<div>Phytochemicals present in the plants are divided into primary (Alcohol Amino acids, nucleotides. etc) and secondary metabolites (Alkaloids, Saponins etc.). Carotenoids (reduces reactive oxygen species formation, decreases apoptotic cells, restoration of actin capping expression proteins etc.), Phenolics (inhibits extracellular signal-regulated kinase signalling pathway), Isoflavones (inhibits tyrosine kinase pathway) and alkaloids (downregulation of vascular endothelial growth factor, tumor necrosis factor-alpha and hypoxia-inducible factor 1-alpha messengers) are the major phytochemicals, having the potential effects towards ovarian function. Likewise, bioactive compounds are the chemicals that can interact with certain components of live tissue to exert their various effects (antioxidant, antineoplastic, receptor inhibition, gene expression etc.) respective to female fertility. Similarly, bioactive compounds: Kaempferol [phosphatidylinositol -3- kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (Akt) pathway], Quercetin (controlling the release of 17&beta;-estradiol etc.), Myricetin (PI3K/Akt and MAPK signalling pathway), Galngin (inhibition of angiogenesis via decreasing the VEGF and p-Akt) and Resveratrol (regulation of Foxo3a and SIRT1 genes etc.) shows its effects by targeting different molecules and/or pathways at the ovarian microenvironment. However, Genistein (binding to estrogen receptors: ESR&alpha; and ESR&beta; etc.) and Diadzein (disrupting the endocrines etc.) emphatically interfere with the ovarian functions. Besides this, molecular effects exerted by these phyto-bioactive compounds on the in vivo and/or in vitro ovarian culture systems entirely depend on their dosage: Kaempferol @10 &mu;M increased the primordial follicle activation, Quercetin @4 &micro;M improved the quality of oocytes whereas @8 &micro;M reduced the quality), Resveratrol @ 2 &micro;M increased the blastocyst formation, Myricetin @ 100 mg/kg/day feeding in rats induced estrogenic activity, Genistein, feeding in female mice @ 500 and 1000 ppm increased the gestation time and Diazdein causes the inhibition of 3-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase at 40 &micro;M doses. The assessment was done via the systemic collection of literature from sources such as news papers, conference papers, journals, theory and dissertation articles, electronic databases, manuals, encyclopedia and annual reviews, as well as e-books and reporting. As a result, the preceding discussion focuses on the key phyto-bioactive compounds and their molecular targets in female fertility. This will aid in the successful and secure application of plant bioactive compounds in the field of female reproductive health.</div>

<div>Molecular Targets of Phyto-bioactive Compounds in Female Reproductive System of Mammals: A Review</div>

<div>Background: Cancer is a multifactorial disease characterized by altered gene expression and one of the most leading causes of death in the world. Curcumin obtained from Curcuma longa known to exhibit anti-inflammatory, antioxidant as well as anti-cancer properties. The present study was undertaken to know different targets through which curcumin acts to elicit the antitumor effect. 
 
Methods: In this present study in silico interaction of curcumin with different cancer targets were analyzed by molecular docking using Biovia Discovery studio 4.0. Proteins were selected based on their role in cancer pathways which include transcription factor Nf-kB p50 and p65 subunit, Matrix metalloproteinase involved in invasion and metastasis, cell cycle regulator cyclin D and apoptotic factor Bax.&nbsp;&nbsp; 
 
Result: Curcumin found to interact with all the selected proteins with high dock score of 125.428, 94.778, 114.5,111.731,98.6844 with Nf-kB p50, p65 subunits, MMP9, Cyclin D1 and Bax proteins, respectively. Amino acid residues to which curcumin interact, number of hydrogen bonds and hydrogen bond length also predicted. RMSD (Root Mean Square Deviation) value was found to be one in all the interactions. Based on the molecular interaction studies and ADME (Absorption Distribution Metabolism Excretion) predictions it was found that curcumin can act as potent inhibitor of many cancer targets and can be used as a starting molecule for the design of anticancerous drug.</div>

