<p><strong>Background:</strong> The digestive system is responsible for the intake, conversion and absorption of nutrients and the elimination of wastes from the body in order to provide the necessary energy for the continuation of vitality and functions. The aim of this study was to examine the glandular stomach of the Chinese goose (<em>Anser cygnoides</em>) by histological, histochemical and scanning electron microscopic methods.<br />
<br />
<strong>Methods:</strong> The glandular stomachs of 12 (6 males and 6 females) healthy adult Chinese geese (<em>Anser cygnoides</em>) were used in the study. The tissues taken were subjected to routine histological procedures.&nbsp;<br />
<br />
<strong>Result:</strong> Gross anatomically, it was seen that the Proventriculus was a fusiform or spindle-shaped organ, extending along the median plane between the esophagus and the muscular stomach. Scanning electron microscopic (SEM) observations revealed that the glandular stomach surface of Chinese goose (<em>Anser cygnoides</em>) contained many mucosal folds. Parallel grooves and proventricular gland openings were observed between these folds. Histologically, it was observed that the glandular stomach wall of Chinese goose (<em>Anser cygnoides</em>) consisted of four layers: tunica mucosa, submucosa, tunica muscularis and tunica serosa. The tunica mucosa was observed to have lamina epithelialis, lamina propria and lamina muscularis sublayers. Single layer prismatic cells secreting mucus were found in the lamina epithelialis layer. These cells showed local Alcian Blue (AB) pH:2,5 positive reaction. Lamina muscularis consisted of longitudinal smooth muscle fiber bundles. Compound, branched tubular glands were observed in the submucosal layer. Again, a regional AB positive reaction was observed in the lumen-facing parts of the tubular glands. Periodic acid Schiff (PAS) positive reaction was noted in the basal parts of the tubular glands. In Gordon-Sweet (GS) staining method, reticular threads easily distinguished in all areas where connective tissue present.</p>


<p>Gross Anatomical, Histological, Histochemical and Scanning Electron Microscopic Examination of Glandular Stomach of Chinese Goose (<em>Anser cygnoides</em>)</p>


<p><span style="background-color:rgb(252, 252, 252); color:rgb(96, 96, 96); font-family:open sans; font-size:15px">Ultrasonography of the stomach was performed in six apparently healthy mixed mongrel breed pups from 15th day to 8 month of age. Scanning carried out on 15th, 30th, 45th, 60th day, 3rd, 4th, 5th, 6th, 7th and 8th month of age. The ultrasound machine used for this study was 3D ultrasound machine (Nemio-XG: Toshiba, Japan) having 4D volumetric transducer. The images were acquired with 3-6 MHz 2D curvilinear transducer and 4.2 -6 MHz 4D volumetric curvilinear transducer operated at 3-5 MHz frequency. Ultrasonographically, the lumen of stomach was anechoic, solid food was hyperechoic, semisolid food was hypoechoic and the wall of the stomach was hyperechoic throughout the study. At the 45th day of age, there was appearance of the gastric folds. At the age of 240th day fully developed stomach was observed with distinct gastric wall, gastric folds and hyperechoic gastric contents mixed in anechoic lumen of the stomach. In our study mean diameters of stomach such as mean wall thickness was in range of 3.6 &plusmn; 0.17 mm - 5.63 &plusmn; 0.27 mm, transverse diameters were in range of 12.95 &plusmn; 0.30mm &ndash; 39.45 &plusmn; 0.47 mm, longitudinal diameter were 12.77 &plusmn; 0.14 mm &ndash; 66.68 &plusmn; 1.36 and circumference was in range of 33.52 &plusmn; 0.92 mm -120.92 &plusmn; 1.12 mm.</span></p>


<p>Comparative normal 2D and 3D ultrasonograhy of stomach with advancement of age in dogs</p>


