<div>Background: Sorghum is a heat and drought resistant crop that is widely grown in arid and semi-arid regions for food, feed and bio-energy. The sorghum crop is important to the majority of farmers for income, nutritional security and environmental sustainability. They grow sorghum not for profit, but because it is the only crop that can withstand the harsh climatic conditions that exist. The present study aimed to investigate the economics of sorghum in the Bhilwara district of Rajasthan during the year 2020-21 using primary data from 60 sample households from four different villages. 
 
Methods: The standard cost concept method of the Commission for Agricultural Cost and Price (CACP) was used to calculate the cost of cultivation (COC) of sorghum crop. It includes Cost A1, Cost A2, Cost B1, Cost B2, Cost C1, Cost C2 and Cost C3. Farm income measures, which include gross income, farm business income, family labour income and net income, are used to determine crop profitability and return on investment. 
 
Result: The results of study revealed that total cost (Cost C2) of sorghum cultivation per ha was found to be ₹ 25149.69. The cost of producing one quintal of sorghum was calculated to be ₹ 1383.18. Sorghum cultivation generated a net income, farm business income and family labour income of ₹ 23658.44, ₹ 30680.32 and ₹ 26527.74 per ha, respectively.</div>

Cost and Return Analysis of Kharif&nbsp;Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) in Bhilwara District, Rajasthan

<div>Background: The study was undertaken in the East Champaran district of Bihar, where over one-third of the population is at risk of floods. To improve the socio-economic situation of tulsi farmers, the study analyzed the input profile, the link between cost and return and the impact of input cost on tulsi output and returns. 
 
Methods: Under Aroma Mission, during 2024 CSIR-CIMAP demonstrated the tulsi cultivation in East Champaran Motihari district of Bihar on 32 beneficiaries from seven villages and adopts improved practices of tulsi cultivation towards higher yield. The study was predominantly based on primary data collected through field visit and through personal interview method from the all aroma mission beneficiary. To achieve the objectives of the study, the cost and returns for tulsi cultivation was worked out based on commission for agricultural costs and prices (CACP) cost concept and determine the input-output relationship as well as multiple regression analysis.&nbsp; 
 
Result: The cost of cultivation is to be ₹ 35093/- for the tulsi crop. The gross income ₹ 106000/- per for three months. The farm business income, which considers initial costs (Cost A1/A2) is 82316/- per hectare. The farm Investment Income is ₹ 70907/- accounting for more comprehensive cost structures (Cost C3). The benefit-cost ratio is observed to be highest (1:3.47) at Cost A1 and the lowest benefit-cost ratio was observed at Cost C3 (1:2.02). The regression model explains 0.878 (88 per cent) of tulsi crop production variation, with human charges, seed cost and distillation charges showing significance. However, it is suggested that from this study tulsi cultivation model can be promoted in others part of the country, where problematic areas for improve their social and economic life changes.</div>

Cost and Return Analysis of Tulsi Cultivation in East Champaran District of Bihar State

Background: The income generation in the market from producers to traders and further to vendors are interlinked and depends on multiple factors. In this paper, the supply chain of the swine market in Assam, Meghalaya, and Nagaland of the North Eastern Region of India is analysed with special reference to traders who are involved in the exchange of live animals or pork along with carcasses to make profit.&nbsp; They do not own the animals or the product but act as an intermediary between buyers and sellers. Nagaland traders specifically face a shortage of supply as local producers sell it independently through petty sellers or vendors without passing it through traders. Majority of the local traders have village informers, who inform them about the availability of animals in their respective places. 
 
Methods: An empirical survey was conducted during 2021 among 97 traders in Assam, Meghalaya and Nagaland to identify the key components influencing the traders in the swine business and the significant factor (p&lt;0.05) influencing the income of traders. For the study two statistical methods were applied-Principal component analysis and regression analysis.&nbsp; 
 
Result: Four principal components influencing the traders are market description, out-of-pocket cost, drive to sale, and awareness of the available services. 55 per cent of the change in income is significantly dependent on the quantity of retail cut, stock purchased and total variable cost. It also indicates that many non-economic factors that are subject to research also function in the income flow of traders. Traders are not organized and lack infrastructure support mainly storage, market and credit facility limits the scope of commercialisation in swine business.

Traders in Livestock Sector: Role in Marketing Channel and the Factors Influencing the Income

<div style="text-align: justify;">Background: It is now proven by the rural women that they not only play a key role in the dairy farming but also have a significant role in the socio-economic development in India. Milk production in India is mainly concentrated on marginal and small farm size group in rural areas as a subsidiary occupation to agriculture sector. In addition to this, there are a number of organized dairy farms under the cooperatives milk producers&rsquo; union. In this country, the low genetic potential of the animals results in the high cost and low milk production. Methods: The present field-based survey work was carried out during the agricultural year 2017-18, by adopting purposive stratified simple random technique and data was collected with the help of pre-tested schedule from 80 rural dairy women respondents of eight villages from two blocks of Firozabad district to ascertain the determination of cost of milk production and contribution of rural women in dairying sector. Result: The profit margin can be increased by decreasing the cost of production. The contribution of household women in the net income of the farms was 55.39 and 55.01 percent in case of marginal and small farm, while the total of 274.08 mandays employment generated on the farms through the adoption of dairying activity. The present work will be a complementary contribution of dairy sector.</div>

