<div>Background: Canine parvoviral enteritis (CPVE) is a highly contagious disease of dogs of less than two years age group characterized by vomiting, haemorrhagic foul smelling diarrhoea, high grade pyrexia, dehydration and followed by death. The disease is caused by Canine parvovirus type-2 (CPV-2) and its variants, CPV-2a, 2b and 2c. Environmental and host determinants are playing an important role in the occurrence of CPVE in dogs. Limited numbers of research studies have been were conducted on the role of the determinants associated with the disease occurrence. Hence, the present study was aimed to assess the influence of host and environmental determinants associated with the incidence of CPVE in dogs. &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 
 
Methods: Retrospective data on the incidence of CPVE in Namakkal region, Tamil Nadu was collected (2017-2019) from Veterinary Clinical Complex (VCC), Veterinary College and Research Institute (VC and RI), Namakkal, Tamil Nadu and had been subjected to temporal and spatial &nbsp;clustering and regression analysis. One hundred and twenty three faecal samples were collected from dogs with clinical signs of CPVE and subjected to PCR using H primer of CPV. Cross-sectional study was used to investigate the relationship between the disease and hypothesized causal factors. Relative risk, odds ratio were used to determine the causal association. Weather data was collected for the period from 2017-2019 from Animal Feed Analytical and Quality Control Laboratory (AFAQAL), VC and RI, Namakkal to assess the relationship of disease occurrence with the environmental determinants. Multiple linear regression model was developed for prediction of CPVE by correlation of environmental determinants with the occurrence of CPVE.&nbsp; 
 
Result: Temporal analysis revealed endemic pattern of CPVE started last week of April, peaks in June and ends in August and second peak was noticed at November month. Higher incidences (&gt;70%) were noticed in males and less than 6 months age group dogs. Polymerase chain reaction for confirmation of CPV infection in dogs revealed the positivity of 70.73%. Analysis of risk factors associated with CPVE revealed that vaccination, roaming of dogs, maternal vaccination and early weaning having positive statistical association with the incidence of CPVE. Multiple linear regression model revealed that relative humidity is positively associated with the occurrence of CPVE in dogs. Vaccination of dogs against CPV and administration of boosters at regular intervals, weaning of dogs after 45 days of age are used as primary strategies for prevention of CPVE.</div>

<div>Canine Parvoviral Enteritis and Its Determinants-An Epidemiological Analysis</div>

<div style="text-align:justify">Background: The study was motivated by the lack of poultry waste management policy in Nigeria to develop better initiatives for the development of green and alternative energy sources to mitigate climate change. Multiplicities of researches have neglected the research in this area despite the environmental health concerns and benefits associated with it.&nbsp; 
 
Methods: The study was conducted in 2019. Three states with a high concentration of poultry farmers in South East Nigeria were selected. A multi-stage sampling technique was used to select poultry farmers and policy actors for the study. Data sourced from primary sources were analyzed with descriptive statistics inferential statistics and a choice experiment model.&nbsp; 
 
Result: The result from the study showed that all the farmers depended on fossil fuel for processing and preservation while only 5.79 per cent depended on biogas energy sources. In addition, the study showed that the farmers&rsquo; preference for pollution control was significantly determined by pollution fee (p&lt;0.01), biogas subsidy (p&lt;0.01), technical standard (p&lt;0.01) and manure handling rate (p&lt;0.01) and the manure market (p&lt;0.01). The result of the interaction of the coefficient of variable showed that socio-economic characteristics were significantly determined by education (p&lt;0.05) and environmental condition assessment (p&lt;0.01). The study suggests the incorporation of biogas subsidy in the national subsidy framework to attract the deserved attention from farmers, private and public on the economic and health benefits of environmental protection.</div>

Economics of Poultry Waste Management Policy in South East Nigeria: Exploring the Determinants using Choice Experiment Model

Background: The particular attention in recent years on high nutritional quality food is increasing because of its health benefits. Tomato, which a common fruit in different regions of Syria, is one of these foods. It contains plentiful antioxidant compounds, including lycopene. Lycopene plays a very significant role in human health and nutrition; it is considered a strong antioxidant due to its ability to trap singlet oxygen and remove the peroxyl radical.&nbsp; This study aims to quantify of lycopene content of fresh tomatoes in Syria and determine the best analytical method (solvent for separation by HPLC) for separation by HPLC. 
 