<p><strong>Background:</strong> Energy is the important part of any life, the potential energy present in the tissue in the form of chemical energy. Presence of glycogen as glucose is source of energy for cell division, differentiation, delamination and maturation process as essential process in histogenesis of foetal organ. Glycosaminoglycans, also known as mucopolysaccharides, are long chains of sugar occurs in different proportion in different tissue and their distribution in compartment of ruminant stomach varied in foetus of different CRL. Copmartment of ruminant stomach abomasum , omasum, reticulum and rumen was contributed grossly in varied proportion from initial stage to full term of prenatal stage. In initial stage rumen is largest compartment with advancement of development omasum is largest compartment&nbsp; followed by reticulum and abomasum at full term.&nbsp;As per morphology and histology of varied compartment there could be probability of varied intensity of histochemical reaction in different layer of tissue as per their ebryogenesis.&nbsp;Kosali cattle is registered 36<sup>th</sup> breed of India. Kosali the native breed of Chhattisgarh, known for its compact body, disease tolerance and well maintained in agricultural waste. More than total 60% Kosali cattle are concentrated in the central plains of the C.G. state. There is paucity of Cited literature, literally no scientific documentation regarding presence and distribution of glycogen and mucopolysaccharides in rumen, reticulum, omasum and abomasum of prenatal Kosali cattle. In view importance of Kosali cattle concern with livelihood of farmers in Chhattisgarh, varied degree of development of compartment of stomach and paucity of literature regarding intensity of histochemical reaction&nbsp; from initial to final term of prenatal stage present research was undertaken.<br />
<br />
<strong>Methods:</strong> In light of above background in twenty four Kosali foeti were collected and on the basis of CR length categorizedin to four groups with six foeti in each group <em>i.e. </em>Group I (below 20 cm CRL), Group II (Above 20 up to 40 cm CRL), Group III (Above 40 up to 60 cm CRL) and group IV (Above 60 cm CRL) , tissue samples ofrumen, reticulum, omasum and abomasum were collected and processed&nbsp; for study of glycogen and mucopolysaccharide by PAS and&nbsp; AB-PAS method respectively.<br />
<br />
<strong>Result: </strong>Apparently in group I PAS&nbsp; activity was either not observed&nbsp; as in reticulum or very mild in rumen, omasum and abomasum and was greater in abomasum. In epithelium, propria submucosa and serosa PAS activity increased slowly mostly from mild to moderate while in glands reaction was intense. However in tunica muscularis of rumen reaction decreased from group III to IV , in omasal tunica muscularis and omasal laminae from group II to IV. In group I PAS activity was higher in pyloric region than cardiac stomach. AB-PAS activity for neutral mucopolysaccharide was&nbsp; observed in epithelium and tunica muscularis of rumen, reticulum, omasum and abomasum in all groups, mixed mild activity for both neutral and acid mucopolysaccharide in propria submucosa in group I and II. In fundic region in group III and IV in glands intense acid mucopolysaccharide reaction was seen in patches in forerunner parietal cells.</p>


<p>Prenatal Histochemical Study of Stomach in Kosali Cattle</p>


<div style="text-align: justify;">Present study reports post-ingestional effects of red chilli in stomach of house rat, Rattus rattus. Three different groups of female rats (5 per group) were fed on bait containing 1 and 2% red chilli powder and plain bait, respectively. Histomorphological study revealed cellular degeneration of gastric region, sloughing and distortion of superficial layer of epithelium and lymphocytic infiltration in the treated groups of rats. Histoenzymic study revealed an increase in AKPase and decrease in LDH, SDH, G-6-PD and GLD activities in glandular stomach of treated groups of rats. The present study revealed that the ingestion of red chilli powder causes gastric lesions and variation in the activity of alkaline phosphatase and oxidoreductases.</div>

Post-ingestional effects of red chilli powder containing capsaicin in stomach of house rat, <em>Rattus rattus</em>: histomorphological and histoenzymic studies

<div style="text-align: justify;">The study was conducted on equids of high altitude to develop baseline topographical data of landmarks, sonographic calliper measurements and dynamic parameters of abdominal organs. Ultrasonography was performed on healthy adult spiti horses and Himalayan mules of either sex. The wall thickness, contractility, character and echo-architecture of these organs were recorded for standardization. The stomach was found between 8th-15th and 8th-14th Inter-Costal Space (ICS) with wall thickness of 4.92 &plusmn; 0.23 and 4.24 &plusmn; 0.06 mm in horses and mules, respectively. Ascending duodenum was found between 11th-13th and 10th-13th ICS with a wall thickness of 2.0 &plusmn; 0.00 and 1.96 &plusmn; 0.04 mm in horses and mules, respectively. Descending duodenum was found from 16th and 15th ICS to just caudal to the last rib in horses and mules, respectively. Jejunum was found from 12th (&plusmn;1) to 17th ICS with wall thickness of 2.04 &plusmn; 0.04 and 2.02 &plusmn; 0.02 mm in horses and mules, respectively. Detailed ultrasonographic examination of these organs helped to compile baseline data, which will be useful in future in management of the affections of stomach, duodenum and jejunum.</div>

Ultrasonographic examination of the stomach, duodenum and jejunum of normal adult spiti horses and Himalayan hill mules of India

