<div>A field experiment was carried out during kharif season of 2016 and 2017 at an experimental farm of MACS Agharkar Research Institute, Pune, India to study the influence of foliar application of nutrient on growth, yield, economics, soil nutritional status and nutrient uptake of soybean crop. An experiment was laid out in randomized block design (RBD) comprising of three replications and nine treatments. Recommended dose of fertilizers (RDF) was applied as basal application to all treatments. Seven treatments consisted of different doses of nutrients as foliar application at pod initiation stage. Water spray at pod initiation stage and RDF alone were treated as control. The results revealed that, growth attributes, nodulation and its weight, morpho-physiological parameters, yield and its attributes, nutritional parameters and economics significantly differed by various foliar nutrition treatments except control and RDF + water spray. RDF + Urea 2% (3098 kg ha-1) gave significantly higher seed yield over control (2704 kg ha-1) and RDF + water spray (2686 kg ha-1) but was at par with RDF + DAP 2% (3050 kg ha-1), RDF + MOP 0.5% (2992 kg ha-1) and RDF + Molybdenum 0.5% (2955 kg ha-1). The increase in seed yield with foliar application of 2% Urea along with RDF was 14.57% over control and 15.34% over RDF + water spray. Higher net returns (Rs. 49,006/- ha-1) and benefit: cost ratio (2.23:1) was obtained in treatment RDF + Urea 2% followed by RDF + DAP 2% foliar spray. Availability of N, P and K was significantly higher with treatment RDF + Urea 2% foliar spray over control and RDF + water spray. N and P uptake by soybean plants was significantly higher in treatment RDF + 2% Urea over RDF + water spray and RDF alone (control).</div>

<div>Influence of Foliar Application of Nutrient on Growth, Yield, Economics, Soil Nutritional Status and Nutrient Uptake of Soybean</div>

<div>An experiment was conducted to evaluate the varying organic and inorganic nutrient sources on fodder cowpea [Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.] in the kharif of 2017 at ICAR- NDRI, Karnal. The result revealed that application of 100% RDF (N,P,K) along with biofertilizers (rhizobium, PSB, potassium and zinc solubilizer bacteria) (T6) gave significantly (P&lt;0.05) higher in plant height (204.6 cm), primary branches (6.1), root length (24.47 cm), green matter yield (334.5 q ha-1), CGR (8.13 g m-2 day-1), RGR (4.68 g g-1 day-1), K content (1.45%) in plant, P uptake (23.01 kg ha-1) and K uptake (86.04 kg ha-1) and available Zn status (0.465 ppm) in soil, after harvesting of the crop. However, N content (2.93%) in plant, N uptake (172.51 kg ha-1) and Zn uptake (192.03 g ha-1) was maximum with the application of 66.67% RDF along with biofertilizers consortium (T7). Application of 100% RDF along with PSB (T3) recorded highest number of nodule (33), P content in plant (0.389%) and available P status (24.76 g ha-1) in soil, after harvest. Further studies that, available N status (208.03 kg h-1), K status (221.27 kg ha-1) in soil, after harvest and Zn content (33.31 ppm) in plant were significantly higher with these treatments like T8 -15 N, 60 P2O5, 40 K2O kg ha-1 along with rhizobium, T4 -100% RDF along with K solubilizer and T11 -FYM 5 t ha -1 with biofertilizers, respectively. In context of the economics of fodder cowpea production, highest gross return (Rs. 53525 ha-1) was obtained from T6 while maximum net return (Rs. 31351 ha-1) and benefit-cost ratio (1.45) were worked out maximum with the treatment T7.</div>

Effect of Organic and Inorganic Nutrient Sources on Growth, Yield, Nutrient Uptake and Economics of Fodder Cowpea [Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.]

<div>Background: Green gram is one of the ancient and third important conventional pulse crop cultivated throughout India and acclimatized over wide range of agro-climatic zones for its multipurpose uses. Furthermore, imbalanced and inappropriate use of inorganic nutrients worsened the soil resource base by reducing the population of beneficial micro-organisms and also deteriorated the quality of the crops. Increased health consciousness among the masses has augmented the demand for safe and quality foods for which a comprehensive food production technology needs to be developed with emphasises on quality enhancement and yield stability. In fact, it is not affordable for an average Indian farmer to jump immediately from inorganic source of nutrients to organics in their crop production as it may lead to unbearable drastic reduction in crop yields in the initial years. This may become possible through the progressive substitution of organic sources of nutrients in place of in organics to meet crop nutrient requirement for attaining higher and stable crop yield of better quality with an improvement in soil health. Therefore, the present study was carried out to evaluate the effects of differential substitution of nutrients through organics on growth, yield, quality, nutrient uptake and economics of green gram in Shiwalik foothill region. 
 
