Secondary metabolite contents of W. somnifera varied remarkably between seasons and genotypes under ex vitro condition. In vitro studies provide an optimum culture condition for steady and quality production of bioactive chemicals throughout the year without involvement of environmental stresses. Mass production of micro-shoots and plantlets by exploring the organogenic totipotency of shoot tip explants (ex vitro and in vitro grown) considering two elite genotypes (Poshita and Jawahar 22) of W. somnifera, and assessment of their capability in production and accumulation of bioactive metabolites (total alkaloid and withanolides amount were quantified; withanolide A and withaferin A contents were estimated by High Performance Liquid Chromatography-HPLC).

Biochemical study of root extract of Withania somnifera (L.)&nbsp;plant through HPLC analysis&nbsp;

The aims of the study was to improve quality of cocoa bans by fermentation of sun dried cocoa beans. The characteric fermented cocoa beans was determined by maesuring amino acids cocoa beans during fermentation. The fermentation process used 3 level treatment i.e. control (without inoculum), mixed culture of microbies added at the begining fermentation. Regulated temperature during fermentation, respectively 35 &deg; C (24 hours), 45 &deg; C (24 second clock), 55 &deg; C (24- hour three) and 35 &deg; C (last 48 hours) and then fermentation was conducted for 120 hours. The result show all cocoa beans total amino acids hydrophobic increase during fermentation from 7.21 to 7.46 &igrave;g/g for control, 8.19 to 8.26 &igrave;g/g for addition of inoculum at begining of fermentation and from &nbsp;7.56 to 8.74 &igrave;g/g for addition of inoculum at the begining and midle of fermentation.&nbsp;

Amino acid analysis of cocoa fermented by high performance&nbsp;liquid chromatography &nbsp;(HPLC)

Background: The study focuses on the degradation of two pesticides, Thiamethoxam and Acetamiprid, that belong to the Neonicotinoid chemical group. This group is known for its water solubility, making these pesticides possible pollutants in agricultural settings. A research study aimed to estimate the residues of the pesticides Acetamiprid and Thiamethoxam in the soil of the Cabbage crop. 
&nbsp; 
Methods: Fields on the cabbage crop, Globe master variety, with an area of 30 x 5 m&sup2;. The soil was preparedand the seedlings were moved from the appellant to the experimental field in three rows, during the autumn season for year 2023, Were used in the experiment Two concentrations of the pesticide acetamiprid, the recommended concentration 0.5 g/L and double the concentration 1 g/L, For Thiamethoxam, used at concentrations of 0.3 g/L and 0.6 g/L. 
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Result: The findings revealed that Acetamiprid, at concentrations of 0.5 g/L and 1 g/L, decreased significantly over time. One-hour post-application, the residues measured 21.46 mg/kg for the lower concentration and 38.10 mg/kg for the higher concentration. These amounts further declined to 5.83 mg/kg on the ideal full degradation dayand the device could no longer detect the pesticide in subsequent days. After ten days, the highest detectable residue was 3.76 mg/kg. While Thiamethoxam, the residues one hour after application were 1.41 mg/kg and 8.87 mg/kg, respectively. These levels continued to decrease, reaching 5.2 mg/kg by the fifth day. After seven days, only a double concentration of 9.9 mg/kg remained detectable. The recovery rates for Acetamiprid and Thiamethoxam were 90% and 86%, respectively, indicating the efficiency of the methods used to analyze the pesticide residues in the soil samples. 
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Estimating the Degradation of the Pesticides Acetamiprid and Thiamethoxam in the Agricultural Soil of the Cabbage Crop using HPLC Technique

<div>Background: One of the most commonly cultivated plant is Moringa oleifera because it has high medicinal in South India and nutritional values. The phytochemicals in it are widely used for the rapeutic purposes. It has a high economic value because of its usefulness traditionally and has a vast number of bioactive compounds. Phenol is one of the most common antimicrobial compounds found in the seeds of M. oleifera.&nbsp; 
 