Methods: Tomatoes from different Syrian regions were quantitatively analyzed for the detection of lycopene, using reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography through isocratic elution and UV detection. Many mobile phases were under experiments in order to maximum achievement the lycopene separation. 
 
Result: An Analytical method for determination of lycopene in Syrian tomato samples was optimized and the proper solvent for separation and determination of lycopene in Syrian tomato samples was (MeOH/propanol/THF) (15:65:20). The lycopene content in Syrian tomatoes ranged from 55.94 to 103.70 &igrave;g/g, this disparity was attributed to many genetic and environmental factors. 
 
This study suggests that Syrian tomato is rich source of lycopene and a major provenance of this powerful antioxidant and can be considered as a possible alternative to antioxidative supplements.&nbsp; 

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Optimizing Analytical Methods to Determine Lycopene Levels in Syrian Tomatoes from Various Regions

Background: Agroforestry, which integrates timber with agricultural crops or livestock, is a globally recognized sustainable land management strategy. Hence, this research examines agroforestry in Saharanpur, India, alongside insights from Brazil and Indonesia, to assess their socio-economic and environmental benefits. The objective is to demonstrate how various agroforestry models can enhance farm productivity, income generation and environmental sustainability across diverse agricultural landscapes. 
 
Methods: A qualitative approach was adopted to evaluate the socio-economic and environmental benefits of agroforestry. This research focuses on agroforestry practices in Saharanpur, India and compares them with practices in Brazil and Indonesia. Data collection includes case studies, existing literature and research reports. Primary data were collected through survey-based questionnaires, and field observations with farmers, agricultural experts, and stakeholders. 
 
Result: The analysis discovered full-size profitability of agroforestry models in Saharanpur, particularly the ones based totally on poplar, with high Benefit-Cost Ratios (BCRs). In Brazil, integration of coffee and cocoa with native timber presented massive economic benefits, whilst in Indonesia, mixtures of wooden species with commodities and end result generated varied earnings sources. Environmental advantages consisting of soil restoration, biodiversity conservation and carbon sequestration have been determined across all areas.

&nbsp;

Comparative Economic Analysis and Environmental Benefits of Agroforestry Systems: A Case Study from Saharanpur, India with Global Perspectives

<div style="text-align:justify">Background: Legumes are the second among all the families in terms of varieties and Vicia genus is the third genus within the Leguminosae family. The germination and emergence rates decrease due to some reasons such as non-homogeneous genetic structure of seed or effect of environmental factors on it. For this reason, some quality problems occur. Quality enhancing applications are performed for seeds to have the desired quality levels in seeds and eliminate the problems. The aim of the present study was to determine the viability of Vicia freyniana Bornm. seeds by different priming treatments. For this purpose, the effect of different chemicals in different doses and periods and at what rate the hot water treatment would affect testa dormancy were studied. &nbsp; Methods: This study was conducted in Uşak University Agriculture and Natural Sciences Faculty Research laboratory in 2019. An investigation was conducted to determine the effects of the priming treatments (Soaking and imbibation; 2, 4 and 6% doses of NaCl, CaCl2 and KNO3 salts and 75, 100 and 125 ppm doses of GA3) on seeds of Vicia freyniana Bornm. In the study, the germination rate (%), germination speed (day), germination index (day) and EC values (&micro;S/cm g-1) of the V. freyniana seeds were determined. &nbsp; Result: The highest germination rates were obtained from 2% of CaCl2 and 75 ppm of GA3 treatments and the fastest germination was observed in KNO3 treatment. From the study, it is concluded that 2% dose of CaCl2 and 75 ppm dose of GA3 should be preferred in V. freyniana seeds and the impregnation technique should be preferred among priming methods due to its high germination performance.</div>

