&rsquo;) isolated from sheep ovaries was studied. Experiments I and II were conducted to standardize the optimum concentration of Melatonin that supports better development of preantral follicles. Experiment III was conducted with the optimum level of Melatonin derived in the Experiments I and II to evaluate the effect of melatonin at 100pM in combination with various growth factors. 
 
Result:&nbsp;Overall follicular development was found to be the best in the PFs&rsquo; cultured in medium supplemented with 100pM of Melatonin. Melatonin supplementation showed positive effects on the preantral follicular development in combination with different growth factors.</div>

Role of Melatonin as a Survival Factor for In vitro Development of Sheep Preantral Follicles

Background: Blackgram (Vigna mungo L.) is an important pulse crop with a short duration in the kharif and summer seasons in India. Biofertilizer application seed treatment plays a crucial role in the fixation of nitrogen, converting unavailable phosphorous to an available form, increasing nutrient uptake and reducing crop stress. Inorganic fertilizer with a combined application of organic manure to sustainable crop production and soil health. 
&nbsp; 
Methods: The field experiment was conducted at agronomy research farm, Acharya Narendra Deva University of Agriculture and Technology, Kumarganj, Ayodhya, during the kharif season 2023 and 2024 under the factorial randomized block design with three replications. The treatments (Factor A) biofertilizers viz. B1: PGPR (Seed treatment @20 g kg-1&nbsp;Seed), B2: PSB (Seed treatment @20 g kg-1&nbsp;Seed) and B3: PGPR + PSB (Seed treatment each @20 g kg-1&nbsp;Seed) and (Factor B) Variable source of nutrients viz. N0: Control, N1: 100% RDF (Inorganic Fertilizer), N2: 75% RDF + Vermicompost @1 tonne ha-1, N3: 75% RDF + Enriched FYM @ 2 tonne ha-1&nbsp;and N4: 50% RDF + Vermicompost @1 tonne ha-1&nbsp;+ Enriched FYM @ 2 tonne ha-1. 
&nbsp; 
Result: The experimental results two years pooled values were revealed under investigation. The seed treatment with PGPR + PSB (seed treatment each @ 20 g kg-1&nbsp;seed) was observed to have the highest plant height (24.32, 49.29 cm), number of primary branches (3.41, 5.90 plant-1), leaf area index (3.33, 4.70) and dry matter accumulations (3.10, 7.76 g plant-1) at 45 DAS and 60 DAS. Yield attributes viz. No. of pods (32.87 plant-1), Pod length plant-1&nbsp;(5.93 cm), No. of seeds (5.31 pod-1), Grains weight pod-1&nbsp;(0.239 g), Grain yield (1,365.71 kg ha-1), Stover Yield (2,690.94 kg ha-1) and Harvest Index (33.61%) respectively. The application of 50% RDF + vermicompost @ 1 tonne ha-1&nbsp;+ enriched FYM @ 2 tonne ha-1&nbsp;was observed to achieve the highest plant height (24.51, 51.93 cm), number of primary branches (3.57, 6.52 plant-1), leaf area index (3.46, 4.93) and dry matter accumulations (3.19, 8.27 g plant-1) at 45 DAS and 60 DAS. Yield attributes viz. No. of pods (33.87 plant-1), Pod length plant-1&nbsp;(6.05 cm), No. of seeds (5.57 pod-1), Grains weight pod-1&nbsp;(0.251 g), Grain yield (1,492.68 kg ha-1), Stover Yield (2,921.82 kg ha-1) and Harvest Index (33.80%) respectively.

Productivity of Blackgram (Vigna mungo L.) Influence by Biofertilizers and Variable Sources of Nutrients

<div>Background: Black Bengal goat is one of the important goat breeds of India. Cryopreservation of semen and artificial insemination are effective techniques for improving goat breeding programs. Various biochemical and functional changes that occur during freezing-thawing process results in poor post thaw sperm recovery. Supplementation of antioxidants to the extender has been reported to have positive effects on semen cryopreservation in various species. The present study was undertaken to assess the effect of antioxidants butylated hydroxyl toluene (BHT), &alpha; tocopherol on post thaw in vitro sperm characters, lipid peroxide level and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity during cryo&shy;preservation of Black Bengal buck semen.&nbsp; 
 
Methods: Semen was collected from bucks by artificial vagina, antioxidant BHT was added to the Tris egg yolk extender @ 0, 1 and 2 mM/ml in control group (BHTC), treatment group 1 (BHTT1) and treatment group 2 (BHTT2), respectively. Similarly, tocopherol was added @ 0, 1 and 2 mg/ml in control group (TFC), in treatment group 1 (TFT1) and treatment group 2 (TFT2), respectively. Each antioxidant was tested with 20 semen ejaculates. Semen samples were frozen in liquid nitrogen and post freeze-thaw in vitro sperm characters, malondialdehyde (MDA) concentration and SOD activity were measured.&nbsp; 
 
Result: Post thaw sperm motility, functional membrane integrity and viable count were significantly (P&lt;0.05) higher in the BHT and &alpha; tocopherol supplemented groups than control groups. Significantly (P&lt;0.05) higher acrosome intact cells were recovered in BHTT1, BHTT2 and TFT2 groups than the control and TFT1 groups. Further, BHT supplemented groups had significantly lower level of MDA than the control, while the supplementation of &alpha; tocopherol could not control the generation of MDA. Post thaw SOD activity was found significantly lower in the antioxidant treated groups than their respective controls. It is concluded that supplementation of BHT and &alpha; tocopherol were found to be more promising in conserving in vitro sperm characters from cryo-damages during freezing of Black Bengal bucks semen.</div>

<div>Effect of Butylated Hydroxytoluene and Tocopherol Supplementation on In vitro Sperm Characters during Cryopreservation of Black Bengal Buck Semen</div>

Study on Antifungal Activity and Ability Against Rice Leaf Blast Disease of Nano Cu-Cu₂O/Alginate

Pores Formation in Porcine Sperm Incubated in Streptolysin O and Its Post Thawing Viability after Trehalose Treatment

Molecular epidemiology and phylogenetic analysis of foot and mouth disease virus type ‘O’ and evaluation of its carrier state in cattle of Assam by Real time PCR

Potassium in tea (Camellia sinensis (L) O. Kuntze) cultivation from soil to cup quality - A review

Increase in Yield and Immunity in Bam O^TM Treated Papaya Plants in India

Clinical Pattern and Therapeutic Approaches in Dairy Cattle Affected with Foot and Mouth Disease Virus (FMDV) Serotype O/2021-22 during an Outbreak in Kashmir, India

Effect of sprinkler irrigation levels on the performance of blackgram (Vigna mungo) varieties

Role of Melatonin as a Survival Factor for In vitro Development of Sheep Preantral Follicles

Productivity of Blackgram (Vigna mungo L.) Influence by Biofertilizers and Variable Sources of Nutrients

Effect of Butylated Hydroxytoluene and Tocopherol Supplementation on In vitro Sperm Characters during Cryopreservation of Black Bengal Buck Semen