Background: Ellagic acid, a phytochemical polyphenol found in fruits such as Fragaria, Vitis vinifera and Punica granatum, exhibits potent antioxidant and anticancer activities. Its therapeutic application is limited by poor solubility and low bioavailability. To overcome these limitations, a novel serum-based polymeric nanoparticle formulation was developed to enhance topical delivery and improve biological efficacy. 
&nbsp; 
Methods: The antioxidant activity of ellagic acid nanoformulation was evaluated using the DPPH assay, where serial dilutions were incubated with DPPH solution and absorbance was measured at 517 nm to calculate radical scavenging activity (RSA) and IC50&nbsp;values. Cytotoxicity was assessed in michigan cancer foundation-7 (MCF-7) breast cancer cells using the MTT assay, where cells were treated with the nanoformulation at concentrations of 20-100 &micro;mol/L for 48 hours and cell viability and IC50&nbsp; values were&nbsp;determined. 
&nbsp; 
Result: The ellagic acid nanoformulation exhibited concentration-dependent DPPH radical scavenging activity ranging from 24.28% to 54.63%, with an IC50&nbsp;of ~50 &micro;g/mL, compared to ascorbic acid (46.77-78.90%; IC50&nbsp;~12.5 &micro;g/mL). In cytotoxicity studies, the formulation inhibited MCF-7 cell proliferation from 14.09% at 20 &micro;mol/L to 92.49% at 100 &micro;mol/L, with an IC50&nbsp;of 54.88 &micro;mol/L, whereas paclitaxel (0.1 &micro;mol/L) produced 66.45% inhibition. These results confirm that the serum-based ellagic acid nanoformulation possesses significant antioxidant and anticancer potential, supporting its therapeutic applicability.

Novel Serum-based Approach for Evaluating Phytochemical Polyphenol Ellagic Acid: Antioxidant and Cytotoxic Assessment by DPPH and MTT Assays

<div>The present study was conducted to evaluate the physicochemical and anti-oxidative properties of cow, buffalo and goat urine samples in two different successive seasons (summer and winter). For the physicochemical study, pH, electrical conductivity (EC), total dissolved solids (TDS) was measured and for the antioxidant properties, FRAP, DPPH and ABTS level was evaluated by standard methods. The data set were executed through the independent &lsquo;t&rsquo; test by using IBM SPSS software version 22.0. The results showed that the EC level in all the (except cow) was significantly (p&lt;0.5) lower in the winter season than in the summer season. TDS level in buffalo was significantly (p&lt;0.5) lower in the winter season than the summer season but significantly higher in the winter season of the goat urine sample. In the case of antioxidant markers, FRAP and DPPH levels were significantly (p&lt;0.5) higher in the summer season in all the animals, but there were no significant changes in the case of ABTS in all the animal&rsquo;s urine samples. From these results, it is concluded that in the study area, the stress in the summer season as heat stress prevails in dairy cows, buffalo and goats. From the overall findings, it may be concluded that urine could be a good biomarker to evaluate the status of livestock health.</div>

<div>Evaluation of Physico-Chemical and Antioxidant Properties of Dairy Cow, Goat and Buffalo Urine in Two Different Seasons in A Sub-Tropical Region of India</div>

<div>Background: Fruits residue may act as a source of environmental pollution by releasing nutrients or toxic chemicals in the soil as well as providing a platform for the reproduction of various disease-causing vectors. Thus, recycling fruit waste in pharmaceutical or agricultural sectors may be one of the options for their management. Because of these aspects, the present study was conducted to assess the total phenolic and flavonoid contents in methanol extract from the seed of most commonly consumed fruits in India and their antioxidant properties using 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay.&nbsp; 
 
Method: The fruits were procured from the fruit shop corner and the seeds were separated manually. The total phenolic and flavonoid content in the methanol extract of seeds of test plants was quantified using standard methods. The DPPH scavenging potential of the extract was further evaluated.&nbsp; 
 
Result: The results of the present study showed that the extract of the seed of the test plant has significant amounts of total phenolics, varying from a minimum of 153.72 &micro;g GAE/g to maximum of 344.20 &micro;g GAE/g and flavonoids compounds, varied from a minimum of 118.7 &micro;g OE/g to a maximum of 168.3 &micro;gQE/g. The results further showed that the seed extract possesses DPPH inhibition potential (78.86%-87.39) and their IC50 ranged between 102.60 &micro;g/ml-45.69 &micro;g/ml. The DPPH activity also showed a strong positive relationship with the concentration of extracts and with total phenolic and flavonoid content. The present study suggests that the seed extract of the tested plant has a significant amount of total phenolics and flavonoids compound and possesses higher antioxidant activity. The individual phenolic compound should be identified for its commercial utilization and promotion.</div>

Phenolic and Flavonoid Contents in the Seeds Extract of Most Commonly Consumed Fruits in India and Their Antioxidant Properties

Background: Four Aranda hybrids, including Aranda Bangkhuntian Gold, A. Calypso, A. Royal Sapphire and A. Sayan Duangporn were analyzed for their bioactive substances and antioxidative activities as commercial cut flowers with suggested medicinal properties. 
 
