<div>The review summarizes the potential, distribution and origin of Lablab purpureus. Forage legume has potentials for the production and productivities of arable land by suppling nitrogen for the living organisms in the soil those allowed to obtain their own feed in the symbiotic relationships. Further the soil become fertile for the next cropping season even at the time of intercropping the yield would be improved than mono-cropping systems. It also supplies the protein requirement of livestock and human consumption as vegetable or as seed sources. It is summer growing annual trifoliate forage legume. The origin of lablab is considered to be in Africa because in large parts of tropical Africa wild type cultivated lablab exists. Then it is heavily distributed to the corner side of the continent and Southeast Asia for seed and vegetable production. Even though the origin and distribution of lablab initiated in the African continent the applicability and degree of uses of the species were not well recognized across countries in the continent. Therefore further conservation and evaluation of this dual purpose species give priority by governmental and non-governmental bodies.</div>

Potentials Distribution and Origin of Lablab [Lablab purpureus (L.) Sweet]: A Review

Background: Lablab (Lablab purpureus) is a potential vegetable crop cultivated throughout India. It is a tropical and subtropical vegetable adaptive to different climatic conditions and grown in all seasons. Thrips are one of the important pests of lablab as they affect all stages of the crop and transmit plant viruses. The current study aimed at identifying the thrips diversity present in lablab as a base for monitoring and management purposes.&nbsp; 
 
Methods: An exploratory survey was conducted to identify the diversity of thrips on lablab in its growing areas of Coimbatore. Furthermore, continuous monitoring of the lablab crops in TNAU orchard, Coimbatore, was done to explore all the life stages of thrips species and their diversity. Morphological and molecular characterization of the collected species was done using taxonomic keys and mtCOI DNA sequencing approach.&nbsp; 
 
Result: Thrips palmi and Thrips tabaci were observed during the crop&rsquo;s early stages before blossoming. Frankliniella schultzei is a polyphagous pest species that has been found infesting all phases of crop development, from early leaf through pod formation. During and after blooming, the four species Megalurothrips usitatus, Thrips parvispinus, Chaetanaphothrips orchidii and Haplothrips gowdeyi began to infest. Shannon and Simpson diversity indices were determined to be -1.739 and -0.1979. According to Shannon index, C. orchidii and T. parvispinus were the first and second predominant species after flowering. Taxonomic investigations of the collected species were done and substantiated with molecular identification of those analyzed species. A phylogenetic tree of the analyzed sequences was constructed to denote species divergence based on their specific sequences.&nbsp;

Identifying Diversity of Thrips on Lablab (Lablab purpureus): A Potential Vegetable Crop

<div>Background: Organic farming are degradation of organic materials and less use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides. Vermicomposting is the process of introducing earthworm species into the compost. It behaves as eco-friendly manure and gives good health to soil. 
 
Methods: The present study was conducted at Avinashilingam Institute for Home Science and Higher Education for Women, Coimbatore over a period of 3 months from March to May 2019. There are 8 treatments namely T1-T8 and control. The effect of incorporation of vegetable and fruit wastes biocompost on the vegetative parameters such as shoot length, root length, number of leaves, fresh weight and dry weight on 15, 35, 55 DAS and yield characters i.e. number of pods/plants, number of seeds/pods, pod length, weight of the seed, pod fresh weight and dry weight on 75 DAS in Lablab [Lablab purpureus (L.) Sweet] were analysed. 
 
Result: The results from study revealed that T8 treatment showed significant increase in shoot length (113.7, 124.5 and 135 cm), root length (13.2, 18.5 and 27 cm), number of leaves (22, 39 and 48), fresh weight (4.911, 15.693 and 21.244 g) and dry weight (0.652, 2.156 and 3.234 g) on 15, 35, 55 DAS and yield parameters such as number of pods/plants (40), number of seeds/pods (6), pod length (13 cm), weight of the seed (4.060 g), pod fresh weight (7.425 g) and dry weight (1.382 g) on 75 DAS in Lablab over control. The study concluded that T8 treatment is an effective manure which can be used to enhance plant growth, provide better yield which will be beneficial for farmers.</div>