Methods: In this field experiment conducted during summer 2016 and 2017, at SKUAST-Jammu, Main Campus Chatha with green gram variety SML-668 on sandy clay loam soil. The experiment was laid out in randomized block design with sixteen treatments during both the years using recommended package and practices. 
 
Result: The result of the study concluded that RDF and 75% NPK +25% N through Vermicompost and FYM (1:1) were adjudged as the best treatments with regard to crop growth parameters, yield and yield attributes, net returns and benefit cost ratio where as highest crop quality traits were realized where in 100% N was substituted through FYM followed by Vermicompost and Vermicompost and FYM (1:1). Treatment 100% N was substituted through FYM was adjudged as the best treatment in improving crop quality traits and soil properties. Further, for substitution of nutrients, green gram, for immediate shifting from in organics to organics combination of Vermicompost and FYM (1:1) can be the best option for early realization of yield at par with recommended dose of fertilizer.</div>

<div>Effect of Differential Substitution of Nutrients through Organics on Growth, Quality, Nutrient Uptake and Economics of Green Gram (Vigna radiata) in Shiwalik Foothill Region</div>

<div>Maize, referred as Queen of cereals is the third most important cereal crop after rice and wheat in India. Maize serves as both human food as well as animal feed and for. Productivity of maize can be increased by proper nutrient management practices. Maize is a zinc responsive crop and found deficient in soils. Zinc as an essential micronutrient that has significant role in basic plant metabolic processes and enhances the growth, yield and quality of maize by stimulating chlorophyll production, photosynthetic activity, nutrient uptake and protein biosynthesis. The zinc application to maize crop either by seed treatment, soil application or by foliar spray by using inorganics have shown significant impact on growth, yield, nutrient uptake, quality and economics from investigations of &nbsp; eminent researchers with increasing trend in productivity. Application of zinc at 20-25 kg ha-1 to maize gave maximum grain yield (7500 kg ha-1) and benefit cost ratio (2.4) in maize.</div>

<div>Effect of Zinc Application on Growth, Yield Parameters, Nutrient Uptake, Yield and Economics of Maize</div>

Background: One of the main reasons for India&rsquo;s decreased food production is the depletion of soil fertility. The primary causes of soil deterioration are lack of awareness among farmers and lack of land use regulations. By limiting the erosion and enhancing the nutrients available to the crops, conservation agriculture increases the organic matter content of the soil and contributes to the improvement of field conditions. But compared to conventional agriculture, the practise of conservation agriculture is less advanced. And also there is a dearth of research on the use of crop residues for the management of soil fertility. So this study was undertaken in order to examine the impacts of crop residue, inorganic fertilizers and cropping system as a component of an integrated crop residues and fertility management system on nutrient uptake and net returns of greengram. 
 
Methods: The experiment consists of strip plot design and was carried out during 2020-21 and 2021-22 under zero till conditions at college farm, Rajendranagar, PJTSAU to study the effect of previous crop residues and fertility levels on succeeding greengram.&nbsp; 
 
Result: According to the data, greengram absorbed more nutrients at various growing stages. The residual effect of incorporation of residues treated with microbial consortia composed of Trichoderma viridae, Aspergillus awamori and Phanerocheate spp. along with 300:100:100 kg ha-1 of N, P2O5 and K2O (125% RDF) and phosphorous supplied in the form of single super phosphate (SSP) resulted in significantly higher financial returns. In greengram, residue incorporated plots outperformed residue burning, removal and retention plots with 125% RDF in terms of nutrient uptake, as well as monetary returns like gross returns, net returns and B:C ratio. In a similar vein, yield in residue-incorporated plots was higher than it was in residue-removal and in-situ burning plots during summer, 2021 and 2022.

Nutrient Uptake and Economics of Summer Greengram as Influenced by Residual Effect of Paddy Residues and Fertility Levels

<div>Background: A field experiment was conducted during two consecutive Rabi (winter) seasons of 2016-17 and 2017-18 at Sardarkrushinagar Dantiwada Agricultural University, Sardarkrushinagar, Gujarat, India to assess the impact of wheat varieties and integrated nutrient management practices on nutrient content and uptake and soil nutrient status. The soil of the experimental plot was loamy sand in texture, low in organic carbon (0.24%), available nitrogen (159 kg/ha) and Zn (0.41 mg/kg), medium in available phosphorus (38.90 kg/ha) and high in available potash (287 kg/ha). 
 
