<div>Background: Helicoverpa armigera (H&uuml;bner) is a common polyphagous pest on corn cob. H. armigera that is controllable through Trichogrammatoidea armigera (Nagaraja) parasitoid release. Successful inundated release of parasitoids depends on parasitization and parasitoid dispersal. 
 
Methods: The experiment consisted of 2 parasitoid release plots and 1 no release plot. T. armigera parasitoid was released twice, at 45 DAP and 52 DAP (Day after planting) in the middle of the experimental plot. The dose of parasitoid released during the corn generative phase was 1000 individuals per 254 m2 (~ 40000/ha). Evaluation was carried out by collecting the eggs of H. armigera 3 days after release at radius 1, 3, 6 and 9 m in all cardinal directions from the release point. 
&nbsp; 
Result: The release of parasitoids increased the eggs parasitization of H. armigera in 45 DAP tot he tune of 51.91% and 52 DAP was 38.57%. The wind direction did not affect the parasitoid movement which is active and almost uniform in all cardinal directions. Parasitoid movement was slightly similar in all distances and cardinal directions. The distribution of parasitoids reached 9 m from 40 release points ha-1 in colonies. T. armigera parasitoids were grouped hence, the monitoring in corn was carried out systematically.</div>

The Release of Trichogrammatoidea armigera parasitoid for the Parasitization of Helicoverpa armigera Eggs in Maize

<div>Background: The genus Helicoverpa includes the Old-World species Helicoverpa armigera, Hubner (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) generally considered to be the most important species within group. It has been recorded on more than 200 host species in India and is most damaging to cotton, pigeon pea, cow pea, chick pea, ground nut, sorghum, pearl millet, tomato and many other crops of economic importance. H. armigera is being polyphagous pest with high reproductive and damaging potential, its suppression became difficult over past decade due to development of resistance to several chemicals. The current study was aimed to isolate and characterize the gut proteinases of Helicoverpa armigera. 
 
Methods: During the period 2016-2018, H. armigera larvae were collected from the field and reared on an artificial diet and maintained under controlled conditions in the laboratory at Dr. Panjabrao Deshmukh Krishi Vidyapith, Akola, India. The laboratory conditions were maintained at temperature 28&plusmn;2oC, humidity 75&plusmn;5% and 14:10 hours light: dark period. The gut proteinases were isolated and were estimated by Bradford method. The total Helicoverpa gut proteinase activity, trypsin like activity, chymotrypsin like activity and electrophoretic visualisation of proteinases were done. 
 
Result: Total Proteinases activity was found to be 2.10 U/gut. Trypsin like activity was found to be 1.89 U/gut and chymotryptic activity was observed as 1.81 U/gut. The trypsin like activity was slightly more than chymotryptic activity.</div>

Rearing of Helicoverpa armigera Hubner and Characterization of its Gut Proteinases

Applications of Helicoverpa armigera Nuclear Polyhedrosis Virus (HaNPV), Quinalphos, Bacillus thuringiensis kurstaki (Btk) and Beauveria bassiana (B.b.) as full doses gave hundred percent larval mortality to the test insect, 2nd instar larvae of Helicoverpa armigera. Treatment combinations containing half doses of HaNPV + Btk, HaNPV + B.b., HaNPV + Quinalphos, Btk + B.b., Btk + Quinalphos, B.b.+ Quinalphos, also gave cent percent larval death. &nbsp;Azadirachtin as half dose of application was found to be least effective (50%). However, all the treatment combinations were found effective over the untreated control.&nbsp;

Laboratory evaluation of certain bio-pesticides against the larvae of Helicoverpa armigera Hubner

<div>Background: Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) is one of the most important pulses. Helicoverpa armigera [Hubner] is the most devastating chickpea pest responsible for substantial yield loss. Chickpea crop is damaged by a large number of insect species, both under field conditions and in storage. Productivity losses by gram pod borer range from 20 to 90 per cent depending upon the severity of insect attack. Among the biotic factors responsible for low yield the, damage due to insect pests is the major limiting factor. Keeping the above facts in view, the present investigation was planned and carried out to establish a new generation molecules are comparatively safer to natural enemies, honeybees and other pollinators than old generation molecules play an important role in reducing the pest populations.&nbsp; 
 
