<div>Background: Chickpea is mainly grown on marginal lands and encounter the problem of erratic rainfall that causes lack of water availability especially at terminal growth stages. Exploration of yield stability and defining the adaptation domains of advance genotypes in different ecosystem is highly imperative for crop genetic improvement programs. Development of variety with high yield potential and stable under irrigated condition is one of the major objectives of chickpea improvement programme, which can be achieved by improving selection efficiency with estimating stability parameters. Ten chickpea genotypes as advance breeding lines and popular varieties were evaluated to assess seed yield stability under irrigated condition during rabi 2021-22. 
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Methods: Experiments were conducted in randomized block design with three replications at five different locations of Karnataka i.e. Bidar, Kalaburagi, Bheemarayanagudi, Raichur and Hagari. The interaction analysis (AMMI ANOVA) indicates large variations for seed yield due to highly significant (p&lt;0.01) environment (65.42%) and significant (p&lt;0.05) genotype (10.03%), thus the genotypes were diverse with large sum of squares for seed yield and environment. 
 
Result: The differential response of chickpea genotypes for seed yield across the environments was observed. IPCA1 and IPCA2 together captured 12.97 per cent of the interaction mean squares RG-2016-134 and KCD-2019-05 showed higher mean yields and adaptable to favourable environments. Based on AMMI bi-plot analysis, genotypes (KCD-2019-05 and Super Annigeri-1) were stable and (DC-17-1111 and RG-2016-134) were unstable. Similarly, best performer genotypes and three mega environments were noticed through the analysis. Three environments i.e., (Bidar, Kalaburagi and Raichur) were found with most selective for seed yield estimation. The genotypes (RGV-203, KCD-2019-02 and Super Annigeri-1) were the best among all the ten tested genotypes in terms of seed yield stability.</div>

Genotype x Environment Interaction and Stability Analysis for Seed Yield in Desi Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) under Irrigated Condition

<div>Background: Genotype environment interaction plays vital role in animal productivity. Heat stress is one of the major environmental stressor affecting milk production and measured in terms of temperature humidity index (THI). Indian milk industry largely depends on crossbred cows bearing different degree of exotic inheritance. Thus, the role of genotype (genetic group) of the crossbred cows and environment (THI) interaction plays vital role in Indian climate which is mostly tropical in nature. Therefore, study was undertaken to examine the existence of genetic group &times; THI in crossbred dairy cows reared at institute herd of ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Eastern Regional Station, Kalyani, West Bengal.&nbsp; 
 
Methods: A total of 12364 records each of monthly milk yield (MMY) and average daily milk yield in a month (AMY) of crossbred cows spanned over twenty two years (1994-2015) and weather parameters(temperature and relative humidity) for the corresponding years were collected from institute records. The data were classified into 8 genetic groups according to the genetic composition and 3 THI groups (THI &lt;72, THI 72-78 and THI above 78). The interaction model was used to study the G&times;E interaction study using least squares analysis.&nbsp; 
 
Result: Effect of non-genetic factors (parity, period of calving and stage of lactation) was found to be highly significant (P&lt;0.01) and genetic group &times; THI was significant (P&lt;0.05) of on both MMY and AMY. Genetic group bearing 50% Jersey and 50% Red Sindhi or Tharparkar were the most heat tolerant breeds. Jersey crossbred cows were more heat tolerant than Holstein crossbred cows. Crossbred cows with 50% Jersey inheritance performed better than higher Jersey inheritance during periods of THI above 72.</div>

Genotype Environment Interaction on Milk Production Traits of Crossbred Dairy Cows under Tropical Climatic Condition of India

Mulches modify hydrothermal regime, recycles plant nutrients, promote crop development and increase yields. The impact of straw mulch and different doses of recommended nitrogen was studied on soil microbial flora, soil physico-chemical properties and plant growth parameters of potato at different time intervals under field conditions. Maximum bacterial population (75&times; 107 cfu g-1 soil), plant growth promoting rhizobacteria count (63&times; 105 cfu g-1 soil) and fungal population (69&times; 103 cfu g-1 soil) were observed with the treatment having rice straw mulch @ 6 tonnes/ha and 100% N-level while diazotrophic count (42&times; 105 cfu g-1 soil) was found with treatment having mulch (6t) but no nitrogen fertilizer at 30 DAS. Mulched soil samples gave statistically higher microbial population. The soil pH and the electrical conductivity of soil were not significantly affected by the different applications. A slight improvement in soil organic content was observed in mulched (0.32%) over unmulched (0.24%) soil samples at 90 DAS. The mineral nitrogen content of soil i.e. ammonical (235.2 kg/ha) and nitrate (156.8 k/ha) nitrogen were greatly affected at 90 DAS by mulching and higher doses of nitrogen fertilization. The altered microbial population helps in improving the various growth parameters of potato plants. Maximum chlorophyll content (1.84 mg/g), maximum dry root-shoot biomass (0.7 g/pl and 5.8 g/pl) and maximum yield (366.8 q/ha) were observed with the treatment having mulch and 100% N-level. It is also concluded that mulch increased the minimum soil temperature by 2-30C and lower down the maximum by 2 to 80C.