Methods: Experiment was laid out in a Factorial RBD with three replications, consist of four wheat varieties viz. GW 273, GW 322, GW 451 and GW 496 and six integrated nutrient management (INM) practices viz. control, 100% RDF, 100% RDF + Azotobacter + PSB, 75% RDF + Azotobacter + PSB, 75% RDF + Azotobacter + PSB + ZnSO4 and 50% RDF + 25% N through FYM + Azotobacter + PSB + ZnSO4.&nbsp; 
 
Result: The pooled results indicated that uptake of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium by grain and straw, grain yield and straw yield were found higher with wheat variety GW 451 as compared to other wheat varieties. Nutrient content in grain and straw was not significantly affected by different wheat varieties. Among nutrient management practices, nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium content, uptake, grain yield and straw of wheat were significantly higher under application of 100% RDF + Azotobacter + PSB. Further, result revealed that different wheat varieties did not bring any significant variation in available nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, zinc and organic carbon content in soil. Moreover, highest available nitrogen and phosphorus in soil was recorded with the application of 100% RDF + Azotobacter + PSB. However, significantly higher organic carbon and zinc content in soil was observed under 50% RDF + 25% N through FYM + Azotobacter + PSB +ZnSO4.</div>

Effect of Wheat Varieties and Integrated Nutrient Management Practices on Nutrient Content, Uptake and Soil Nutrient Status

<div>Phosphorus and sulphur is a key element involved in various functions in growth and metabolism of blackgram. It is frequently a major limiting nutrient for plant growth in most Indian soils. Black gram is the major source of protein for the vegetarian diet and important pulse crop both in terms of area and production. Pulses have been in focus in recent times due to the continuous upswing in their prices. The low productivity of blackgram is due to intensive farming practices and use of exhaustive and high yield cultivars and imbalanced external fertilization. Therefore proper fertilization (site specific and balanced fertilization) is needed to increase the production and productivity of blackgram. Blackgram is very much responsive to phosphorus and sulphur application. In crop plants, the nutrient interactions are generally measured in terms of growth response, yield response and changes in concentration and uptake of nutrients. Studies have indicated synergistic effect between phosphorus and sulphur but their relationship depends on their rate of application and crop species etc. A better understanding of nutrient interaction is helpful in maximizing fertilizer use efficiency and net profit. The most of the results revealed that different levels of P and S had a significant effect on growth attributes, yield attributes, grain and haulm yield and quality prarameters of blackgram. The conjoint application up to 60 kg P2O5 ha-1 + 40 kg S ha-1 were found to be superior and synergistic in improving the growth and yield attributes of blackgram. The present paper is a critical review from research findings of eminent scientists on sulphur and phosphorus effect over black gram.</div>

​Effect of Phosphorus and Sulphur Application on Growth, Yield Attributes, Nutrient Uptake, Quality and Economics of Blackgram (Vigna mungo L.): A Review

<div>A field experiment was conducted at College of Agriculture (RVSKVV), Indore during kharif 2013 to study the effect of different sources of plant nutrients on productivity, profitability nutrient uptake and soil fertility of soybean in relation to eight nutrient management treatments (T1: RDF- recommended dose of fertilizer (N:P:K:S @ 30:60:30:30 kg/ha), T2: RDF + Rhizobium + PSB (20 g/kg seed), T3: RDF + 50 kg ZnSO4/ha + Rhizobium + PSB, T4: RDF + 1 g (NH4)2MoO4/kg seed + Rhizobium + PSB, T5: RDF + 5 kg Borax/ha + Rhizobium + PSB, T6: RDF + 10 kg FeSO4/ha + Rhizobium &nbsp;+ PSB, T7: RDF + 25 kg MnSO4/ha + Rhizobium + PSB and T8: RDF + FYM 5 t/ha + Rhizobium + PSB.). Highest seed yield (844 kg/ha) was obtained under T4, which was at par with T8. The maximum gross returns (`36,376/ha), net returns (`20,132/ha), B:C ratio (2.24), production efficiency (7.47 kg/ha/day) and economic efficiency (`178.16/ha) was also recorded under T4 treatment. Significantly higher nutrient uptake (52.50 and 22.79 kg N, 3.28 and 6.0 kg P, 17.84 and 24.79 kg K, 85.83 and 382.55 g Fe, 67.50 and 313.02 g Mn and 0.27 and 3.96 g Mo/ha by seed and stover, respectively) were obtained under T4. However, the highest uptake of Zn (41.39 and 40.55 g/ha by seed and stover, respectively) was recorded in T3 followed by T8. While the significantly higher uptake of B by seed and stover (24.17 and 40.80 g/ha) was recorded with the application of RDF + 5 kg Borax/ha + Rhizobium + PSB. Application of RDF + FYM 5 t/ha + Rhizobium + PSB (T8) significantly enhanced the available organic carbon (0.40%), N (174.0 kg/ha) and P2O5 (18.67 kg/ha) which was at par with T4. Higher Fe content in soil (4.81 mg/kg soil) was noted with T6, while maximum Mn (2.0 mg/kg soil) was found under T7. Maximum Zn content (0.56 mg/kg soil) was found with the application of T3, whereas, the maximum Mo content (0.048 mg/kg soil) was recorded in T4.&nbsp;</div>

