<div>Background: This study was conducted to explore the contribution of poultry farms to the contamination of the environment with ESBL-producing Escherichiacoli and there with, potentially to the spread of these bacteria to humans and other animals. Hence, the present work is a poultry farm based study aimed to detect prevalence of ESBL producing E.coli among poultry of small scale farmers. 
 
Methods: ESBL-producing E. coli were detected at poultry farm (n=40). The E. coli was isolated from poultry droppings in irrespective of diseases. The required data were collected through well-structured interview schedule in farm premises. E.coli isolates were more susceptible to Gentamicin, Aztreonarm, Cefrtrazindime and Cefotoxime.&nbsp; 
 
Result: Detection of ESBL isolates was performed by Combined Disc Diffusion Methods. Out of 40 E.coli isolates 12 were phenotypically identified as ESBL producers. The prevalence of CTX-m gene is 50% and Bla (TEM) gene is 50%.&nbsp;</div>

<div>Farmer&rsquo;s Stance on Antibiotic Resistance to E. coli and Extended Spectrum - &beta; -lactamase Producing (ESBL) E. coli Isolated from Poultry Droppings</div>

In the environment of the farms, feed, fodder and water could be contaminated with fecal material especially which could constitute a reservoir of Enterobacteriaceae bacteria.Total of 80 fecal samples collected from diarrheic calves, normal calves, diarrheic cattle, healthy cattle and shed of cattle were included in this study. Of which 67 (83.75%) isolates were biochemically identified as E.coli. Among 67 E.coli isolates, 12 (17.91%) isolates were of diarrheic cases (10 isolates from 1 month-6 months calf and 2 isolates from diarrheic cow), 51 (76.11%) isolates were of healthy cows (14 isolates from 1 month-6 months calf and 37 isolates from normal cows), 2(2.98%) &nbsp;from water samples, one isolate (1.49%)each from cow manure and air sample at farm respectively, from cow shed. Eleven (16.41%) out of 67 isolates were found to cause lysis on sheep erythrocytes and 55 (82.089%) out of 67 isolates were found to be biofilm producers on Congo red. Twenty-four (35.82%) isolates out of 67 were positive for bfpA gene, eight (11.94%) for eaeC gene, while five (7.46%) for both the genes of E.coli strain.

Characterization of E. coli pathotypes of bovine and livestock&nbsp;farm environment origin

Background: Multidrug resistant strains of Escherichia coli have been causing worldwide outbreaks of food borne diseases in recent years. The emergence of antibiotic-resistant strains of E. coli and the occurrence of transmissible drug resistance among the organism has amplified the complications associated with its control and treatment measures. Data associated with the prevalence, virulence factors and antimicrobial susceptibility of E. coli isolates are needed to be studied in order to develop an effective control strategy for colibacillosis in piggeries. The goal of the investigation was to study the antimicrobial susceptibility pattern and pathotyping of E. coli isolates from diarrhoeic piglets. 
 
Methods: 102 rectal swab samples were collected from diarrhoeic piglets of ICAR-AICRP/MSP on Pig, College of Veterinary Science, Assam Agricultural University, Khanapara, ICAR-National Research Centre on Pig, Rani, Guwahati, Assam and from different unorganized farms of the state. These samples were then inoculated in Luria Bertani (LB) broth and incubated aerobically at 37oC for 24 hours followed by sub culturing them in MacConkey&rsquo;s lactose agar (MLA) and Eosin Methylene Blue (EMB) agar for purification of the suspected E. coli isolates. The isolates were characterized by biochemical tests and motility tests and were pathotyped based on detection of specific virulence genes by multiplex Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR). 
 
Result: Out of 102 rectal swab samples examined, 92 (90.2%) yielded E. coli which included 41 (91.12%) of 45 samples collected from ICAR-AICRP/MSP on Pig, College of Veterinary Science, Assam Agricultural University, Khanapara and 32 (88.89%) of 36 samples from ICAR-National Research Centre on Pig, Rani, Guwahati, Assam and 19 (90.48%) of 21 samples from different unorganized farms. All the 92 E. coli isolates were examined for the presence of stx1, est1, elt1 and eaeA genes using specific primers. Among these isolates, 25 (27.17%) were positive for stx1 gene, 18(19.56%) for est1 gene, 6(6.52%) for elt1 gene, 3 (3.26%) for both genes est1 and elt1 and 12 (13.04%) for eaeA gene. Antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of the isolates revealed that the highest percentage (71.74%) of the isolates were resistant to tetracycline and the least (4.34%) to imipenem.