<div style="text-align: justify;">A study was undertaken to appraise the macro anatomical development of fore stomach of foetal goat. For this study 36 foeti/ embryos were divided into three groups viz. Group I (0-50 days of gestation), II (51-100 days of gestation) and III (101 days of gestation to till term) having 12 foeti in each group. All the four compartments of the goat stomach were clearly discernible by 38 days of gestation. Under stereozoom microscope, by 34 days of gestation the digestive tube showed three dilatations and two constrictions. Quadrilateral rumen was placed on left side of the median plane between 8thrib to 1st lumbar vertebra at term. Except cranio- dorsal coronary groove all other ruminal grooves were discernible before birth. Large dorsal and small ventral sacs were noticed at 46 days of gestation. Fine ruminal papillae were noticed from 90 days onwards. The reticulum became cranial most compartment of stomach after 50 days. Pear-shaped reticulum was placed on left side of the abdominal cavity in group I and pushed to just left of the median plane after 50 days of gestation. Near term (134 days), it was extended between 7th to 9th rib. Internally the reticulum showed honey comb-like folds at 107 days of intra uterine life. Originally the circular omasum was placed on the left of median plane and from 55 days onwards gradually shifted to the right side. During gestation, a cranial ascent of the omasum was noticed with its placement between 9th -11th ribs at term. &nbsp;Under stereozoom microscope, leaf-like omasal lamina was observed from 38 days of gestation. Primary, secondary, tertiary and quarterly laminae were observed on 38, 51, 55 and 87 days of gestation, respectively. Statistical analysis of the data revealed that biometrical parameters of fore stomach increased significantly with advancement of age and were highly significantly correlated with each other.</div>

Gestational variations in the macro anatomy of the fore stomach of goat&nbsp;<em>(Capra hircus)</em>

<div><strong>Background: </strong>To have a better understanding of the lympho glandular complexes (LGC) along with the histoarchitecture of large intestine and associated M cells, the proposed study have been undertaken.<br />
<br />
<strong>Methods: </strong>Present study was conducted on 12 (twelve) numbers of apparently healthy weaned crossbred piglets of 3 to 4 months irrespective of sex. After humane sacrifice of the animals with the approval of institutional animal ethics committee, the representative tissue samples were collected preserved, processed and stained as per standard methods of Luna (1968).&nbsp;&nbsp;<br />
<br />
<strong>Result: </strong>Columnar cells predominated the follicle associated epithelium (FAE) and the crypts. M cells were recorded in the follicle associated epithelium as well as in lower crypt epithelium in toluidine blue stained ultra thin sections. M cells were observed with intraepithelial lymphocyte and basally placed euchromatic nucleus. In the colon and rectum of crossbred pigs the lympho glandular complex (LGC) typically consisted of a pore like depression on surface epithelium from which extensions of mucosal glands passed through the circular gap into lamina muscularis mucosae. The lymphatic aggregation of LGC in the lamina propria and tunica submucosa showed three distinct zone viz. follicle, interfollicular area and dome area and distinct FAE could be appreciated. The epithelium lining the solitary lymphatic nodule (SLN) showed (Periodic acid-Schiff) PAS positive reaction. The mucous substance showed strong reaction in the gland in LGC and the FAE epithelium the number of goblet was less. The LGC was formed by aggregation of lymphoid follicles with invagination of crypt gland inside the follicle in the tunica sub mucosa. The follicle associated epithelium devoid of goblet cells were observed on the LGC with interspersed of diffuse migrating lymphocytes in the lamina propria. In the LGC, secondary follicle with interfollicular area was appreciated. In mesenteric lymph node the secondary follicles with inner germinal centre and outer corona could be seen in cortico medullary area. Meshwork of reticular fibers was abundantly present around the crypts in the lamina propria and in the pore like depression of LGC and around the secondary follicle. Collagen fibers could be seen surrounding the LGC and glands. Scanty collagen fibres were observed in the inter-follicular glands. Innervations of nerve fibre was observed around the lymphoid follicle and penetrating the LGC. The mucosal glands were PAS positive.</div>

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<p>Histoarchitecture of Large Intestine and Lympho Glandular Complex of Pig</p>


<div>The present study reports pathological conditions associated with Physaloptera sp. stomach worm infestation in Bengal monitor lizard (Varanus bengalensis). Four adult Bengal monitor lizards were rescued from the poachers and kept at Wild Animal Rescue and Rehabilitation Centre, Bannerghatta Biological Park, Bengaluru. Faecal samples from all were collected and examined. Physaloptera sp. ova were found in all faecal samples examined by sedimentation technique. One Bengal monitor lizard died during the period and systematically examined at necropsy for gross pathological lesions. Adult Physaloptera sp. nematodes were found to be firmly attached to the gastric mucosa causing erosive inflammatory foci. Histopathological examination of stomach revealed the presence of many immature and mature worms encapsulated within fibrous connective tissue. The intestinal villi were stunted and many cross sections of the worms could be demonstrated in the lumen. The worms also migrated to liver parenchyma and got encapsulated with fibrous connective tissue with infiltration of eosinophils in the sinusoids and the vascular tissue spaces. This seems to be the first report of Physaloptera sp. nematodiasis in Bengal monitor lizard kept under captivity for a period of 1.5 months.&nbsp;</div>


