<div>Background: The productivity of greengram (Vigna radiata L.) is not adequate to meet the growing global population since mostly all the leguminous crop grown under rainfed condition. In this regard, a research experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of bio fermented products with drip fertigation under aerobic rice (Oryza sativa L.) - greengram (Vigna radiata L.) cropping system. 
 
Methods: A field experiment was conducted at Wetland farms of Department of Agronomy, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore during 2019-21. For greengram Thirteen treatments&nbsp; with Randomized complete block design were imposed in which fermented fish waste and fermented egg product were applied through drip at vegetative stage and peak flowering stage. Surface irrigation was scheduled based on IW/CPE ratio of 0.5 with conventional application of fertilizers. 
 
Result: The experiment results revealed that application of drip fertigation @ 125% RDF+100% PE with FFW registered higher growth parameters (plant height, drymatter production, 50% flowering, LAI), physiological parameters (Crop growth rate, Relative growth rate, SPAD values), yield attributes, yield and cropping system analysis. The results of correlation analysis also showed that the grain yield was positively impacted by the yield parameters.</div>

Correlation Between Growth and Yield of Greengram in Drip Fertigation, Fermented Fish Waste, Fermented Egg Product Application under Aerobic Rice (Oryza sativa L.)-Greengram (Vigna radiata L.) Cropping System in Western Zone of Tamil Nadu

Background: The cropping systems in any agro-ecological zone in the globe are driven by a number of critical issues, including rising food demands, the depletion of land and the degradation of land resources. The goal of traditional cropping methods has been to maximise crop yields. Cropping systems that take into account the new social, economic and ecological or environmental considerations are urgently needed nowadays. Due to their adaptability to diverse cropping patterns and capacity to fix nitrogen, legumes can offer prospects for continuous increases in productivity. Legume-based crop rotations help to maintain of organic matter, increase of soil nitrogen, nutrient balance, maintenance of soil physical qualities and disruption of soil-borne disease cycles. Conservation tillage is centered on minimum tillage, permanent raised beds, zero tillage with low soil disturbance and the preservation of protective plant cover or plant residues on the soil surface to prevent soil losses, stimulate microbial population and retain moisture and nutrients.&nbsp; 
 
Methods: Field experiment were conducted during 2019-20 and 2020-21 at the Main Research Station (MRS), GKVK, University of Agricultural Sciences, Bangalore On sandy loam soil&nbsp; to study the performance of Weed management in maize-based cropping system in conservation agriculture. The experiment was laid out under split plot design with five main plots on different tillage treatments i.e., Conventional tillage, Zero Tillage, Minimum Tillage, Minimum Tillage and Permanent raised bed and three sub plots of different weed management practices i.e., Chemical weed management practices, Integrated weed management practices and Unweeded Control replicated thrice. 
 
Result: Among tillage practices, permanent raised bed recorded the least total weed density and weed dry weight at harvest when compared to other tillage practices and also high seed yield, haulm yield and B: C ratio due to less weed&nbsp; infestation, good root growth, adequate aeration and nutrient availability compared to other tillage practices. Permanent raised beds had significantly higher nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium uptake than zero tillage. Among weed, management practices, Integrated weed management (Pendimethalin-750 g/ha (PE) + Hand weeding at 30 DAS) recorded the least total weed density and weed dry weight at harvest compared to unweeded treatment and also high seed yield, haulm yield and B: C ratio due to less weed infestation, compared to unweeded treatment. Integrated weed management resulted in significantly higher nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium uptake compared to unweeded (control).

Tillage and Weed Management on Yield and Nutrient Uptake of Greengram under Maize-greengram Cropping System in Conservation Agriculture

<div>Background: Intensive rice cultivation for longer periods continuously resulted in poor soil fertility. Inorganic fertilizers along with integrated and judicious use of different organic sources like FYM, vermicompost, green manure etc. could be an effective choice for enhancing crop yield. A synergistic effect on crop yield is reported through common use of fertilizer and organics which also improve soil fertility. The residual effects of organic manures applied to the preceding crops can be available to succeeding crop. Therefore, this experiments was planned to throw light on the use integrated nutrients through organic and inorganic sources on rice and its residual effect on succeeding greengram. 
 