Effect of Vermicomposted Vegetable and Fruit Wastes on the Vegetative and Yield Parameters of Lablab [Lablab Purpureus (L.) Sweet]

Background: Lablab (Lablab purpureus var. typicus) is one of the important leguminous vegetable crops known for its highest content of protein. The area under cultivation is shrinking due to conversion of farm land into non-agricultural purposes. Under these circumstances, soilless vertical farming system is the only alternate cultivation system for increasing production of vegetables. Media play a major role in growth and yield of vegetables under soilless conditions. With this background, the present experiment was carried out to study the effect of growing media in lablab for high yield and quality under soilless vertical farming systems. 
 
Methods: Two lablab varieties viz., CO 5 (V1) and Arka Prasidhi (V2) were raised under five different media combinations viz., 100% cocopeat (M1), 50 % cocopeat + 50 % Vermicompost (M2), 50% cocopeat + 50 % FYM (M3), 50% cocopeat + 25% vermicompost + 25% FYM (M4) and Control (M5) with three replications during 2021-2022 and 2022-2023. This experiment was laid out in FCRD. The growth and yield parameters were recorded and the data was subjected to statistical analysis. 
 
Result: The experimental results revealed that both the varieties and growing media provided significant impact on growth, yield, quality and uptake of nutrients whereas dry matter content exhibited no significant impact among the different media. The pooled season data revealed that variety CO 5 observed for the overall superior performance while the media combination of 50% cocopeat + 50% Vermicompost considered superior for growth and yield characters where 50% cocopeat + 25% vermicompost + 25% FYM showed superiority for the quality parameters and uptake of nutrients.

Effect of Media on Lablab (Lablab purpureus var. typicus) for Yield and Quality under Soilless Vertical Farming System

<div>Background: The advantage of intercropping is the more efficient utilization of the all available resources and the increased productivity compared with each sole crop of the mixture. If cowpea and Lablab intercropping with Napier grass its nutritional values was improved.&nbsp; 
 
Methods: The experimental design was factorial combination arrangement in randomized complete block design with three inter and intra spaces (1 m &times; 0.5 m, 0.75 m &times; 0.5 m, 0.5 m &times; 0.5 m) and intercropping with two tropical legumes. Treatments were T1= Pure Napier grass at 1 m row spacing, T2= Napier grass intercropped with lablab at 0.75 m row spacing, T3= Napier grass intercropped with cowpea at 0.5 m row spacing, T4= Napier grass intercropped with cowpea at 1 m row spacing, T5= Napier grass intercropped with lablab at 0.5 m row spacing, T6= Pure Napier grass at 0.75 m row spacing, T7= Napier grass intercropped with lablab at 1 m row spacing, T8= Napier grass intercropped with cowpea at 0.75 m row spacing, T9= Pure Napier grass at 0.5 m row spacing and totally nine treatments were used. Soil samples were collected before and after forage harvested.&nbsp; 
 
Result: Napier grass intercropped with lablab and cowpea at different planting densities had significant effect (P&lt;0.05) on the in vitro dry and organic matter digestibility (IVDMD, IVOMD) and increased digestibility. The OM degradation constant was significantly different (P&lt;0.05) but &lsquo;ED&rsquo; was not and for DM degradation &lsquo;c&rsquo; and &lsquo;b&rsquo; were non-significant (P&gt;0.05) for Napier grass intercropped with lablab and cowpea at different planting densities. In conclusion, Napier grass intercropped with lablab and cowpea at a planting density of 24 plants m-2 was better choice for high yield and forage quality.</div>

The Effect of Intercropping of Lablab (Lablab purpureus L.) and Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L.) at Different Planting Densities on in vitro and in sacco Dry Matter Digestibility of Napier Grass (Pennisetum purpureum)

<div>Background: The importance of grain legumes in world food sustainability cannot be overemphasized. Minor legumes on the other hand, contribute to agricultural strengthening, especially in the context of sustainable crop and livestock production systems. In the context of assessing different legume species for crop improvement and identification, twenty (20) accessions of Lablab purpureus (L.) Sweet collected to determine the degree of trait variability and to identify accessions with potentials, which can contribute to grain and forage production. 
 