​Exploring Inhibitory Potential of Curcumin against Multiple Targets Involved in the Cancer Progression, Metastasis and Apoptosis Pathways by in silico Molecular Docking

<div>Background: Riemerella anatipestifer (R. anatipestifer) is a gram negative, microaerophilic, non-motile, bipolar bacteria. High genetic diversity and molecular differentiation were reported among field isolates. Although the bacterium causes one of the most economically important duck diseases in the north-eastern region of India, little work has been done on isolation, identification and molecular characterization of the bacteria. Hence, the present investigation was undertaken with a view to characterize the R. anatipestifer isolates from ducks of Assam.</div>

<div> 
Methods: Phenotypic and molecular identification of R. anatipestifer isolates from domesticated ducks of Assam, India were carried out during the period from February, 2019 to January 2020. A total of 624 samples (Ocular swab, throat swab, liver, spleen, kidney, brain, heart, lung) from ducks comprising of apparently healthy, ailing and dead ducks were collected from five districts of Assam, India were processed to isolate and identify the bacteria. The tentative identification of the bacteria was done based on phenotypic characteristics viz., colony morphology, growth characteristics and biochemical reactions. All the phenotypically positive isolates were further subjected to molecular identification based on PCR assay targeting 16S rRNA gene and ERIC sequence. 
 
&nbsp;</div>

<div>Result: The bacteria could be isolated from different field samples. The highest percentage of the samples that yielded the bacteria are from brain (76%) followed by spleen (74%) of dead ducks and less number of ocular swab (33%) from apparently healthy ducks were found positive. Sequencing of the amplified product of the selected R. anatipestifer isolates targeting 16S rRNA gene revealed homology percentage of 96.5-100%. Further, sequences representing five geographical locations were submitted to NCBI gene bank. Phylogenetic studies of the isolates indicated that there is prevalence of at least two genetically different strains of R. anatipestifer in the study area. The study suggested that the R. anatipestifer infection is endemic in Assam causing varying rate of morbidity (39%) and mortality (53%) and molecular based confirmation is necessary besides phenotypic identification.</div>

<div>Isolation and Molecular Characterization of Riemerella anatipestifer from Domesticated Ducks of Assam, India</div>

<div style="text-align:justify">An investigation was carried out to study the antioxidant, anticancer and docking activities of medicinal plant, Tulsi &ndash; Ocimum sanctum. The results of antioxidant activity of Tulsi leaves extract showed that tulsi leaves has good free radical scavenging ability and IC50 value was found to be 54.23% at 500 &micro;g/ml. The results of anticancer activity of Ocimum santum on normal VERO cell and MCF-7 cell line has showed good anticancer activity having the IC50 concentration at 51.1 &igrave;|g/ml against MCF-7 cell lines &ndash; Human Breast cancer cell line thereby indicating that the percentage of cell viability increases with the increased concentration of Ocimum santum (Tulsi) whereas 24.4% cell viability was recorded in the normal VERO cell line. DNA laddering assay was performed on agarose gel electrophoresis. A clear fragmented DNA ladders were observed in tulsi treated MCF-7&ndash; Human Breast cancer cell lines. &nbsp;But the untreated normal VERO cell lines did not show any DNA fragmentation. Thereby confirms that Ocimum sanctum induced cell death on breast cancer cell line MCF-7 cancerous cell through apoptosis. Molecular docking was carried out (AutoDock tools), Docking simulations was performed using Lamarckian genetic algorithm of Solis and Wests local search method. Interaction between HDAC6 and Cirsilileon possessing binding energy showed +15.91kcal for interaction studies. It was found that most of the hydrogen bonding is with the residues TYR 76, TRP 35, SER 67, TYR 81, GLU 33, TYR 48, ILE 69 and MET 53 present in the binding pocket. The ligand was docked with the target protein, and the best docking poses were identified and the binding poses of the cirsilieon was shown. This act as the best docking poses shows how the ligand molecule fits into the binding region of the target protein.&nbsp;</div>