Methods: A field experiment was conducted to study the effect of integrated nutrient management on rice-greengram cropping sequence at Navsari Agricultural University, Gujarat during 2012-15. Five nutrient combinations were evaluated in randomized block design for rice and its residual effect on productivity on succeeding greengram was studied with three fertilizer levels in split plot design.&nbsp; 
 
Result: Application of general recommended dose of fertilizers (RDF) to rice has increased growth, yield, quality, economics and improved soil properties and the residual effect to succeeding greengram have also gave significantly higher greengram seed yield and other important parameters and this was succeeded by application of 75% RDF through chemical fertilizer + 25% RDF through vermicompost. Among different levels of fertilizers to greengram, application of 100% RDF gave highest greengram seed yield, economics and soil parameters over other two levels.</div>

<div>Effect of Integrated Nutrient Management on Rice-Greengram Cropping Sequence</div>

<div>Background: Rise in temperature and expected changes in erratic rainfall patterns projected under future climates are going to affect the performance and productivity of most crops, especially under rainfed condition. But, extent of adverse effect would vary from location to location and crop to crop. Greengram is an important Kharif season crop of Northern Transition Zone (NTZ) of Karnataka mainly grown under rainfed conditions.&nbsp; 
 
Methods: Calibrated and validated DSSAT-CROPGRO model was used to study response of greengram to climate change in NTZ of Karnataka. A combination of three temperature (control, +1&deg;C and +2&deg;C) and three rainfall (control, -10% and -20%) scenarios resulting nine combinations were used to simulate phenology, yield and total biomass using weather data for the period of 32 years (1985-2016).&nbsp; 
 
Result: Model based seasonal analysis showed that the greengram is more sensitive to change in rainfall than temperature. Rise in temperature by 1-2&deg;C, reduced days to physiological maturity by 2 to 3 days and yield by 1.7 to 3.5%. On the contrary, reduction in 20% rainfall alone reduced grain yield and total biomass by 9.5% and 10.48%, respectively. Combined effect of reduced rainfall (-20%) and elevated temperature (2&deg;C) resulted in 16.36 and 21.16% reduction in grain yield and total biomass, respectively. This indicates that, rainfall plays greater role on kharif greengram yield in NTZ.&nbsp;</div>

<div>Response of Greengram to Climate Change in Northern Transition Zone of Karnataka: DSSAT Model Based Assessment</div>

<div>Background: Greengram (Vigna radiata L.) is one of the most important pulse crops in India. It is a protein rich staple food which contains about 25 percent protein; It belongs to family leguminaceae so it has the capacity to fix atmospheric nitrogen. Soil application of nutrients is often not enough to meet the growing crop demand particularly in short duration crop like greengram. Therefore, it is hypothesized that foliar nutrition in addition to soil application in commensuration with prevailing weather particularly rainfall will go a long way in meeting crop nutrient need and thereby may help in enhancing poductivity. Foliar application of nutrients using water soluble fertilizer is on the possible ways to enhance the productivity of pulses like greengram. The importance of foliar application of micronutrients i.e., Zinc is essential for enzymes that are involved in many metabolic reactions, necessary for chlorophyll production and for starch formation aids in seed formation. Iron is essential for maintainance of chlorophyll and also an essential component of haemoglobin molecule. Manganese has a role of formation of plants naturally occurring antifungal compounds helping to fight disease infection. It is involved in the enzyme the growth may have biological reactions in plant tissue.&nbsp; 
 
Methods: A field experiment was conducted during Zaid season 2019-2020 at Crop Research Farm, Department of Agronomy, Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture Technology and Sciences, Prayagraj, (U.P.) India. To study the &ldquo;Effect of foliar applied micronutrient on growth and yield of Greengram (Vigna radiata L.)&rdquo;. The present investigation was laid out in randomized block design (RBD) consisted of 9 treatments replicated thrice. 
 