<div style="text-align:justify">Determination of Different Priming Applications on Vicia freyniana Bronm. Seeds Viability Parametres</div>

<div>Background: River water and its faunal diversity are regarded as an integral part of the environmental stability and river ecosystem. To know the abundance and diversity of fin fishes in relation to their environmental parameters, a hilly river Umtrew in Meghalaya and Assam was investigated during January, 2019 to December, 2020.&nbsp; 
 
Methods: Fish, plankton and water samples were collected regularly at monthly intervals for a period of 24 months. Standard protocols were followed for analysis of the collected samples. 
 
Result: A total of 49 fish species under 36 genera, 20 families and 10 orders were recorded. Among them Cypriniformes (42%) is the dominated order followed by Siluriformes (24%). As per IUCN status 1 species falls under critically endangered, 4 species are near threatened, 2 species under vulnerable and 42 species are of least concern. A significant correlation between species distribution and environmental variables was also reported. Our findings clearly oppose the tendency for species composition to increase from the source to the mouth of the river, which is probably prohibited by two major anthropogenic activities. These activities could constitute in the future a real threat for the fish population and other aquatic organisms.</div>

​Fish Diversity, Conservation Status and its Relationships with Environmental Variables in Umtrew River System, Northeast, India

<div>Land management problems like soil erosion; overgrazing and deforestation have steadily increased in Ethiopia including the study area North Gondar Zone. Thus, the main objective of this study is to assess the determinants of crop land management practices in north Gondar zone. Both qualitative and quantitative types of data were collected from primary and secondary sources. In this study, to get representative sample from different agro ecologies a stratified simple random sampling technique was employed to select sample household heads. Finally, a total of 120 household heads were drawn through simple random sampling technique proportionally to size form the sample kebeles. To analyze the determinants of land management practices multinomial logit model was used. The findings of this study indicated that from the total variables included in the model only six variables are found to significantly affect the choice of crop land management strategies. The significant variables include age of the household head, education level, access to mass media, amount of income, farm distance and the frequency of extension contact. Thus, any concerned bodies should strengthen rural households&rsquo; mass media coverage and advisory services.</div>

<div>Determinants of Crop Land Management Practices: The Case of North Gondar Zone, North West Ethiopia</div>

<div style="text-align: justify;">he aims were to identify the body weight of the several age groups in Norduz lambs and its correlations between these traits were to determine the best non-linear growth curve models for the growth performance of the Norduz sheep breed. A total of 91 male and female of Norduz lambs were evaluated under extensive system conditions. The least square means for weights at birth and at 15, 30, 45, 60, 75, 90, 105, 120, 135, 150, 165, 180, 195 and 210 days of age periods were 4.51&plusmn;0.56, 9.28&plusmn;0.25, 11.14&plusmn;0.29, 14.99&plusmn;0.37, 18.21&plusmn;0.43, 22.54&plusmn;0.54, 22.33&plusmn;0.25, 23.59&plusmn;0.54, 25.58&plusmn;0.55, 28.07&plusmn;0.58, 29.45&plusmn;0.60, 29.98&plusmn;0.84, 32.44&plusmn;0.61, 32.03&plusmn;0.59 and 31.45&plusmn;0.57 kg, respectively. There were differences in favor of lambs of four-year old dams at 15 days of age and also lambs born single at 90 days of age for the body weight. The effect of weight of dam at birth, 30, 45, 60 days of age was significant (P&lt; 0.05-P&lt;0.01) and the birth weight in lambs importantly effected the weights at 15, 30, and 45 days of age. &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;All correlations between the body weights of several age periods were significant as statistical (P&lt;0.01). As for the growth models, distinguished models were compared using the coefficient of determination and mean square error for both sexes. As a result, we concluded that von Bertalanffy model were the best model in comparison with the other models for biological growth curves in Norduz male and female lambs.</div>