Methods: The present study involved the evaluation of twenty (20) accessions of Lablab purpureus (L.) Sweet from IITA, Ibadan. The accessions were grown in the experimental plot and DNA from young and healthy leaves were isolated for determination of genetic diversity using ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase (rbcL). The accessions were also categorized into groups based on the performances and the highest discriminating traits that accounted for greater variability using principal component analysis (PCA) and cluster analysis (CA) respectively.&nbsp; 
 
Result: Cluster analysis grouped all the twenty accessions into three clusters, where cluster I, cluster II and cluster III comprised of eight, seven and five accessions respectively. The PCA revealed hundred seed-weights, number of pod per plant and seed length as the most discriminating trait that accounted for greater variability in the Lablab accessions considered and they should be considered in the hyacinth bean improvement programs. Based on diverse level of phenotypic traits, accessions from each cluster were selected for barcode identification and comparison with other cultivars from other region. Results of the molecular analysis showed two clusters and authenticated the use of universal primers, ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase (rbcL) for DNA barcoding for successful amplification, identification and discrimination of Lablab purpureus (L). This revealed diversity of the considered accessions and provided information on relatedness to other accessions from other region of the world.</div>

Phenotypic Evaluation of Traits and Barcode Identification using Plastid-specific Ribulose Bisphosphate Carboxylase (Rbcl) Analysis on Lablab Beans [Lablab purpureus (L.) Sweet]

<div>Background: Lablab purpureus L. is a legume appropriate to grow in tropical environment as it is adaptable to a broad temperature spectrum, rainfall and altitudes. It develops well under humid and warm conditions at temperatures ranging between 18oC and 30oC. It is a drought hardy crop grown in humid and semi-arid regions. The species is propagated by seed and can be sown alone or intercropped; planted near hedges or near other less leafy plants to climb on. Lablab purpureus L. has a flowering response of short-day, with early and late flowering types. Some landraces flower after sowing as early as 55 days. It is predominantly self pollinated although some out crossing is known to occur. 
 
Methods: In this study, Lablab purpureus L. genetic diversity were analyzed utilizing AFLP markers on ten Indian Lablab purpureus L. accessions at Department of Botany, Bundelkhand University, Jhansi during 2019-20. Five primers set were used for checking the diversity in Lablab purpureus L. and the marker performance were measured by using 4 parameters i.e. PIC, Mean resolving Power, Resolving Power and MI.&nbsp; 
 
Result: A total of 52 bands were generated, of which 45 bands (88.46%) were polymorphic which varies from 6 (M-CAT/E-ACT ) to 13 (M-CAC/E-ACC, M-CAC/E-ACT) with mean of 9.00 bands per primer. The PIC value ranges between 0.55 and 0.76 with a mean value of 0.64. The average value of matrix index is 3.04. Higher the MI, better the marker is. The value of RP ranges between 2.60 and 7.80 with a mean value of 4.68. In the UPGMA dendrogram, the 10 accessions were separated into two main clusters with all the primers used. In this study, we have shown that molecular markers can be used successfully to understand the genetic structure of the accessions of Lablab purpureus L. and identified a series of sequence-specific markers that potentially could be used in Lablab purpureus L. genetic mapping analyses. Since Lablab purpureus L. has been considered as a promising crop because of its wide spectrum of adaptability to different ecological conditions than other legumes, participatory evaluation at an early breeding stage could shape the variety being developed to increase the productivity and other traits as well as for utilization as food.</div>

Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism based Genetic Diversity of Tropical Legume: Lablab purpureus var. typicus

<div>Background: Assessment and molecular characterization of genetic diversity among the Dolichos lablab (L.) have huge implication in scheming strategies for breeding. In India, there is less comprehensive information on the potential genetic diversity of lablab bean and this is a major challenge for systematic use of lablab bean in genetic breeding programs. To exploit the available trait of interest, the genetic diversity of the locally available genotypes must be known. The PCR-based SSR approach requires just nanogram amounts of template DNA, subjected to quick detection and less influenced by environment. In this manner SSR have been utilizing broadly to study hereditary assorted qualities of yields. 
 