Methods: A completely randomized design was conducted for this study. Total flavonoids, total phenolics and 2,2&cent;-azinobis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS), 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and ferrous ion (Fe (II)) radical scavenging activities were analyzed from the ethanoic extracts of four parts, including flower bud, blooming flowers, leaves and roots of the four Aranda cultivars. Furthermore, the dried powder samples were kept at room temperature (25-28&deg;C) or cool (5-7&deg;C) for six months to compare the bioactive substances and antioxidative activities after storage.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; 
 
Result: In most Aranda hybrids, the leaf ethanolic extracts had the highest total flavonoids and total phenolic contents range from 26.63-40.05 mg rutin equivalent (RUE)/g extract and 152.00-254.13 mg gallic acid equivalent (GAE)/g extract, respectively, which is remarkably different from the floral parts (bud or blooming flowers) that had only 8.00-20.80 mg RUE/g extract and 97.44-143.44 mg GAE/g extract, respectively. The highest ABTS and Fe (II) antioxidant activities were detected in the leaf part with 53.13-78.85% and 11.19-15.07%, respectively, while the inhibitory effect on DPPH of most Aranda hybrids was the highest in the root part (67.37-80.90%), which 1.13-2.78 folds higher than the floral parts. Compared among the four Aranda hybrids, the A. Bangkhuntian Gold had the highest leaf total phenolic content (291.67 mg GAE/g extract) and inhibitory activities on ABTS and DPPH in the root part, about 80.90-82.23%. At six months of dried sample storage at room temperature or in a refrigerator, the total phenolic contents, ABTS, DPPH and Fe (II) activities in all organs of most Aranda hybrids could maintain similar levels in both storage temperatures. In contrast, the total flavonoid contents of leaves and roots were more sensitive to room temperature since the level was markedly reduced.&nbsp;

Influence of Storage Temperature and Duration on Phytochemical Contents and Antioxidant Activities of the Inflorescence of Aranda Hybrids

Background: This study aimed to optimize the conditions of microwave assisted hydro distillation (MAHD) for maximizing the essential oil yield and DPPH radical scavenging activity from Alpinia blepharocalyx K. Schum. leaves. 
 
Methods: Using the central composite design (CCD) of response surface methodology (RSM) with factors that affect the yield of essential oil and DPPH obtained: Microwave power (W), liquid-to-material ratio (mL/g) and extraction time (min). 
 
Result: The optimal extraction conditions determined by the RSM model were a microwave power of 600 W, a liquid-to-material ratio of 7.0:1 mL/g and an extraction time of 45 min. Under these conditions, the experimental essential oil yield was 3.35&plusmn;0.02% and the DPPH antioxidant activity was 87.05&plusmn;0.05%. The chemical composition of the essential oil was also characterized by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), revealing &beta;-Pinen, 1,8-Cineol and &alpha;-Pinen as the major compounds.

Optimization of Microwave Assisted Hydro Distillation for Enhanced Essential Oil Extraction and Antioxidant Activity from Alpinia Blepharocalyx K. Schum. Leaves

<div style="text-align:justify">Background: Brassica rapa (L.) is commonly used as vegetable because of its antioxidant and medicinal properties. Thus, turnip (variety White 4) was characterized by its chemical composition and mineral profile procured from CCS Haryana Agricultural University in Hisar. The effect of solvent on extraction of phytochemicals was investigated.&nbsp; 
 
Methods: Antioxidant potential including total phenolics content (TPC), total flavonoids (TFC), the free radical scavenging activity (DPPH assay) and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) was analyzed.&nbsp; 
 
Result: The aqueous extract contained the highest total phenols (4.56&plusmn;0.02 mg GAE/g) and flavonoids (2.07&plusmn;0.05 mg CE/g) as compare to ethanol and acetone extracts. The DPPH free radical scavenging activity of turnip root extracts was highly variable and increased with increasing concentration levels. The aqueous extract showed the best DPPH free radical scavenging activity at the IC50 value (1.26 mg/mL) followed by ethanol (11.30 mg/mL) and acetone (12.08 mg/mL) extracts. The total antioxidant capacity was highest in aqueous extract (3.45&plusmn;0.03) as compared to ethanol (2.95&plusmn;0.07) and acetone (0.81&plusmn;0.08 mg AAE/g).</div>

Effect of Extraction Solvents on Phytochemicals and Antioxidant Potential of Turnip Roots (Brassica rapa L.)