<div>Pathological Conditions Associated with Physaloptera Stomach Worm Infestation in Bengal Monitor Lizard (<em>Varanus bengalensis</em>)</div>


<div><strong>Background:</strong> The proventriculus, component of digestive system of bird secretes hydrochloric acid and pepsinogen which helps the churning of food material that takes place in ventriculus. Pepsinogen produces pepsin and it smashes the peptide bonds of amino acid of food material.&nbsp;<br />
<br />
<strong>Methods:</strong> The twelve proventriculus samples of Guinea fowl birds were fixed in 10% neutral buffered formalin and Bouin&rsquo;s fluid for &nbsp;histological procedure while chilled acetone and chilled ethanol were used as the fixatives for histochemical studies. The fresh unfixed samples were used on cryostat for studies of succinic dehydrogenase enzyme.<br />
<br />
<strong>Result:</strong> Histomorphologically the proventriculus of Guinea fowl was observed as the typical tubular component with four tunics from inside to outside as tunica mucosa, tunica sub mucosa, tunica muscularis and tunica serosa. The submucosal layer comprised with proventricular submucosal gland (PVSMG) which was encapsulated by elastic fibers. Tunica muscularis was inner longitudinal and outer circular layer, while the tunica serosa was observed with surrounding adipose tissue as the connective tissue constituent to endow the access of nutritional supply in the form of blood vessels. The luminal surface of proventricular submucosal glands has shown the significant activity of glycogen while intercalated, intralobular and interlobular ducts have exhibited the weak activity towards the same. The glandular cell rod of PVSMG, serosal layer and adjoining connective tissue with blood vessels has exhibited very weak activity of alkaline phosphatase. Mucosal folds and lumen of PVSMG has shown the weak activity of acidic phosphatase but the serosal limiting membrane has shown very weak activity.&nbsp;The succinic dehydrogenase activity was seen in the connective tissue septa of submucosal glandular cellular rods and the intense activity was observed at tunica muscularis.</div>


<div>Histomorphological and Histochemical Studies on Proventriculus in Guinea Fowl (<em>Numida meleagris</em>)</div>


<div>This study was aimed to investigate the morphology, growth, histological structure and development of the spleen of the Chinese yellow quail at different ages(from 0 to 38 weeks). The yellow Quail spleen was spherical, brownish red, located at the right dorsal of the junction of the muscle stomach and glandular stomach. The absolute quality, length and width of the spleen gradually increased with age, reaching a maximum for each of these measurements at the age of 6 weeks and then remainied unchanged between 10 and 26 weeks of age. Finally, these measurements of the spleen were no significant difference at 30 weeks of age compared to at 34 to 38 weeks (P&gt;0.05). Although, these measurements were found to gradually decrease during 30-38 weeks of age, the decrease was not obvious. The basic structure of the spleen included red pulp, white pulp and the edge area. In addition, the average area and diameter of the splenic nodules, the white pulp ellipsoid and the periarterial lymphatic sheath gradually increased, reaching maximum sizes at the age of 26 weeks. It was seen that a sustained developmental period occurred at 0-6 weeks of age and a maturation period occurred at 10-38 weeks during the development of quail spleen.</div>


Gross Anatomical, Histological, Histochemical and Scanning Electron Microscopic Examination of Glandular Stomach of Chinese Goose (Anser cygnoides)

Comparative normal 2D and 3D ultrasonograhy of stomach with advancement of age in dogs

Prenatal Histochemical Study of Stomach in Kosali Cattle

Post-ingestional effects of red chilli powder containing capsaicin in stomach of house rat, Rattus rattus: histomorphological and histoenzymic studies

Ultrasonographic examination of the stomach, duodenum and jejunum of normal adult spiti horses and Himalayan hill mules of India

Gestational variations in the macro anatomy of the fore stomach of goat (Capra hircus)

Histoarchitecture of Large Intestine and Lympho Glandular Complex of Pig

Pathological Conditions Associated with Physaloptera Stomach Worm Infestation in Bengal Monitor Lizard (Varanus bengalensis)

Histomorphological and Histochemical Studies on Proventriculus in Guinea Fowl (Numida meleagris)

Age-related histomorphological studies on the spleen of Chinese yellow quail