Effect of mulching on soil environment, microbial flora&nbsp;and growth of potato under field conditions

<div>68 kabuli chickpea lines were studied for different traits to know the role of genotype x environment (G&times;E) interaction and analyze stability under high temperature across the normal, late and very late planting dates at JNKVV,Jabalpur during rabi 2014-15. Differences among genotypes were significant for all traits; G&times;E interaction showed significant differences for days to maturity and seed yield. Variance due to environment found significant for all characters except days to maturity.GXE interaction(linear) exhibited significant differences for days to maturity and seed yield. Pooled deviation found significant for seed yield. Promising lines viz., CSJK46, PhuleG0517, ICCV13310, ICCV13312,FLIP-07-236C,FLIP-07-283C,FLIP-07-286C,JGK1,JGK 25 and JGK 26 found stable for most of the characters and may be grown under wide range of environments including high temperature conditions. ICCV13312 and JGK26 found highly stable with mean values greater than grand mean and regression coefficient lesser than one with deviation from regression minimum. GenotypesHK10-109,IPCK2009-145, CSJK4, PKV4, ICCV13306, ICCV13303, JGK24, JGK23 and JGK3 found most promising lines in minimum yield reduction in all planting dates.</div>

<div>Genotype &times; Environment (GxE) interaction and stability analysis of diverse elite kabuli chickpea lines for phenological and yield related traits under normal and heat stress environment</div>

<div style="text-align: justify;">Environment is an important aspect of plant ecology and global environmental change is of major concern that is caused by natural and human activities which alter greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere. The increase in concentration of greenhouse gases is foreseen to continue to raise average global temperature. Elevated concentration of carbon dioxide with increased temperature influences the plant-disease interactions. The environment has an influence over the development as well as temporal and spatial dissemination of plant diseases. The result of change in environment can either be favorable, non favorable or impartial, as these changes can either lessen, expand or have no influence on diseases as each disease may be attributed differently to these variations in accordance to an area or time of year. Variation in environmental conditions is said to be influencing plants in natural ecosystems all around the world and change in climate directly impacts crops, along with their synergy in accordance with the microbial population. The important elements governing magnification and spread of plant diseases are temperature, moisture, light and carbon dioxide concentration. Environment change causes a significant impact on germination, reproduction, sporulation, spore dispersal, along with perforation by pathogens as a vulnerable host will not be invaded by a pernicious pathogen if the environmental conditions are not facilitative for disease. The environment influences all life stages of host as well as that of a pathogen and as a result induces an opposition to various pathosystems. Resistance mechanisms of plants, including effector-triggered immunity (ETI), pattern-triggered immunity (PTI) and defence network of hormones, are particularly influenced by environmental elements. Pathogenic virulence mechanisms like fabrication of virulence proteins and toxins, and also spore germination and survival are governed by factors such as atmospheric carbon dioxide, temperature and humidity. A large number of in-vitro experiments to understand interactions between plants and pathogens rely on predetermined pathosystems by making use of ascertained environmental conditions which take into consideration relatively small part of vital plant&ndash;pathogen&ndash;environment interactions occurring in natural ecosystem. Thus, there is a need to research effectiveness of disease management strategies that is, to assess current management strategies to understand multifaceted nature of environment-pathogen interactions for production of crops that are irrepressible to environment change.</div>

Environment-Pathogen Interaction in Plant Diseases

<div>Background: AMMI analysis showed that genotype, environment and genotype-environment interaction had a highly significant variation for 20 wheat genotypes analyzed over four environments. ASV ranking revealed G15 (RVW-4275) as a stable genotype while G3 (RVW-4263) and G9 (RVW-4269) as unstable genotypes. GGE biplot analysis for environment interrelationship revealed that E1 (Irrigated timely sown), E2 (Restricted irrigation timely sown) were correlated forming one group and E3 (Irrigated late sown), E4 (Restricted irrigation late sown) were correlated forming another group. Polygon view showed that G9 (RVW-4269) was found stable and better performing in E1, G12 (RVW-4272) was stable under the E2 environment and G3 (RVW-4263) was stable in E3. Ideal genotype graph with concentric circles having ideal genotype at the center and genotypes G12(RVW-4272), G18(RVW-4278), G13(RVW-4273), G11(RVW-4271), G10 (RVW4270) present in a concentric circle close to the center can to considered as stable and desirable genotypes. 
 