Effects of some factors on growth of lambs and the determination of growth curve models

The aim &nbsp;of this study is &nbsp;to investigate &nbsp;the behaviors of &nbsp;and monitor the changes &nbsp;on behaviors of Japanese quails reared in different stocking density, through using different objects, (small red balls, bunch of rope, mirrors and beads) providing &nbsp;environmental enrichment (EE) in the cages of &nbsp;quails. Six hundred of 1 day old Japanese quail chicks (mixed sex) were used in this study. Birds were reared in battery cages with four floors, each of which has two separations. The quails were placed in cage dimension in the quantities of 10 quails (lower density: LD) and of 20 quails (higher density: HD) per separation. Our hypothesis was that EE would improve the welfare of quails. The birds were observed in their cages naturally in accordance with one-zero sampling, and home cage avoidance test was performed for these birds. While the applications have significant effect on feeding and relaxation behaviors (P&lt;0.05 levels) in LD environment, the effect of comfort, social and other behaviors was realized at P&lt;0.01 levels in the same environment. However in HD environment, only rest behavior was affected significantly in P&lt;0.05 level, the other properties were affected in P&lt;0.01 levels. The live weights weren&rsquo;t affected from EE (for LD, P=0.134 and for HD P=0.216). It was determined in the result of this study that the objects hung in the quail cages had potential effect to improve the welfare of quails.

The effects of environmental enrichment objects on behaviors of&nbsp;Japanese quails at different cage stocking densities

<div>Background: One of the most well-known and widespread bacterial pathogens, Staphylococcus aureus, causes hundreds of thousands to millions of more harmful, invasive infections each year in addition to an unusual number of uncomplicated skin infections. 
 
Methods: A total number of 168 clinical and environmental samples of Staphylococcus aureus were characterized by morphological, microscopical and biochemical testing and VITEK&reg; 2 Compact. All identified clinical isolates were 100% resistant to Penicillin and also highly resistant to Erythromycin 97.5% and higher sensitivity to Chloramphenicol 95%. Environmental isolates were 100% resistant to penicillin and 65% to erythromycin; the ciprofloxacin had a higher sensitivity percentage of 100%. Environmental isolates showed 80% multidrug resistance, while clinical isolates showed 100%.&nbsp; 
 
Result: All the identified isolates were subjected to detection of nuc and 16S rRNA genes using PCR, and all isolates were found to harbor nuc and 16SrRNA genes. By using the nucleotide sequence of the 16S rRNA gene region, two new local isolates were obtained and registered in GenBank. Blast Tool in the Geneious software was used to draw Distance Tree. A novel local strain of S. aureus isolated from clinical sources (MIM2022) was genetically closely associated with a novel local strain of S. aureus isolated from environmental sources (MIM2023); based on genetic distance, clinical isolate (MIM2022) was genetically homologous with environmental isolate (MIM2023), indicating that Environmental and clinical isolates likely belong to the same strain. Studies show that isolates of S. aureus can move between different niches.</div>

Canine Parvoviral Enteritis and Its Determinants-An Epidemiological Analysis

Economics of Poultry Waste Management Policy in South East Nigeria: Exploring the Determinants using Choice Experiment Model

Optimizing Analytical Methods to Determine Lycopene Levels in Syrian Tomatoes from Various Regions

Comparative Economic Analysis and Environmental Benefits of Agroforestry Systems: A Case Study from Saharanpur, India with Global Perspectives

Determination of Different Priming Applications on Vicia freyniana Bronm. Seeds Viability Parametres

Fish Diversity, Conservation Status and its Relationships with Environmental Variables in Umtrew River System, Northeast, India

Determinants of Crop Land Management Practices: The Case of North Gondar Zone, North West Ethiopia

Effects of some factors on growth of lambs and the determination of growth curve models

The effects of environmental enrichment objects on behaviors of Japanese quails at different cage stocking densities

Identification and Characterization of Staphylococcus aureus 16s rRNA Gene Isolate from Environmental and Clinical Sources