Result: The results revealed that the maximum growth attributes such as plant height (42.42 cm), dry matter accumulation (113.39 g/m2) and crop growth rate (1.69 g/m2/day) was recorded with RDF + Fe 0.5% + Zn 0.5% + Mn 0.5% at 30 DAS, whereas maximum number of nodules/plant (11) was recorded with RDF+ Fe 0.5% at 30 DAS. However, higher yield and yield attributes i.e. Number of pods/plant (58.40), Number of grains/pod (9.73), 1000 grain weight (38.38 g), seed yield (1384.33) kg/ha, stover yield (2253.33) kg/ha and harvest index (42.44 %) was recorded with RDF + Fe 0.5% + Zn 0.5% + Mn 0.5% at 30 DAS. Similarly, higher Net returns (Rs 59912/ha) and benefit cost ratio (1.51) was also recorded with RDF + Fe 0.5% + Zn 0.5% + Mn 0.5% at 30 DAS as compared to control (RDF + water spray).</div>

<div>Effect of Foliar Application of Micronutrients on Growth and Yield of Greengram (Vigna radiata L.)</div>

<div style="text-align: justify;">In the current study one hundred and seven greengram genotypes screened at Department of Pulses, TNAU, Coimbatore using AICRP pest susceptibility scale. It was observed that RME-16-3, RME-16-12, MLT-GG R-16-007, MLT-GG R-16-009, COGG 1319 (rabi-greengram) were highly resistant (HR) to Urdbean Leaf Crinkle Virus (ULCV). None of the greengram genotype is highly resistant in kharif season. Resistance in each case were associated with lower incidence, lower spread and milder symptoms relative to the susceptible cultivars. KEM 16-1, KEM 16-8, KEM 16-20, KME -33, MLT- GG K-16-01, MLT- GG K-16-05 (kharif-greengram) and RME-16-10, MLT-GG R-16-008 (rabi-greengram) were highly susceptible (HS). In susceptible cultivars of greengram, the disease is characterized by enlargement of trifoliate leaves and crinkling of the leaf lamina. However, severity of the symptoms varies in different cultivars. Early infected greengram plants showed complete sterility. The affected plants become stunted and gave a bushy appearance and no pods were formed in severely affected plants. Better understanding of resistance of genotypes will help in improvement of varieties resistant to viral diseases will certainly brighten the prospects of plant virus control in the coming decades.</div>

<div style="text-align: justify;">Field screening of greengram (Vigna radiata L.) genotypes for resistance against Urdbean Leaf Crinkle Virus</div>

<div>Background: Greengram or mungbean is a diploid (2n=22) autogamous leguminous crop. The average global yield is low and stagnant over years in the entire tropical and subtropical Asia. Any improvement in the yield is hard, predominantly because of pest infestation and diseases. Viral diseases result in significant financial losses due to drop in seed yield and quality in many important crops including greengram. Mungbean yellow mosaic disease (MYMD) can lead to yield loss up to 85% in greengram in epidemic conditions. 
 
Methods: The present study was conducted at Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Faculty of Agriculture, Annamalai University during the period August-October 2020 in three crosses of greengram viz., PLM 506 x IC 76417, PLM 506 x IC 76381 and IC 398746 x IC 76417. The mean data of five basic generations viz., P1, P2, F1, F2 and F3 of three crosses were evaluated. Populations were screened for MYMV disease resistance by employing infector row method. Scaling test was done using the mean values of various generations for the characters. Significance of scale C suggested dominance x dominance (l) type of gene interaction, whereas the significance of scale D showed additive x additive (i) type of gene interaction. The significance of any of the scaling tests proposes inefficacy of simple additive-dominance model. Five genetic effects viz., mean effect (m), additive (d), dominance (h), additive x additive (i) and dominance x dominance (l) was estimated. 
 