Methods: Field experiment was during Rabi season 2018-19 on chickpea in district Rewa. The field was prepared following the recommended package of practices. The incidence of H. armigera was observed from five randomly selected plants from four middle rows of each plot at weekly interval. The spray of insecticides was applied as soon as the pest incidence is noted. The first spray was done at 50% flowering stage of the crop and repeated after 15 days. Pre-treatment observation on pest population was undertaken one day before the application of the first spray by direct counting of H. armigera larvae per five randomly pre-selected plants in each plot. Similar procedure was followed for post-treatment observation which was recorded at 1, 3, 7, 10, 15 days after both the spray operations. 
 
Result: The experiment was laid out in randomized block design with 09 treatments (Chlorantraniliprole 18.5 SC @ 37 g a.i./ha, Fipronil 5% SC @ 50 g a.i./ha, Indoxacarb 15.8 EC @ 79 g a.i./ha, Spinosad 45 SC @ 90 g a.i./ha, Novaluron 10 EC @ 100 g a.i./ha, Emamectine benzoate 5 SG @ 10 g a.i./ha, Neem oil 0.15% , Bt.K. 3.5% and untreated check. First spray of insecticides over all mean analysis indicated that all the insecticidal treatments were significantly effective in reducing the larval population of Helicoverpa armigera Hub. as compared to untreated plots (1.56 larvae/plant) in the first and second spray (0.92 larva/plant) of insecticides over all mean larval population Indoxacarb 15.8 EC @ 79 g a.i./ha was effective in controlling the incidence of gram pod borer&nbsp; due to the first spray (0.59 larva/plant) and also the second spray (0.27 larva/plant) among all treatments. Resulting in the seed yield 1989.00 kg/ha with the highest cost: benefit ratio of 1:12.3, which was followed by the treatment of Emamectin benzoate 5 SG @ 10 g a.i./ha with cost benefit ratio of 1:10.83.</div>

Efficacy of New Generation Insecticides in Comparison with Biopesticides and their Economics against Chickpea Pod Borer (Helicoverpa armigera Hub.)

<div>Background: Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) is the third most important pulse crop grown all over the world. Chickpea is infested by an average of about 60 insect-pests, of which gram pod borer, Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) is known to be the key pest. The migratory nature, polyphagous, short life cycle, multivoltine and resistance to insecticides makes H. armigera&nbsp;very difficult to control. In order to develop the resistance chickpea genotypes against H. armigera it is very important to understand the interrelation between the chickpea biochemical constituents and their effect on insect growth and development. 
 
Methods: The biological performance of H. armigera on different chickpea genotypes was studied using detached leaf method and the test genotypes were also evaluated for field level resistance to H. armigera under natural conditions. Different biochemical constituents viz., reducing sugar, protein, total phenol and tannins content in chickpea genotypes were estimated at 30 days after sowing. The relationship between biological attributes of H. armigera reared on different chickpea genotypes and biochemical constituents of chickpea genotypes was computed using simple correlation co-efficient. 
 
Result: Among the test genotypes, the lowest larval weight, prolonged larval duration and pupal duration were observed in GL-13042. The lowest pupal weight and percent of adult emergence was observed in NBeG-786 while the lowest fecundity was observed in GL-13001. The percent pod damage, pest susceptibility/ resistance per cent and PRSR on different chickpea genotypes in the field condition varied from 25.9 to 47.84%, 12.91 to 45.86 and from 4 to 5. In the biochemical constituents, the highest total phenol and tannin content were observed in NBeG-786 whereas the lowest protein and reducing sugar content were observed in GL-13042. Relationship between biological attributes of H. armigera and biochemical constituents in different chickpea genotypes revealed that reducing sugars, protein, total phenols and tannins content showed negative association with biological attributes of H. armigera reared on chickpea genotypes.</div>