Methods: In the present study the plant material comprised of 20 wheat genotypes. These genotypes were randomly allocated in different replication under different environmental condition. The field trial was evaluated at four different environments viz., E1- Irrigated timely sown, E2- Restricted irrigation is timely sown (RI- 2 irrigation), E3- Irrigated late sown, E4- Restricted irrigation late sown during Rabi season of 2016-2017 at research farms, college of agriculture, Gwalior, MP. The genotype main effects and genotype &times; environment interaction effects (GGE) model and additive main effects and multiplicative interaction (AMMI) model were two statistical approaches used to determine stable genotype in R software. 
 
Result: Highly significant difference was seen for genotype and G&times;E interaction in our study, revealing that genotype yield output was highly impacted by G&times;E. In all four environments and G3, G9 as unstable genotypes in all four environments, ASV ranking revealed G15 as a stable genotype. For further breeding, these genotypes G12, G18, G13, G11, G2, G10 and G15 may be used to grow genotypes adapted to conditions of partial irrigation or drought stress.</div>

<div>AMMI and GGE Biplot Analysis for G&times;E Interaction of Wheat Genotypes under Different Irrigation and Sowing Condition</div>

<div>Background: Variety development is a continuous process that caters for the ever changing farmer crop growing conditions. Changing climatic conditions, soil fertility conditions, crop disease and pest regimes as well as farmer agronomic practices require that new varieties adapted to new practices be availed to growers so that they continue to get high yields. Initial variety development processes are carried out by the breeder, usually on station and usually involves aggregation of traits of interest into a genotype with little or no information about the response of the genotype to different farmer cropping situations. However, before the varieties can be recommended to growers, they need to be evaluated in multi-environment trials (MET) in order to identify varieties with broad adaptation for general recommendation and those with specific adaptation for targeted environment production. &nbsp; 
 
Methods: In order to evaluate the adaptation and stability of newly developed tobacco varieties to three growing locations in Zimbabwe, seven varieties were evaluated in a randomised complete block design with three replicates at Kutsaga Research Station near Harare, Trelawney and Tengwe over three seasons ranging from 2013 to 2015. &nbsp; 
 
Result: The study results showed significant differences among the varieties and locations tested for saleable yield (P&lt;0.05). Of all the varieties tested, T76 was the most stable showing consistently high performance across the seasons and locations tested followed by T75. However, ETH03 was the least stable variety of them all. Unlike what is currently believed in the tobacco industry in Zimbabwe, the variety K RK26 is no longer the most broadly adapted. Based on the study results, the varieties, T76, T75 and ETH06 are stable and, therefore, recommended for growing across the whole of the tobacco farming belt in Zimbabwe.</div>

<div style="text-align:justify">Stability and Adaptation of New Tobacco Varieties to Three Growing Areas under Rain Fed Conditions in Zimbabwe</div>

Background: Drought is a major problem reducing agronomic crop production worldwide. Increasing the genetic potential of yield in water deficit condition is one of the major objectives of durum wheat breeding programs in world. 
 
Methods: In this study, 20 genotypes of durum wheat (Triticum durum Desf.) were assessed in both water-stressed and well-watered environments for 2 years i.e. 2017-18 to 2018-19 rabi season. In each environment, each genotype was sown in four rows of 2.5-meter length and 20 cm apart using a randomized complete block design with two replications. Eight drought tolerance indices were applied based on grain yield in drought stress (Ys) and normal irrigation (Yp) conditions. Highly significant differences for yield (Yp and Ys) and all drought tolerance indices were observed indicating differences in genotypes for genes controlling yield and drought tolerance indices. 
 