Background: The limitations of Mao (Antidesma thwaiteaianum) fruit juice are the short period of production and the weight of juice products with containers. Thus, the fruit powder is the most form of juice that is solved this problem, enhancing shelf life and convenience to drink. 
&nbsp; 
Methods: Our study was conducted on the processing of Mao fruit powders prepared from spray and foam mat drying with their sensory evaluations; and comparison of their water activity, anthocyanin and tannin contents and antioxidant properties. 
&nbsp; 
Result: The foam mat drying powder had more preferable physical appearance including regularly fine granules with rose colors. While spray drying powder was irregularly coarse granules with pale rose-colored. This sensory evaluation was associated with the appearance and color of fruit powders and foam mat powder had more likeness scores on appearance, color and overall, rather than spray drying powder. Therefore, the solubility, flavor, texture and taste of foam mat powder had slightly lower likeness scores. Only anthocyanin content of spray drying powder (118.92 mg/kg) was significantly higher than foam mat powder (75.03 mg/kg). Whereas, water activity (aw), tannin content (TC) and DPPH scavenging activity (DPPH) of spray and foam mat drying powders were not statistically different at p&lt;0.05 (aw = 0.41 and 0.44; TC = 0.66 and 0.65 mg/kg; DPPH = 395.69 and 335.82 mg tannin equivalent/100 g and 355.33 and 299.05 mg ascorbic acid equivalent/100 g, respectively). 
&nbsp;

Phytochemicals and Antioxidant Properties of Mao (Antidesma thwaitesianum Muell. Arg.) Fruit Juice Powders Prepared using Spray Drying and Foam Mat Drying Techniques

Background: Teucrium polium L. has an essential place in traditional medicine throughout the world. Their use, based on empirical knowledge passed down from generation to generation, has helped to treat a multitude of illnesses and relieve a variety of symptoms. These traditional practices have laid the foundations for modern research, which seeks to understand the significant antibacterial properties. The bioactive compounds present in the plant, such as essential oils and polyphenols, have demonstrated antimicrobial activity against a wide range of pathogenic bacteria. This includes bacteria responsible for gastrointestinal, skin and respiratory infections. 
&nbsp; 
Methods: The focus of this study was the extraction of essential oils from the aerial portions of Teucrium polium L. via the hydrodistillation method, their anti-oxidant effect using the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging assay method and iron reduction and antimicrobial activity of these essential oils was evaluated against seven ATCC bacterial strains: Staphylococcus aureus ATCC25923, Escherichia coli ATCC25922, Salmonella typhimurium ATCC10428, Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC27853, Enterococcus faecalis ATCC29212, Klebsiella pneumoniae ATCC700603 and Bacillus subtilis ATCC7033. In addition, the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) were determined by incorporation method. These tests were carried out at the Laboratoires de the analytical chemistry laboratory at the Department of Pharmacy, Badji Mokhtar University, Annaba, Algeria. 
&nbsp; 
Result: The hydro distillation method yielded an essential oil of 0.45%. Antimicrobial activity was tested by the sensitivity test, which revealed inhibition zone diameters ranging from 11.5 mm to &pound;20 mm. In addition, minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) were determined, showing variations between bacterial strains, suggesting potential therapeutic importance for some strains. Additionally, the antioxidant activity of the essential oils was assessed using the iron-reducing capacity assay and the DPPH free radical scavenging assay. Although the results indicated notable antioxidant potential, the IC50 values obtained were relatively high when compared to ascorbic acid, registering 107.38 mg/ml for iron reduction and 91.62 mg/ml for DPPH reduction. These findings contribute to the exploration of the therapeutic potential of Teucrium polium L. essential oils for their antimicrobial and antioxidant properties.

Evaluation of Biological Activity of Essential Oil from Teucrium polium L.