Antioxidant, anticancer and molecular docking activity of tulsi plant

This review analyses the use of molecular techniques in rumen microbial identification. The use of regular methods like roll tube and most probable number resulted in under estimation of rumen microbial growth. So molecular biology acts as an advanced tool for rumen microbial culture and identification of various new species. These techniques give complete descriptions of individual ruminal populations. Use of molecular techniques like PCR, DDGE and FISH, which also pave pathway for genetic manipulation of rumen microbes in the field of rumen manipulation. So the combination of traditional and molecular assays gives accurate and satisfactory results.

Molecular techniques in rumen biotechnology: A review

<div style="text-align: justify;">The present study was carried out for isolation and molecular characterization of Escherichia coli from faecal and meat samples of food animals viz. cattle, pigs and poultry. A total of 66 E. coli isolates were recovered from 420 samples of different food animals and further confirmed by PCR targeting E. coli specific uidA gene. These isolates were sensitive to chloramphenicol and ciprofloxacin and resistant to ampicillin and cloxacillin. Out of 66 isolates, 42 were typed into 13 different &lsquo;O&rsquo; serogroups, 13 untypable and remaining 11 were identified as rough. Serogroup O84, O101, O118, O120 and O147 were predominant and serogroup O118 was found to be common in the samples of all 3 species of food animals. Five (7.57%) and 3 (4.54%) of E. coli isolates were found to harbor virulent genes, stx2 and est, respectively. Twenty representative E. coli isolates selected randomly from 20 different locations were subjected to molecular typing by PCR targeting Repetitive Extragenic Palindromic (REP) sequences. The region specific molecular types of E. coli could not be detected by using REP-PCR based discrimination.</div>

<div style="text-align: justify;">Molecular Characterization of Escherichia Coli Isolates from Food Animals</div>

<div>Background: Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) is considered as an economically important viral disease of pigs worldwide. India has reported the first outbreak of PRRS in the pig population of Mizoram state to the Office International des Epizooties (OIE) on the 26 June, 2013. Although the disease appeared to be contained in the Mizoram state, several severe outbreaks of the disease has been reported in subsequent years.&nbsp; The present study has determined the current status of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome in the pig population of Mizoram state and its diagnosis by molecular and immunohistochemistry technique. 
 
Methods: A total number of 365 pigs of different age groups from 5 organized and 35 backyard farms located in different districts of Mizoram were studied. A detailed necropsy was conducted on 88 dead pigs. Gross lesions were recorded and representative tissue samples were collected for histopatholgical, immunohistochemical studies and preserved at -80&deg;C for molecular diagnosis. 
 
Result: Respiratory signs characterized by difficulty in breathing accompanied with high fever were the clinical signs observed in affected pigs. Severe haemorrhages in lungs with interstitial pneumonia, haemorrhagic lymphadenitis with lymphoid depletion in lymphoid organs were the most commonly observed lesions followed by haemorrhagic myocarditis and nephritis. Reverse transcription PCR targeting 300 bp fragments of ORF7 gene and real-time PCR targeting 152 bp fragments of ORF7 gene of PRRSV from the tissue extracted RNA (lung, lymph node, spleen) confirmed the outbreaks of PRRSV in different backyard and organized swine herds. The PRRSV antigen was demonstrated by immunohistochemistry in alveolar macrophages in lungs and infiltrating macrophages in spleen and lymph nodes tissues respectively.&nbsp;</div>

Molecular Diagnosis of Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Outbreaks in Pigs of Mizoram State

Background: In India, canine Babesiosis has been emerged as a serious canine haemoprotozoan disease caused by protozoa namely Babesia vogeli and Babesia gibsoni which owe their sustainment and transmission to the tick vectors. Reliable, rapid and efficient molecular detection technique is necessary for choosing the effective treatment protocol and planning of control strategies against this emerging canine health problem. 
 