<div>Effect of Different Chickpea Genotypes and Its Biochemical Constituents on Biological Attributes of Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner)</div>

<div style="text-align: justify;">Investigations on biological activities of pod borer, Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner) on 20 promising chickpea genotypes using detached leaf assay method at Agriculture Research Station Kalaburagi, UAS, Raichur, Karnataka was carried out during rabi 2016-17. The results revealed that at vegetative and flowering stage there was significantly lesser larval survival (70 to 76.67 %), larval weight (8.37 to 8.90 mg) and damage rate (3.67 to 4.67 of visual Rating in 1-9 Scale) on resistant check ICCL 86111, HC-1 and DBGV-3104 genotypes where as maximum per cent larval survival (86.67 to 90 %), larval weight (13.60 to 14.10 mg) and damage rate (7.67 to 8.00 of visual Rating in 1-9 Scale) was recorded in susceptible checks (ICC-3137, A-1 and JG-11). During pod formation stage, highest weight gain by larvae was noticed on susceptible check ICC-3137 (409.18 mg), on the contrary lowest weight gain by larvae was found on resistant check ICCL-86111 (275.43 mg) also these genotypes recorded more amount of malic acid and trichomes indicating that biological activity of insect was affected through antibiosis mechanism which is one of the component of resistance to H. armigera in chickpea.</div>

Biological activity of pod borer, Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner) influenced by chickpea genotypes

<div>Background: Chickpea is the second most important pulse crop grown globally, it is damaged by over 50 insect species in different parts of the world, of which gram pod borer, Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner) poses serious threat to production. Temperature is one of the important abiotic factor influencing the growth and development of an organism, degree day (DD) models are very useful in pest predictions as development of insects and plants is temperature-dependent and can predict the biological phenomenon with greater accuracy. 
 
Methods: H. armigera adult population at different chickpea phenological stages viz., from emergence to maturity stage was assessed using the weather based indices viz., growing degree days (GDD) and heliothermal units (HTU) during rabi 2015-16, 2016-17 and 2017-18 at ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi.&nbsp; 
 
Results: At different chickpea phenological stages the pest population varied from 0 to 66.3, 0 to 256 and 0 to 124 with respective cumulative population of 148, 555 and 167 male moth catches during three consecutive seasons. Among different phenological stages, highest population was recorded during both pod formation and crop maturity stage during 2015-16 and 2017-18, while in 2016-17 it was maximum during 50 per cent flowering and maturity stage. Among the three seasons, the GDD and cumulative male moth trap catches were found to be highest during 2016-17. The relationship of GDD and HTU with H. armigera was analysed through linear regression and they accounted for 64 and 71 per cent variation respectively in pest population across the seasons. The weather based indices viz., GDD and HTU may thus be useful for predicting H. armigera adult population at different chickpea phenological stages.</div>

Assessment of Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner) Adult Population in Chickpea using Weather Based Indices

<div>Background: Pigeonpea [Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.] is an important legume crop from the Family Fabaceae. Pigeonpea commonly known as &lsquo;Arhar&rsquo; or &lsquo;Tim&rsquo; is mainly consumed in the form of split pulse as &lsquo;dal&rsquo;. Pigeonpea is cultivated as an annual or semi-perennial crop, usually in mixed cropping systems. Pigeonpea is attacked by insect-pests right from sowing to harvesting and also during the storage. Gram pod borer, H. armigera has been a major pest in most parts of the country. Therefore, keeping these views in mind, the present study was conducted. 
 
Methods: Present investigations were carried out during Kharif season of 2013 and 2014 to evaluate some insecticides and biopesticides against Helicoverpa armigera in various modules on short duration pigeonpea. 
 