Methods: In this study we aim to analyse Total Phenolic Compound (TPC) and to observe its antimicrobial activity. Seed extracts were prepared using ethanol in Soxhlet apparatus for 36 hrs. The quantification of phenolic compound was done by spectrophotometric method using gallic acid as standard. The crude extract was characterized by HPLC and FTIR, showed that it contained phenol compounds confirmed by specific peak in some areas. FTIR and showed that it contained phenol compounds confirmed by specific peak in some areas. FTIR revealed the following bonds: 3280.92 cm-1 (O&ndash;H groups of phenols), 2922.16 cm-1 (C-H groups of phenols), 1544.98 cm-1 (C=O carbonyl&nbsp;group) and 1230.58 (C-O group of phenol) and 1743.65 cm-1 (C=C group of aromatic compounds). Whereas HPLC analysis of and library search confirmed peaks matches with Gallic acid standard. Moringa seeds were characterized by FTIR before extracted. Therefore the highest Total Phenolic Compound found to be 11.85 mg GAE/g (Gallic Acid Equivalent) was reached at 1: 5 ethanol solvent ratio and 3 days extraction time. 
 
Conclusion: This M. oleifera extract showed antimicrobial activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa (MTCC 1688), Bacillus subtilis (MTCC&nbsp;8561), Staphylococcus aureus (MTCC&nbsp;3160) and Proteus mirabilis (MTCC&nbsp;3310). The anti-microbial activity of the M. oleifera seed is due to the presence of various phytochemicals like phenols. Also it exhibits, a broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity that proves further research is needed to elucidate other bioactive compounds over other pathogens.</div>

<div>Investigation on the Phenolic Content in Moringa oleifera and Its Antimicrobial Activity</div>

<div>Background: Olive leaves are of great interest, especially in traditional medicine. The polyphenols contained in olive leaves play an important role in this respect, as they have anti-carcinogenic, anti-inflammatory and anti-microbial properties. Olive leaves share phenolic compounds with other plants, but they also contain phenolic compounds belonging to the Oleaceae family.&nbsp; 
 
Methods: We report the determination of phenolic compounds in olive leaves by HPLC and the evaluation of their in vitro activity against several microorganisms that may be causal agents of human intestinal and respiratory tract infections, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumonia, Enterobacter cloacae, Proteus mirabilis and Salmonella typhimurium. 
 
Result: The results reveal that the olive leaves may constitute a good source of antimicrobial agents. The high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis showed the presence of five phenolic compounds: oleuropein, ascorbic acid, rutin, catechinand verbascoside and for the first time ascorbic acid. At low concentrations, olive leaf extracts showed an unusual antibacterial action, which suggests their great potential as nutraceuticals, particularly as a source of phenolic compounds.</div>

Phenolic Compounds and Antimicrobial Activity of Olive (Olea europaea L.) Leaves

<div>The present study was undertaken to determine the residues of norfloxacin in muscle, liver and kidney of broiler chicken. On the basis of surveillance study, commonly used antibiotic norfloxacin was selected for quantifying the concentration in broiler chicken meat samples. The HPLC system was equipped with photodiode array and C18 hypersil column. The mobile phase consisting of 1 ml Ortho phosphoric acid (85 per cent v/v), 100 ml water HPLC grade with acitonitrile HPLC grade, 87:12 (v/v) then pH was adjusted to 2.0 with triethylamine HPLC Grade. The results indicated that out of 180 samples analysed, 3 liver samples of target stations, viz. T3, T6 and T10 were found positive for norfloxacin residues with concentrations of 2.00, 2.60 and 2.31 &micro;g/kg, respectively. Samples collected from other target stations did not show residual concentration of norfloxacin in muscle, liver and kidney samples.</div>

<div>Detection of Norfloxacin in Muscle, Liver and Kidney of Broiler Chicken</div>