Methods: Babesia gibsoni and Babesia vogeli were detected by molecular means and characterized from extracted DNA of canine blood samples from 8 selected districts of Odisha, India, by an internally controlled multiplex PCR targeting the 18S rRNA gene.&nbsp; The assay was standardized and in-house validated using positive controls and random field samples (n=61) with history of tick infestation. The kappa values were analysed for diagnostic specificity and sensitivity of multiplex PCR assay for detection of naplasma. platys, B. gibsoni, Erhlichia canis, Hepatozoon canis and B. vogeli considering singleplex PCR counterparts as standard test. The PCR products found positive, were subjected to sequencing and phylogenetic analysis. The epidemiological survey (n=280) was performed using both microscopy and the standardized mPCR and risk factors were analyzed.&nbsp; 
 
Result: The mPCR assay generated amplicons of 602 bp and 489 bp corresponding to B. vogeli and B. gibsoni along with amplicon of 218 bp targeting canine &beta;-actin gene as IAC to avoid false negative result. The kappa values for diagnostic specificity and sensitivity of multiplex PCR assay in detection of B. gibsoni and B. vogeli revealed very good agreement with their singleplex PCR counterparts (n=61). The epidemiological survey (n=280) revealed 17.14% prevalence of Babesiosis with high prevalence of B. gibsoni in Khordha districts and incidence of infection were high in summer season. Presence of ticks and limited outdoor activity were found to be significantly associated with rise in incidence of Babesiosis. The Odisha isolates aligned well within the established genetic boundaries for these species, solidifying the utility of gene markers for epidemiological tracking and comparative studies.&nbsp;

Development of Multiplex PCR for Detection of Babesiosis in Dogs along with Molecular Characterization of Pathogens

Molecular markers are effective tools used to &lsquo;flag&rsquo; the location of a specific gene or the inheritance of a definite trait. Markers are unique DNA fragments that can be identified inside the entire genome. The development of molecular markers combined with high throughput technologies have paved the way for achieving the desirable traits as well as induced biotic and abiotic stress tolerance in plant, which enhanced the crop breeding. Highly polymorphic molecular markers are developed for gene mapping, estimation of genetic diversity, finding out the evolution and phylogeny of crop, analysis of heterosis, assessment of diploid/haploid crops and genotyping of cultivars along with Marker Assisted Breeding (MAB)/Marker Assisted Selection (MAS). These are the most significant objectives for crop breeding. This review reveals about the role of various recently developed molecular markers in the improvement of crop. Molecular markers act as a &ldquo;milestone&rdquo; for the researchers who aim to enhance crop breeding.

Role of Molecular Markers in Crop Breeding: A Review

<div>Totally, 50 Aspergillus section Flavi were identified isolates having aflatoxin biosynthesis genes on peanut by molecular method and aflatoxin production. Primer pair (IGS-F/R) recognized the aflatoxin biosynthesis gene (aflJ-aflR) targeting the intergenic region (IGS) on DNA was amplified by polymerase chain reactions (PCR). The PCR product were restricted by BglII enzyme within Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (RFLP) and obtained from 33 (66%) Aspergillus flavus was cleaved into three band sizes of 362, 210 and 102 bp. However, BglII enzyme generated two band sizes of 363 and 311 bp for 17 (34%) Aspergillus parasiticus. An investigation examined DNA sequence data to characterize these isolates and describe the species. Phylogenetic analysis showed that A. flavus and A. parasiticus have been identified in different groups. All the A. flavus and A. parasiticus isolates produced aflatoxins. The present study provides a new method on molecular characterization of A. section Flavi in Turkey.</div>

<div>Quantitative Detection of Aflatoxin and Species Identification of Aspergillus section Flavi Isolates from Peanuts using Molecular Approaches&nbsp;</div>