<div style="text-align: justify;">Contribution of Rural Women in Dairy Income</div>

<div style="text-align:justify">Seed is the basic unit and most critical input for sustainable agriculture. &nbsp;Post sowing impact and production depends on seed quality. Availability of quality seed is either very costly or very difficult to arrange. Farmers can be seen queued in Kisan Mela and seed sale centres for purchase of quality seed. This seen provides an opportunity for farmers to grow crop for seed production which can fetch them more returns. Prime Minister&rsquo;s call to double the farmer&rsquo;s income by 2022 can be a materialized dream for farmers if they opt for State Specific Strategies for Doubling of Farmers Income-2022 Seed contribute approximately 15-20 in different crops production that can be increased to 45% by efficient input management.The developments in the seed industry in India, particularly in the last 30 years, are very significant. Govt policies are giving dividend to Indian farmers. The policy gave access to Indian farmers of the best of seed and planting material available anywhere on the world. &nbsp;The policy stimulated appreciable investments by private individuals, Indian Corporate and MNCs in the Indian seed sector with strong R&amp;D base for product development in each of the seed companies with more emphasis on high value hybrids of cereals and vegetables and hi-tech products such as Bt. Cotton. &nbsp;As a result, farmer has a wide product choice and seed industry today is set to work with a &lsquo;farmer centric&rsquo; approach and is market driven. &nbsp;However, there is an urgent need for the State Seed Corporations also to transform themselves in tune with the industry in terms of infrastructure, technologies, approach and the management culture to be able to survive in the competitive market and to enhance their contribution in the national endeavour of increasing food production to attain food &amp; nutritional security.</div>

Indian Seed Industry: Poised for a leap to help farmers in doubling their income

<div>Background: Mungbean [Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek], also known as green gram is cultivated on area of 4.75 million ha in kharif and rabi/ spring seasons as monocrop or intercrop in India. It serves as a major source of dietary protein for the vast majority of vegetarian people in the country. Mungbean contributed 10.03 per cent of total pulses production (23.40 million tonnes) in the country with productivity level of 494 kg ha-1 in 2018-19. The pulses cultivation in Haryana is almost eliminated in kharif season owing to deviation of area towards cotton, cluster bean and pearlmillet because of low profitability. However, the new window opens for cultivation of mungbean in rice-wheat cropping system in summer season to generate additional farm income and to improve soil health. The area under summer mungbean in state was around 64 thousand ha with the production of 50 thousand tonnes and the average productivity of 780 kg/ha during 2017-18. Although rice-wheat system provides better farm returns, but it has imposed threat to soil health, availability and contamination of ground water, weed and biotic stress management.&nbsp; 
 
Methods: The data &nbsp;pertains to costs and returns from &nbsp;summer mungbean cultivation was gathered from &nbsp;60 mungbean cultivators of Hisar, Kurukshetra and Panipat districts of Haryana having adequate irrigation water availability adopting personal interaction approach in 2018-19. Simple budgeting technique was employed to draw practical implications which ultimately help to take favourable policy decisions for enhancing acreage of summer mungbean. 
 
Result: The inquiry profound that mungbean cultivation in summer season particularly in rice-wheat was established as additional income generation farm enterprise. The net benefits accrued from short duration varieties of mungbean over variable cost was Rs. 31831 ha-1 &nbsp;with time span of 60-70 days by utilizing fallow land in summer season. The B-C ratio toiled considering expenses incurred on variable resources with value of 2.99 divulges economic viability of mungbean cultivation in the study area. It is imperative from results that cultivation of short duration cultivars of mungbean is viable option to enhance farm income, restoration of diminishing soil fertility owing to adoption of continuous rice-wheat rotation by inherent characteristics of converting atmospheric nitrogen. Distinctive efforts are essential to evolve mungbean cultivars suitable to prevailing cropping system in Haryana and assure market procurement. The exploration of mungbean cultivation will reduce dependency on import and improve net availability of pulses in India.</div>

<div>Additional Income Generation from Cultivation of Summer Mungbean in Rice-Wheat System of Haryana</div>

Background: Telangana state stands 13th position in milk production with 5.61 MT of milk production during 2019-20 as compared to 4.2 MT in 2014-15. The profitability of dairy enterprise is determined by sale price of milk and of late there is lot of uproar from farming community on lack of proper support price for milk. So having adequate data on cost of milk production in different sized farms in buffaloes will enable policy makers to arrive at a minimum support price for milk, so that the farmer will not be put to loss. 
 