<div>Influence of Different Sources of Plant Nutrients on Soil Fertility, Nutrient Uptake and Productivity of Soybean under Vertisols</div>

Background: Cereal-cereal cropping sequence is one of the major crop sequences followed on the same land over the years that has led to decreased soil fertility and increased concern for sustainability. It significantly causes the depletion of available soil nutrients leading to decreased crop productivity. Therefore, it is vital to make efforts to include leguminous crops after rice for maintaining soil fertility and sustainability. Mungbean (Vigna radiata L.) is an option that can be included in different rice-based cropping systems for enhancing soil productivity. 
 
Methods: The experiment was conducted over two consecutive seasons, 2021-22 and 2022-23 on clay loam soils at S.V. Agricultural College, Tirupati campus of Acharya N G Ranga Agricultural University, Andhra Pradesh. The test varieties used in the present field experiment were NLR-34449 for rice and LGG-460 for green gram. The rice experiment included three establishment methods as main plot treatments and seven organic nutrient management as sub-plot treatments. Following the rice cultivation, green gram was sown to assess the residual effects of the treatments. 
 
Result: The results revealed that the growth and yield parameters as well as economics of green gram were significantly higher in dry direct seeded rice compared to transplanted and wet seeded rice. Among different organic manures, application of 100% recommended dose of nitrogen (RDN) through poultry manure (PM) to rice resulted in significantly higher growth and yield parameters of green gram followed by application of 50 % RDN through FYM + 50% RDN through PM. The interaction effect between different establishment methods and organic manures could not exert any significant influence on any of the parameters studied in the present investigation. 
&nbsp;

Residual Effect of Different Establishment Methods and Organic Manures Imposed on Rice on Growth, Yield, Nutrient Uptake and Economics of Succeeding Green Gram

Background: Pulses, endowed with unique ability of nitrogen fixation constitute an important component of crop diversification and resource conservation in farming systems. Green gram [Vigna radiate],&nbsp; a drought resistant crop, is one of the thirteen food legumes grown in India and the third most important pulse crop after chickpea and pigeon pea It is a protein rich staple food which contains about 25 per cent protein and plays a crucial role in enhancing soil fertility through biological nitrogen fixation.&nbsp;Sodic soils typically exhibit poor nutrient availability as essential cations are displaced by sodium ions. They significantly influence green gram productivity, posing challenges to its sustainability, with the potential for sodification extending into subsoil layers, impeding plant root development and requiring remedial action.&nbsp;Appropriate land configuration and nutrient management could mitigating the challenges posed by sodic soils for pulse crops. Understanding the effects of land configuration and nutrient management on its growth, yield andeconomic viability is vital for sustainable agriculture. Keeping this in view, the field experiment was conducted to study the effect of different land configuration and nutrient management for their impact on plant height, dry matter production, grain yield, haulm yield, net income andBenefit Cost ratio with nutrient uptake under sodic condition. 
 
Methods: The land configuration factor consists of the three treatments viz., flat bed, ridges and furrows and broad bed furrow system. The second factor nutrient management comprising of five treatments like 100% RDF + 1% DAP, 100% RDF + 1% MAP, 75% RDF + 2% MAP, 100% RDF + 1% MKP, 75% RDF + 2% MKP. The RDF for green gram was 25 kg N + 50 kg P2O5 + 25 kg K2O per hectare. 
 
Result: Higher plant height, dry matter production, grain and haulm yield, protein yield, economic and nutrient uptake was recorded in broad bed furrow over farmer&rsquo;s practice of flatbed method. N 4 - 100% RDF + 1% MKP&nbsp; foliar spray twice at (plant height, dry matter production, grain and haulm yield, protein yield, economic and nutrient uptake) were observed than farmer&rsquo;s practice. Hence, Broad bed furrow and nutrient management practice of 100% RDF + 1% MKP has the potential to enhance the productivity green gram under sodic condition.