Result: Hundred-seed weight showed additive-dominance model in the cross PLM 506 x IC 76417. The additive as well as additive x additive type of gene action were in control of number(s) of clusters per plant, percentage of disease infection and most of yield components in the cross PLM 506 x IC 76417. Hence, selection at a later generation is effective to improve these traits. Pod length was controlled by additive gene action in the cross PLM 506 x IC 76381, whereas percentage of disease infection showed additive-dominance model. The additive as well as additive x additive type of gene action were in control of plant height and most of yield components in the cross PLM 506 x IC 76381. In the case of other traits, epistatic model was evidenced. Hence, selection needs to be postponed to a later generation. Based on gene action, these crosses may be employed to evolve high yielding plants with MYMV disease resistance.</div>

Generation Mean Analysis for Yield, its Components and MYMV Disease Resistance in Greengram [Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek]

<div>Background: Greengram the most important pulse crops in India suffers a lot due to infestation of many lepidopteran caterpillars mainly at its reproductive stage. Spilosoma obliqua Walk. Arctiidae, Lepidoptera commonly called Bihar hairy caterpillar (BHC) is categorized as the most devastating. 
 
Methods: Field efficacy of nine new generation popular insecticides were tested in coastal saline zone of West Bengal against BHC in greengram (IPM 2-3) during 2021-2022. Leaf dip bioassay study of those selected insecticides were also conducted to compute the LC50 value against the field collected as well as laboratory reared F2 generation 3rd instar larvae of BHC. 
 
Result: All the test insecticides showed lethal effect towards BHC but the magnitude of protection over control was significantly higher in spinosad (70.92%) followed by flubendiamide (70.35%). Pyriproxifen+fenpropathrin (29.92%) was proved to be the least&nbsp; effective treatment followed by pyriproxyfen+bifenthrin (31.91%). As per LC50 value (ppm) flubendiamide showed the highest toxicity against BHC in respect of laboratory reared caterpillar and field collected caterpillar (4.49 and 6.71 respectively), while pyriproxifen+fenpropathrin the lowest (624 and 637 ppm). BHC was recorded as potent defoliator which was reflected in yield, while pod damage is not so pronounced.</div>

Chemical Management of Spilosoma obliqua Walker in Greengram

<div>Background: Greengram is third most important pulse crop which is widely adapted and can improve soil fertility. The genetic variability and association studies help in selection which would increase the yield potential of greengram. 
 
Methods: Two hundred stabilized lines (F9) obtained from the cross VBN (Gg) 2 and Vigna radiata var. sublobata were evaluated. The yield and yield contributing traits were recorded to evaluate genetic variability, heritability, genetic advance as % of mean and correlation among the yield and its component traits. 
 
Result: Analysis of variance exhibited significant differences among the lines for all the ten quantitative traits indicating the presence of genetic variability. The high GCV values were found for the traits viz., single plant yield (30.18) and the number of pods per plant (26.80). High heritability combined with high genetic advance as per cent of mean was observed for the number of pods per plant (90.19, 52.43), single plant yield (89.58, 58.84), the number of pods per cluster (79.28, 22.70) and the number of clusters per plant (69.50, 30.22) which indicates additive gene effects. In the present study, the number of pods per plant had a high positive direct effect (0.919) on a single plant yield. Therefore, the selection for these characters would improve yield in greengram.</div>

Genetic Analysis in Pre-breeding Lines of Greengram [Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek]

<div style="text-align:justify">Greengram is one of the most important pulse crop grown by the farmers of Udalguri district of Assam in rice fallows as well as in upland areas. However, most of the land remains unutilized as fallow after harvest of Kharif rice. So, greengram was demonstrated by KVK Udalguri, Lalpool using scientific cultivation practices. Fertilizer was applied as NPK@ 10-35-15 kg/ha; Compost @ 1 t/ha. Seed was treated with rhizobium culture @50 g/kg seed. The result revealed that the demonstration resulted in higher production of greengram with a grain yield of 7.8 q/ha with net income of Rs 15,400.00/ha as compared to production of grain yield of 6.0 q/ha with a net income of Rs 7,900.00/ha in farmers practice (control). The increase in yield was 30% over the farmers practice. The B:C ratio was also high in demonstration (1.65) over farmers practice (1.36).</div>