Background: This study evaluates the detoxification potential of&nbsp;Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus&nbsp;B1, isolated from artisanal ewe milk butter in Laghouat, Algeria, against ochratoxin A (OTA) through both degradation and adsorption mechanisms. 
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Methods: API 50 CHL carbohydrate fermentation profiling and 16S rRNA gene sequencing were used to identify the strain studied in this work. HPLC with C18 reversed-phase column was used to analyze OTA. 
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Result: The isolate was confirmed as Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus&nbsp;B1 (GenBank accession number PV577804). In degradation assays,&nbsp;L. rhamnosus&nbsp;B1 reduced OTA by 25% after 7 days at 37&deg;C in MRS broth (1 &micro;g/ml OTA), producing 0.250 &micro;g/ml of the less toxic ochratoxin alpha (OT&alpha;), as confirmed by HPLC analysis (&lambda;exc = 333 nm, &lambda;em = 460 nm). Adsorption experiments revealed that dead cells adsorbed 80% of OTA (0.800 &micro;g/ml in pellet) at pH 3.5 after 1 hour, while live cells achieved a 50% adsorption rate (0.500 &micro;g/ml in pellet) under identical conditions. HPLC chromatograms highlighted OTA peaks at ~6.9 minutes, with minor peaks at ~2 minutes, suggesting the presence of impurities. The stability of OTA binding to bacterial biomass was found to be pH-dependent, with acidic conditions enhancing adsorption, possibly due to interactions with cell wall components such as peptidoglycans. These findings demonstrate&nbsp;the dual role of L. rhamnosus&nbsp;B1 in OTA detoxification and support its potential application in mycotoxin mitigation strategies for food safety. 
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Adsorption and Biodegradation of Ochratoxin A by&nbsp;Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus B1 Isolated from Algerian Dairy Products

<div>Background: India has very rich diversity of medicinal plants. Medicinal plants are thought to be a rich source of ingredients that can be used in the development of pharmaceutical or synthetic drugs. Aside from that, these plants play an important role in the development of human drug all over the world. Whether in modern or traditional medicine, medicinal plants are used to maintain health, to treat a specific condition, or both. Nardostachys is one of the most important medicinal plant having several therapeutic properties. It is threatened in its natural habitat due to over exploitation for therapeutic purposes and high demand in the traditional medicine system. Keeping these points in mind, we attempted to investigate alternative uses of in vitro grown plants in place of wild plants without disrupting plant-based therapeutics and market demand. And then compare the root extract of the Nardostachys jatamansi plant&rsquo;s antioxidant and flavonoid levels under in vitro and natural growth conditions. 
 
Methods: Nardostachys jatamansi is a plant that is widely used in traditional medicine systems. Because of its wide spread use in traditional medicine, this plant is considered endemic. In our study, we compare of antioxidant quality and Flavonoid amount of Natural and in vitro propagated Nardostachys jatamansi. Firstly we cultivated in vitro plants from Nardostachys jatamansi nodal explants for comparative analysis. The methanol extract of in vitro grown and wild-type plant root extract was then prepared using the maceration method. The extract was subjected to a comparative DPPH method to determine the presence of antioxidant potential in natural and in vitro grown plants. Furthermore, the HPLC analysis was used to detect and quantify the amount of Quercetin in both natural and in vitro propagated plants.&nbsp; 
 
Result: When grown in vitro at a higher concentration, the roots of Nardostachys jatamansi have greater antioxidant potential than when they are grown naturally. They demonstrated antioxidant DPPH radical scavenging activity, with an IC50 value of 29.55 &micro;g/ml for in vitro generated plants and 24.18 &micro;g/ml for naturally grown plants. The concentration of Quercetin (mg/ml) for natural plant species is 1.95 and for in vitro propagate plant is 1.83. The HPLC analysis presents distinct peaks, with the main peaks having retention time for standard Quercetin (10.38) in the natural plant (10.34) and in vitro grown plants (10.32). In the end, natural-type species that had been produced in vitro were used to obtain the potential of micro propagated plants. The DPPH test and flavonoid were tested on the root extract of natural and in vitro plants. Both plants displayed promising antioxidant activity and an HPLC study identified the Quercetin component.</div>