Isolation, Pathotyping and Drug Susceptibility Pattern of Escherichia coli Isolates from Diarrheic Piglets

<div style="text-align: justify;">The study was conducted on 106 E. coli isolates to determine the phylogenetic group, serotype and carriage of Class 1 integrons in isolates and ascertain their association along with other parameters with vital disease measures in broiler flocks affected with colibacillosis. Out of 32 isolates of which &ldquo;O&rdquo; antigen was characterized, serogroup O2 comprising of 12 (37.5%) isolates was most prevalent in the present study. Most of the isolates (85/106; 80.19%) belonged to phylogenetic group B2. Mean apparent morbidity, mortality and case fatality rate (CFR) were 3.77%, 2.32% and 61.49%, respectively. There was significant difference in number of outbreaks reported in different age groups (p&lt;0.0001). Also, there was significant association between phylogenetic group and age of outbreak due to E. coli (p=0.024). Comparatively, no significant association was observed between age of outbreaks and serotypes (p=0.980). There was significant association between various disease measures and E. coli isolates affiliated to various phylogenetic groups and serotypes. All the measures (apparent morbidity, mortality and CFR) of disease were highest in outbreaks due to isolates of phylogenetic group B2 and serogroup O20. However, the measures were not significantly affected by the presence of integrons in the E. coli.</div>

Phylogenetic group and serotype of E. coli isolates are important risk factors affecting intensity of colibacillosis in broilers

<div>Background: E. coli is a Gram negative bacterium commonly found in the intestine of animals and humans. Most E. coli are harmless but some can cause infection. Antimicrobial resistance is a public health problem, hence this study was carried out to estimate the antimicrobial resistance pattern and virulotyping of&nbsp;E. coli isolates. 
 
Methods: During the period 2018-19, a total of 100 faecal samples from goats (n=50) and sheep (n=50) were processed for isolation and identification of E.coli. All the E. coli isolates were tested for resistance against 10 different antibiotics. The prevalence of various antibiotic resistance genes viz bla TEM, tetA and tetB and virulence genes Stx1, Stx2 and hlyA in all E. coli isolates was determined by PCR. 
 
Result: Out of 100 samples, 40 isolates of E.coli (24 from goats and 16 from sheep) were isolated, identified biochemically and by PCR. Majority of the E.coli isolates were found resistant to penicillin (100%) followed by ampicillin (93%), tetracycline, (68.8%), gentamicin (37.4%), ceftriazone (18.8%), amikacin (16.7%), chloramphenicol (4.2%), co- trimoxazole (4.2%) and ofloxacin (4.2%). Out of all the isolates, 12 isolates were positive for blaTEM, 10 for tetB, 19 for tetA, five for Stx1 and hlyA and none carried Stx2 gene.</div>

Molecular Detection of Antimicrobial Resistance Genes and Virulence Genes in E. coli Isolated from Sheep and Goat Faecal Samples

<div>Background: Verotoxin producing Escherichia coli (VTEC) such as O26, O103, O111, O145 and O157: H 7 are an important human zoonotic pathogen. Small ruminants such as goats are important reservoir of VTEC. The detection of VTEC and virulence genes in goats has not been studied in the Jabalpur region of Madhya Pradesh. The present study was carried out to determine the occurrence of verotoxin producing E. coli in goats in and around Jabalpur.&nbsp; 
 
Methods: During the study period (July 2019 to February 2020), a total of 50 rectal swabs were collected from diarrhoeic goats. All the samples were processed for bacteriological isolation, molecular confirmation of E. coli and presence of the VT1 gene in E. coli. 
 
Result:&nbsp;On cultural isolation,&nbsp;E. coli isolates were found in 52.00 per cent (26/50) samples. Out of them, 21 isolates confirmed as E. coli by PCR. Detection of verotoxin producing E. coli (VTEC) by slide agglutination test showed 20.00 per cent (10/50) verotoxin producing E. coli serogroups including O26, O103, O111, O145 and O157. A total of 10 VTEC isolates were subjected to molecular analysis, Polymerase chain reaction determined VT1 gene in 10.00 per cent of goats positive for verotoxin producing E. coli indicating the goats as a potential source for direct transmission of VTEC to humans.</div>

​Isolation and Molecular Characterization of Verotoxin Producing E. coli from Diarrhoeic Goats of Jabalpur Region

<div>Background: Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) due to emergence and spread of Extended-spectrum &beta;-lactamase (ESBL) producing bacteria are point of discussion in both human as well as in animals across the world as it is one of the latest challenges faced by scientific community. The present study highlighted the prevalence of ESBL producing E. coli and Klebsiella spp. isolated from buffaloes in Uttar Pradesh. 
 