<div>Background: India has very rich diversity of medicinal plants. Medicinal plants are thought to be a rich source of ingredients that can be used in the development of pharmaceutical or synthetic drugs. Aside from that, these plants play an important role in the development of human drug all over the world. Whether in modern or traditional medicine, medicinal plants are used to maintain health, to treat a specific condition, or both. Nardostachys is one of the most important medicinal plant having several therapeutic properties. It is threatened in its natural habitat due to over exploitation for therapeutic purposes and high demand in the traditional medicine system. Keeping these points in mind, we attempted to investigate alternative uses of in vitro grown plants in place of wild plants without disrupting plant-based therapeutics and market demand. And then compare the root extract of the Nardostachys jatamansi plant&rsquo;s antioxidant and flavonoid levels under in vitro and natural growth conditions. 
 
Methods: Nardostachys jatamansi is a plant that is widely used in traditional medicine systems. Because of its wide spread use in traditional medicine, this plant is considered endemic. In our study, we compare of antioxidant quality and Flavonoid amount of Natural and in vitro propagated Nardostachys jatamansi. Firstly we cultivated in vitro plants from Nardostachys jatamansi nodal explants for comparative analysis. The methanol extract of in vitro grown and wild-type plant root extract was then prepared using the maceration method. The extract was subjected to a comparative DPPH method to determine the presence of antioxidant potential in natural and in vitro grown plants. Furthermore, the HPLC analysis was used to detect and quantify the amount of Quercetin in both natural and in vitro propagated plants.&nbsp; 
 
Result: When grown in vitro at a higher concentration, the roots of Nardostachys jatamansi have greater antioxidant potential than when they are grown naturally. They demonstrated antioxidant DPPH radical scavenging activity, with an IC50 value of 29.55 &micro;g/ml for in vitro generated plants and 24.18 &micro;g/ml for naturally grown plants. The concentration of Quercetin (mg/ml) for natural plant species is 1.95 and for in vitro propagate plant is 1.83. The HPLC analysis presents distinct peaks, with the main peaks having retention time for standard Quercetin (10.38) in the natural plant (10.34) and in vitro grown plants (10.32). In the end, natural-type species that had been produced in vitro were used to obtain the potential of micro propagated plants. The DPPH test and flavonoid were tested on the root extract of natural and in vitro plants. Both plants displayed promising antioxidant activity and an HPLC study identified the Quercetin component.</div>

Comparison of Antioxidant Properties and Flavonoid of Natural and in vitro Cultivated Nardostachys jatamansi

<div>Background: Meat and meat products are perishable due to high content of moisture and easy availability of other nutrients. Oxidative rancidity and microbial growth are the major causes of their spoilage. Synthetic antioxidants viz. BHA, BHT, TBHQ etc. are used in the chicken processing industry for maintaining quality of chicken products. However, due to evidence of their toxic effects on human health there is interest in the scientists and manufacturers to use natural preservatives with antioxidants and antimicrobials properties. Hence, the study was undertaken to assess the effect of custard apple (Annona squamosa) leaves extract (CLE), on the quality of chicken breast fillets.&nbsp; 
 
Methods: Chicken breast fillets were treated separately by dipping in 0.1, 0.3 and 0.5% aqueous solutions of CLE, distilled water and 100 ppm solution of BHT. Samples were stored under refrigeration (4&plusmn;1oC) conditions and analyzed on 0th, 3rd, 6th and 9th day of storage.&nbsp; 
 
Result: Total phenolic content, ascorbic acid content, DPPH radical scavenging assay and ferric reducing antioxidant power of CLE were 57.13&plusmn;0.22 &micro;gGAE/mg, 163.23&plusmn;0.40 &micro;gAA/mg, 32.20&plusmn;0.42% and 132.43&plusmn;0.50 &micro;MFe (II) equi/g respectively. The fillets treated with 0.5% solution of CLE were acceptable till sixth day with significantly (p&lt;0.01) higher sensory scores than the controls. The pH, WHC, ERV, tyrosine value, TBARS value, total plate count and psychrophilic count of the sixth day samples treated with 0.5% CLE were 5.72&plusmn;0.01, 65.32&plusmn;0.31%, 19.40&plusmn;0.59ml, 9.50&plusmn;0.37 mg/100g, 0.316&plusmn;0.002 mgMDA/Kg, 4.90&plusmn;0.01 log10CFU/g and 3.68&plusmn;0.02 log10CFU/g respectively. It can be concluded that 0.5% aqueous solution of CLE can be used for extension of shelf life of chicken breast fillets up to 6 days at refrigeration (4&plusmn;1oC).&nbsp;</div>