Comparison of Antioxidant Properties and Flavonoid of Natural and in vitro Cultivated Nardostachys jatamansi

<div style="text-align: justify;">The presence of antimicrobial residues in meat has several impacts on health aspects to the consumer. Strategic and scientific study on risk assessment of antibiotic residue in poultry production chain with different set of practices has not been conducted in order to protect the health of common consumers. The present study was planned to screen antibiotic residue in chicken meat production chain managed under different set of practices of farming and processing. Chicken farms managed under non-integrated, partially integrated and completely integrated sector and three different individual chicken processing units identified as retail shops, semi-automatic processing unit and automated processing unit along with one product processing unit were randomly selected for the collection of samples. A total of 271 samples (meat, serum, water and feed) comprising of 180 samples from poultry farms, 81 samples from chicken processing units and 10 muscle samples from poultry product processing units were collected and subjected for qualitative antimicrobial screening by Microbial Inhibition Assay Test Kit and confirmation by High Performance Liquid Chromatography /Liquid Chromatography Mass Spectrometry was done. On screening by Microbial Inhibition Assay Test Kit, Muscle (2), Liver (2) and Feed (7) samples (6.11%) were positive from non-integrated (3.88%) and partially integrated farming systems (2.22%). Significant difference (P&lt;0.05) was observed for antibiotic residue in feed samples of non-integrated (55.55%) and partially integrated (22.22%) farms. On screening of 91 samples, collected from chicken processing and product processing units, 08 (8.79%) samples were -positive. The HPLC analysis indicated that 9.5% and 5.26% muscle and liver samples, respectively were positive for doxycycline residue. Feed samples (57.14%) found positive to Chlortetracycline and 4-Epichlorotetracycline residues when analyzed by LCMS, with mean concentration of 2722.12 and 3720.87&micro;g/kg, respectively. The presence of antibiotic residues in muscle and liver samples of unorganized farms and retail processing unit was higher in comparison. Therefore, the poultry farming and processing systems should be kept under continuous monitoring for preventing the occurrence of antibiotic residues in meat and meat products.&nbsp;</div>

<div style="text-align: justify;">Screening of Antimicrobial Residues and Confirmation of Doxycycline in Samples Collected from Chicken Farms and Processing Units Located Around Mumbai, India</div>

<div style="text-align:justify">Mycotoxins (aflatoxins) present in foods are serious health problems to consumers as they are highly toxic. The presence of high levels of AFM1 (aflatoxin) is an alarming issue in milk. So, the need of the hour is the development of a fast and reliable screening method for detecting trace aflatoxins in food. The analytical methods like HPLC and MS which have been used for aflatoxin detection are expensive, time-consuming and require many skills. Novel methods have been come up with high sensitivity, simplicity and capability of onsite monitoring which includes enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), immunosensors and lateral flow immunoassay (LFIA), etc. This paper reviews the techniques and methods used for the detection of aflatoxins in milk. Rapid technologies provide greater efficiency and sensitivity compared to conventional methods.</div>

Biochemical study of root extract of Withania somnifera (L.) plant through HPLC analysis

Amino acid analysis of cocoa fermented by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)

Estimating the Degradation of the Pesticides Acetamiprid and Thiamethoxam in the Agricultural Soil of the Cabbage Crop using HPLC Technique

Investigation on the Phenolic Content in Moringa oleifera and Its Antimicrobial Activity

Phenolic Compounds and Antimicrobial Activity of Olive (Olea europaea L.) Leaves

Detection of Norfloxacin in Muscle, Liver and Kidney of Broiler Chicken

Adsorption and Biodegradation of Ochratoxin A by Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus B1 Isolated from Algerian Dairy Products

Comparison of Antioxidant Properties and Flavonoid of Natural and in vitro Cultivated Nardostachys jatamansi

Screening of Antimicrobial Residues and Confirmation of Doxycycline in Samples Collected from Chicken Farms and Processing Units Located Around Mumbai, India

Techniques used for Detection of Aflatoxins in Milk: A Review