Methods: Total 240 samples were collected from two district of eastern plain zone of Uttar Pradesh during January 2020 to March 2021. E. coli and Klebsiella spp. isolates were confirmed by cultural characteristics in selective media and biochemical tests. ESBL producing isolates were confirmed by DDST, ESBL E-strip and PCR analysis using specific primer for (bla-CTX-M-1, bla-CTX-M-2, bla-CTX-M-9, bla-TEM and bla-SHV). Antibiogram of all confirmed ESBL producing isolates was performed against 20 antimicrobials under 12 different classes. 
 
Result: In the present study, a total of 147 (61.25%) E. coli and 19 (7.91%) Klebsiella spp. were isolated and identified based on cultural and biochemical characteristics. A total of 104 (62.65%) and 99 (59.63%) isolates were confirmed as ESBL producers using DDST and ESBL E-strip tests respectively. PCR analysis, revealed the presence of selected ESBL genes in 92 (55.42%) isolates, among them bla-CTX-M-1 was found most dominant gene (69.41%) in E. coli and (71.42%) in Klebsiella spp. All the ESBL positive E. coli and Klebsiella spp. isolates were found to be 99-100% and 86-100% sensitive to chloramphenicol, polypeptides and aminoglycosides classes respectively. Both isolates of E. coli and Klebsiella spp. showed 100% resistance to cefotaxime, cefpodoxime ceftriazone and ampicillin, 76.47% and 71.42% to ceftazidime respectively and 81.52% isolates were found to be MDR.</div>

Prevalence of Extended-spectrum &beta;-lactamase Producing E. coli and Klebsiella spp. Isolated from Buffaloes in Eastern Plain Zone of Uttar Pradesh

<div>Background: Antibiotics are widely used in animals and human for treatment without referring an antibiogram that resulted into the proliferation of ESBL producing strains. Nowadays resistance to &beta;-lactam groups of antibiotic is expanding rapidly worldwide and threatening the public healthcare due to limited treatment options. Therefore this study aimed to detect ESBL resistance genes in E. coli and Klebsiella spp. isolated from various sources of cattle in this area of study.&nbsp; 
 
Methods: Total 240 samples were collected during August, 2019 to June, 2020, from two districts of Eastern plain zone of Uttar Pradesh. E. coli and Klebsiella spp. isolates were confirmed using uidA and 16S rRNA gene respectively. In vitro antibiotic sensitivity test was performed using disc diffusion method. ESBL producing isolates was confirmed by DDST, ESBL E-strip and PCR analysis by targeting (bla-CTX-M-1, bla-CTX-M-9, bla-TEM and bla-SHV) genes. 
 
Result: PCR analysis of these isolates confirmed 135(56.25%) as E. coli and 16(6.67%) as Klebsiella spp. Antibiotics found to be most resistant were ampicillin (89.40%) followed by cefotaxime (72.18%), cefpodoxime (71.52%), ceftriaxone (66.9%), aztreonam (61.0%) and ceftazidime (54.30%). Total 101(66.88%) isolates were confirmed as ESBL producers using DDST and 92(60.92%) by ESBL E-strip test. ESBL genes were detected in 87(57.61%) isolates by PCR analysis and among them, bla-CTX-M-1 was found most dominant gene.</div>

Detection and Molecular Characterization of Extended-spectrum &beta;-lactamase Producing E. coli and Klebsiella spp. Isolates of Cattle Origin in Eastern Plain Zone of Uttar Pradesh