Methods: In this study, genetic diversity on ten Indian Dolichos lablab (L.) genotypes were surveyed utilizing SSR markers at Department of Botany, Bundelkhand University, Jhansi during 2019-20 got from Indian gene bank. For SSR analysis, 5 primers were used for checking the diversity in Dolichos lablab (L.) and the performance of markers were measured by using 4 parameters (1) PIC, (2) Mean resolving Power, (3) Resolving Power and (4) MI.&nbsp; 
 
Result: SSR (05) markers produced a total of 51 bands, out of which 45 bands (88.23%) were polymorphic which varies from 6 (Primer-111) to 15 (Primer-AGB-9) with mean of 10.5 bands per primer. The polymorphic information content value ranges from 0.265 to 0.488 with a mean value of 0.390. The value of Matrix index is 3.2. The value of resolving power ranges from 2.2 to 12.60 with a mean value of 7.40. In the UPGMA dendogram, the 10 genotypes were separated into two main clusters with all the primers used. Our present examination uncovered that genetic markers might be effectively used for deciding hereditary variety and connections in Dolichos lablab (L.) genotypes and could be utilized as a part of breeding programs.</div>

<div>Simple Sequence Repeats Marker based Detection of Genetic Diversity of Indian Bean Dolichos lablab (L.) of Family Fabaceae</div>

Background: Dolichos bean (Dolichos lablab L.), 2n = 22 is an important leguminous vegetable crop which provides protein, minerals and vitamins. The exploitation of variability is of great importance and is a prerequisite for the effective screening of superior genotypes. Keeping this in view, the present investigation was carried out to assess the variability and correlation for yield and other components which are useful to select the promising genotypes.&nbsp; 
 
Methods: The study on variability and correlation in Dolichos Bean genotypes for yield and quality was conducted at the College Orchard, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore. Twenty lablab genotypes, sourced from various locations, were planted in a randomized block design with three replications during the kharif and rabi seasons of 2021 and 2022. Observations on growth, yield and quality traits were recorded and analysed for variance, variability and correlations. 
 
Result: In the kharif season, Ankur Gold yielded the highest green pods per plant (487.50 g), while Acc.7 yielded the lowest (89.59 g). In the pooled analysis, Ankur Gold (469.80 g) had the highest and Acc.6 (87.49 g) had the lowest green pod yield per plant. The study suggests using a selection index based on the number of racemes per plant, raceme length, number of pods per plant, green pod yield per plant and pod length to identify high yielding lablab genotypes.

Variability and Correlation Studies in Dolichos bean (Dolichos lablab L.)

<div style="text-align:justify">Background: Lablab purpureus (L.) bean research in Uttar Pradesh has given less emphasis on improving quality traits preferred by farmers and focused mostly on developing varieties that are high yielding. Though, there are some released Lablab purpureus (L.) varieties farmers mostly prefer to grow their own landrace. Moreover, analysis of farmers&rsquo; perceptions and views on Lablab purpureus (L.) bean diseases and control methods utilized by farmers has been minimal. Farmers&rsquo; insights and understanding of crop diseases play an important role in sustainable disease management. Therefore, there is a need to assess farmers&rsquo; priority problems for Lablab purpureus (L.) bean production, their variety preference and their perception of the leaf spot disease. 
 
Methods: In our study, the landraces were assessed both in the field and in the greenhouse during 2021-22 with Alternaria doliconidium and Alternaria destruens isolates.&nbsp; 
 
Result: The highest level of resistance were found Under greenhouse evaluation in VRSEM-757, VRSEM-776, VRSEM-730 and VRSEM-739 to Alternaria doliconidium whereas genotypes found to be resistance under field evaluation were VRSEM-799, VRSEM-757 and VRSEM-776. Similarly, genotypes found to be resistance to Alternaria destruens were VRSEM- 757 and VRSEM- 702 under greenhouse evaluation whereas, genotypes VRSEM-776 found to be resistance during field evaluation.However, the resistance were moderate. Overall, resistance were highly heritable, suggesting that phenotypic selection can be exploited to improve leaf spot resistance in lablab bean varieties.</div>