Result: The mean larval population of H. armigera after spray was minimum in M3 (1.15 larvae plant-1) followed by M2 (1.17 larvae plant-1) and maximum in module M5 (1.61 larvae plant-1) during Khaif 2013. During Khaif 2014 mean larval population of H. armigera after spray was minimum in M2 (1.11 larvae plant-1) followed by M3 (1.12 larvae plant-1) and maximum in module M5 (1.58 larvae plant-1). Hence these modules (M2 and M3) can be adopted by the farmers for effective and economic management of H. armigera.</div>

<div style="text-align:justify">Evaluation of Insecticides and Biopesticides against Helicoverpa armigera in Different Modules of Short Duration Pigeonpea</div>

Insights of antibiosis resistance in various chickpea cultivars against pod borer Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner) under laboratory condtions. The &nbsp;present study was carried out in order to investigate the level of resistance against H. armigera on different cultivars by adopting detach leaf and pod assay. In leaf detach assay, pooled mean of 2012 and 2013, significantly lower and maximum weight gain and percent gain recorded was 101.9 mg (88.5%); 382.3mg (317.4%), respectively for ICCV 097105 and ICCV 07306. During podding stage, lowest pod damage (%) was recorded 55 % (ICCV 92944) and highest pod damage recorded by ICC 3137, LL 550 and ICCV07306 (95 %).Highest pupal weight of one day old pupae was recorded on LL 550 (405.2 mg) and lower pupal weight in ICCV 097105 (202.4 mg). The present result &nbsp;gave clue &nbsp;for future in depth studies on weeds for developing either specific pheromone compound or repellant compound for the eco- friendly management of H. armigera.

Screening for host plant resistance to Helicoverpa armigera&nbsp;(Hubner) in chickpea using novel techniques

<div>Background: Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) is cultivated in almost all parts of world covering more than 50 countries spread over Asia, Africa Europe, Australia, north America and South America countries and is the second most important food legumes crop after common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). Chickpea has played a major role in realization of pulse Revolution in india making the country near self-sufficient in pluses. Gram is extensively grow in india. Due to its high nutritional value and its ability to fix atmospheric nitrogen, its more widely cultivated rabi pulse crop. The gram pod borer Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner) is most important pest of chickpea. Many pesticides were so far tested against this pest but due to over use of these pesticides resistance, residue and resurgence problems arises, beside destruction of natural enemies.&nbsp; 
 
Methods: To determination of per cent pod damage and yield of chickpea due to different larval density of H. armigera is an important tool to reduce the cost of cultivation by avoiding the unnecessary use of pesticides. Therefore, a pot experiment was conducted in arranged in a completed randomized design with four replications. The pots were placed under natural field conditions and take observation at Research farm, Rajasthan Agricultural Research Institute, Durgapura, Jaipur during 2015-16 and 2016-17. 
 
Result: The results revealed that least per cent pod damage (29.05, 24.78%) was recorded when the larval population was one per plant, while the maximum pod damage (64.55 and 67.76%) was recorded during 2015-16 and 2016-17, respectively. The simple liner correlation analysis indicated that there was a significant positive correlation (r= 0.989 and 0.999) between the larval density and per cent pod damage. Further, a significant correlation was noticed between larval density and number of healthy pods per plant, reduction in yield, yield per plant, total number of pod and damaged pods were -0.964, -0.976; 0.98, 0.986; -0.98, -0.986; 0.117, 0.126 and; 0.985 and 0.992, respectively during 2015-16 and 2016-17.</div>

The Release of Trichogrammatoidea armigera parasitoid for the Parasitization of Helicoverpa armigera Eggs in Maize

Rearing of Helicoverpa armigera Hubner and Characterization of its Gut Proteinases

Laboratory evaluation of certain bio-pesticides against the larvae of Helicoverpa armigera Hubner

Efficacy of New Generation Insecticides in Comparison with Biopesticides and their Economics against Chickpea Pod Borer (Helicoverpa armigera Hub.)

Effect of Different Chickpea Genotypes and Its Biochemical Constituents on Biological Attributes of Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner)

Biological activity of pod borer, Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner) influenced by chickpea genotypes

Assessment of Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner) Adult Population in Chickpea using Weather Based Indices

Evaluation of Insecticides and Biopesticides against Helicoverpa armigera in Different Modules of Short Duration Pigeonpea

Screening for host plant resistance to Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner) in chickpea using novel techniques

Effect of Larval Density of Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner) on Pod Damage and Yield of Chickpea