<div>Background: Several factors causing immune suppression in chickens would lead to immune deficiency, Escherichia coli (E. coli) infection is one of these important determinants, for example, infectious bursal disease (IBD), infectious bronchitis indirect, Newcastle disease, H5 and H9 an acute illness that is extremely communicable and infectious and affects young chicks. The current study aims to determine the level of antibodies in chicks infected with E. coli. 
&nbsp; 
Methods: The chicks were divided into two groups: the first group vaccinated chicks against IBD disease at the age of one day and ten days, compared to the second group vaccinated chicks at the age of 10 days only. Five thousand one-day-old Fayoumi chicks were raised in the experiment and divided into two groups for comparison against IBD virus antibodies. 
&nbsp; 
Result: The study revealed that infectious bursal disease (IBD) infected chickens and inoculated with E. coli pre or concurrent to infection had lower antibody titers in both groups whether vaccinated at one day old or not, the level of antibodies to IBD disease is low in chicks, whether vaccinated or not vaccinated at one day of age, but when chicks were vaccinated on the ten day old of age with a weak vaccine IBD disease for both groups, it was found that the chicks that were vaccinated on the first day had a higher level of antibodies to IBD disease than the unvaccinated chicks at the age of one day. Fayoumi chicks, mean ELISA titers at one day was (1556&plusmn;132) increased sharply to (3440&plusmn;960) at 15 days of age and reach (5596&plusmn;830) at 20 days of age for group 1 compared to group 2 was the results, mean ELISA titers at one day was (1470&plusmn;187) increased slightly sharply to (2710&plusmn;779) at 15 days of age and reach (3560&plusmn;670) at 20 days of age. All samples tested positive for E. coli at one day of age, but turned negative at 15 and 20 days of age. Additionally, the indirect test for Infectious Bronchitis showed a result of 11459 &plusmn; 250 at one day of age. In addition, showed that the effect of post inoculation of E. coli on the level of ND antibodies was studied in group 1 with E. coli infection revealed that the HI titer of all subgroup had arranged of geometric means varied was (7.8), in group 2 was ranged (7) where the effect was not significant.</div>

The Role of E. coli Infection on IBD Antibodies in Chicken Detected by ELISA Titers

<div>Background: The pathogens associated with diarrhoea in small ruminants include Escherichia coli, Rotavirus, PPR virus and Salmonella spp. either singly or in combination. Many researchers have worked on E. coli strains of goats almost in all agro-climatic zones of India but most of the studies were limited to only small study areas and no study has been conducted on E. coli prevalence in goats in Eastern Plain Zone of Uttar Pradesh.&nbsp;</div>

<div>&nbsp;</div>

<div>Methods: The study was conducted in eight district of Eastern Plain zone of Uttar Pradesh including goat farm of ANDUAT, Kumarganj, Ayodhya which comes under Agro-climatic zone IV (Middle Gangetic Plain region). Faecal samples were collected for one year (September, 2021 to August, 2022) from dead goats having history of diarrhoea.</div>

<div>&nbsp;</div>

<div>Result: The overall prevalence of E. coli isolates on PCR analysis was 52.27%. The prevalence was highest in Varanasi district as 63.63% (7/11) while lowest was reported in Ghazipur district as 36.36% (4/11). The occurrence of E. coli isolates was higher in Age Group I (79.31%) followed by Age Group II (41.17%) and Age Group III (36.00%). The E. coli isolates revealed higher positivity in female (57.69%) than male (44.44%). The occurrence of E. coli isolates was highest in summer (75.86%) followed by rainy (42.42%) and lowest in winter (38.46%) season. The obtained PCR amplicons on sequencing was identified as Escherichia coli strain U 5/41 16S ribosomal RNA as it showed highest similarity of 98.96 % with accession no. NR_024570.1</div>

Farmer’s Stance on Antibiotic Resistance to E. coli and Extended Spectrum - β -lactamase Producing (ESBL) E. coli Isolated from Poultry Droppings

Characterization of E. coli pathotypes of bovine and livestock farm environment origin

Isolation, Pathotyping and Drug Susceptibility Pattern of Escherichia coli Isolates from Diarrheic Piglets

Phylogenetic group and serotype of E. coli isolates are important risk factors affecting intensity of colibacillosis in broilers

Molecular Detection of Antimicrobial Resistance Genes and Virulence Genes in E. coli Isolated from Sheep and Goat Faecal Samples

Isolation and Molecular Characterization of Verotoxin Producing E. coli from Diarrhoeic Goats of Jabalpur Region

Prevalence of Extended-spectrum β-lactamase Producing E. coli and Klebsiella spp. Isolated from Buffaloes in Eastern Plain Zone of Uttar Pradesh

Detection and Molecular Characterization of Extended-spectrum β-lactamase Producing E. coli and Klebsiella spp. Isolates of Cattle Origin in Eastern Plain Zone of Uttar Pradesh

The Role of E. coli Infection on IBD Antibodies in Chicken Detected by ELISA Titers

Prevalence and Phylogenetic Analysis of E. coli in Diarrhoeic Goats in Eastern Plain Zone of Uttar Pradesh