Result: High yield values in non-stress and stress environments were exhibited by genotypes GW 1339 (8254.29 kg ha-1, 2970.83 kg ha-1) followed by GW 2017-864 (7512.50 kg ha-1&nbsp;2756.25 kg ha-1) and HI 8737(7186.47 kg ha-1, 2845.83 kg ha-1). It is remarkable that the genotypes GW 1339, GW 2017-864 and HI 8737 had high performances in both stressed and non-stressed conditions for grain yield. The maximum value of STI (0.576), HARM (4329.06) GMP (4922.03), MP (5612.56) and YI (1.28) indices was manifested by genotype GW 1339. Based on different drought indices, genotypes GW 1339, GW 2017-864 and HI 8737were found promising for drought tolerant than the other genotypes. The STI, HARM, GMP and MP indices, which were strong positive and significantly correlated to the grain yields in both favorable and drought stress environments, were introduced as the best indices, indicating effectiveness of these indices in identifying high yielding lines under drought stress as well as non-stress conditions. Association studies indicated that there was a positive and non-significant correlation between (Yp) and (Ys) was observed. The SSI index exhibited a negative correlation with the yield (Ys) under stress environment.&nbsp;Results of association studies showed that STI, HARM, GMP and MP indices were able to discriminate between drought-sensitive and drought-tolerant durum wheat genotypes.&nbsp;Principal components analysis showed two components which explained 99% variation.

Assessment of Durum Wheat Genotypes by Drought Tolerance Indices under Drought and Normal Condition

Background: The wheat crop plays a crucial role in Nepal&rsquo;s agricultural economy. This study aims to evaluate the performance and stability of various wheat genotypes under different environmental conditions, with the goal of identifying the most stable and adaptable genotype.&nbsp; 
 
Methods: The experiments was conducted across five environments using 20 wheat genotypes in alpha lattice design with two replications at Bhairahawa, Nepal. 
 
Result: The most significant yield reduction, of 86.37%, occurred under drought conditions compared to irrigated ones, where NL_1447 recorded the highest yield of 5943 kg/ha under irrigated conditions. The average yield of wheat genotypes under irrigated,rainfed,drought,heat stress rainfed and heat stress irrigated environments were 4770,1520,650,1952 and 3049 kg/ha, respectively. Analysis of variance indicated that grain yield variation was significantly explained by genotype, environmentand genotype &acute;environment interaction, accounting for 2.27%, 91.6% and 6.1%, respectively. NL_1504 was particularly well-suited to irrigated conditions, NL_1488 to heat stress irrigated conditionsand Bhrikuti to heat stress rainfed conditions.&nbsp;

Expression and Performance of Nepalese Wheat Genotypes under Irrigated and Multiple Abiotic Stress Conditions

<div>Background: Fenugreek is grown under various agro-climatic conditions of the world as well as in India. However, overall yield and quality depends upon various quantitative characters that exist during crop growth period. Therefore, this study aimed to find out the character association and path coefficient analysis among the seed yield and yield contributing characters in fenugreek genotype. 
 
Methods: Thirty genotypes were sown with three replications under two environments namely normal (E1) and limited (E2) irrigation conditions during Rabi season 2019-20. The experiment was laid down in RBD. 
 
Result: The genotypic and phenotypic correlations were exhibited significantly positive for number of pods per plant (0.765, 0.725 and 0.670, 0.651), number of seeds per pod (0.705, 0.650 and 0.666, 0.640) and pod length (0.376, 0.348 and 0.351, 0.327) with seed yield per plant in both the environments i.e. E1 and E2. The highest direct effect on seed yield per plant was observed for number of pods per plant (0.693, 0.602 and 1.030, 0.754), number of seed per pod (0.396, 0.378 and 0.490, 0.421) and test weight (0.338, 0.304 and 0.405, 0.368) at genotypic and phenotypic levels in both environments i.e. E1 and E2.&nbsp;</div>

Character Association and Path Coefficient Analysis of Certain Biometrical Traits among Fenugreek Genotypes under Different Environmental Conditions

Genotype x Environment Interaction and Stability Analysis for Seed Yield in Desi Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) under Irrigated Condition

Genotype Environment Interaction on Milk Production Traits of Crossbred Dairy Cows under Tropical Climatic Condition of India

Effect of mulching on soil environment, microbial flora and growth of potato under field conditions

Genotype × Environment (GxE) interaction and stability analysis of diverse elite kabuli chickpea lines for phenological and yield related traits under normal and heat stress environment

Environment-Pathogen Interaction in Plant Diseases

AMMI and GGE Biplot Analysis for G×E Interaction of Wheat Genotypes under Different Irrigation and Sowing Condition

Stability and Adaptation of New Tobacco Varieties to Three Growing Areas under Rain Fed Conditions in Zimbabwe

Assessment of Durum Wheat Genotypes by Drought Tolerance Indices under Drought and Normal Condition

Expression and Performance of Nepalese Wheat Genotypes under Irrigated and Multiple Abiotic Stress Conditions

Character Association and Path Coefficient Analysis of Certain Biometrical Traits among Fenugreek Genotypes under Different Environmental Conditions