Methods: An investigation was carried out to study the cost of milk production in buffaloes of dairy farmers in Karimnagar, Khammam and Rangareddy districts of Telangana. The data was collected from 240 farmers spread over 24 villages in 6 mandals in the selected districts. The 240 respondents were interviewed as per the questionnaire.&nbsp; 
 
Result: Average milk production per day per animal, sale price of milk per kg per animal per day was 8.63 lit, Rs.35.42 respectively. Cost of milk production in large, medium and small herd size was found to be Rs.26.32, Rs.26.68, Rs.27.08, respectively. Average cost of milk production per animal per day was found to be Rs.26.49. The average net income from cow was Rs.77.03. The average profit/litre of milk was calculated as Rs.8.92/lit. The average benefit-cost ratio was found to be 1.33.

Study of Milk Cost Production in Buffaloes of Telangana State

<div>Background: Artificial insemination is an important applicable tool in increasing productivity by genetic exploitation through the male line. But farmers or breeders adoption require to be known the detailed cost structure and the nature of the cost function of the new technology. In this paper, therefore an attempt is made to develop a cost structure for frozen semen dose and a representative artificial breeding program in ewes. 
 
Methods: Semen was frozen twice-weekly for a period of a month following traditional box-freezing. Variable and fixed costs associated with the ram management, semen collection, processing and freezing were estimated and used in frozen semen production cost calculation. Cost items estimated as per cost assumption model and used for artificial insemination cost calculation. 
 
Result: The mean production cost of a frozen semen straw was estimated as Tk. 41.66 where ram maintenance cost, semen processing and preservation cost and staff cost shared the maximum expenses were to be 53.69, 12.93 and 33.38%, respectively. The average performance cost of artificial insemination incurred in the study was approximately Tk. 217.31, there in the semen dose, AI pipette and hormone cost covered the top areas of expenses to be 38.34, 23.00 and 19.33%, respectively. The cost estimate of the current study will be of more informative for breeders, stakeholders and researchers in sheep breeding technology.</div>

<div>Developing a Cost Structure of Frozen Semen Production and Performance of Artificial Insemination for Sheep Breeding Program</div>

Background: In most developing countries poultry farming is owned by small business owners, farmers and their families. The broiler industry has fewer climate restrictions and more adaptability and in this sector entrepreneurial activities are still unexplored in India. The purpose of this study was to look into the production performance, income and employment generation of broiler production in Morena district of M.P. 
 
Methods: The broiler farms of the Morena district were identified with the help of Veterinary department personnel, commercial hatchery persons and poultry feed manufacturers and a list of 50 farms, was prepared. The list was arranged in the ascending order of the number of birds kept on a farm. From this list, 30 such farms were selected that were continuously in production for at least one year and where proper records were maintained. The list was divided into three categories based upon the number of birds viz. small farm group (below 1999 birds), medium farm group (2000 to 4999 birds) and large farm group (5000 and above birds). 5 farms were selected randomly from each farm category. Information was gathered by visiting selected chicken farms and interviewing the owners using a prepared questionnaire. The research study was conducted under the Department of A.H. and Dairying, Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture Technology and Sciences, Prayagraj (U.P.). The data were collected for the duration 2019-20. 
 
Results: The present study documented the mean feed conversion ratio, mean Livability percent, mean weight and age at marketing of broilers as 1.83, 95.82 percent, 2.38 kg and 43.8 days respectively for sample as a whole. The average total cost per bird was Rs 161.35. The gross return and net return per bird is found as Rs 185.27 and Rs 23.92 respectively. The benefit-cost ratio is worked out to be 1.15 for the sample as a whole. Rs 6.84 is spent on labour per bird in one production cycle of 56 days. Thus Rs 65664 per farm is spent on employment of labour in 56 days. On the basis of 8 hours working, 3.43 persons have been employed per farm. The statistical analysis using ANOVA found that there is a significant relationship between income and farm size, BCR and farm size.&nbsp;&nbsp;

Production Performance, Income and Employment Generation through Broiler Business: Revelations in Morena District of Madhya Pradesh

<div style="text-align: justify;">To determine Incremental Cost-Benefit Ratio (ICBR) of certain bio-pesticides and insecticide against 2nd larval instar of Helicoverpa armigera in chickpea, an experiment was conducted during winter 2011. Certain pesticides as sole treatments were tested with standard, low and high doses and in treatment combinations with one half of standard doses of two respective pesticides only once at 50% flowering and podding stage of the crop. Upon crop maturity; total grain yield, additional yield, increased income and net income were obtained for each respective treatment to determine its ICBR. Overall, the treatment combination of &frac12; Btk + &frac12; Azadirachtin had the highest ICBR of 1:27.57. The lowest ICBR of 1:5.25 was obtained with Azadirachtin-0.05 %, when other treatments had ICBR from 1:8.51 to 1:23.28. &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;</div>

Cost and Return Analysis of Kharif Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) in Bhilwara District, Rajasthan

Cost and Return Analysis of Tulsi Cultivation in East Champaran District of Bihar State

Traders in Livestock Sector: Role in Marketing Channel and the Factors Influencing the Income

Contribution of Rural Women in Dairy Income

Indian Seed Industry: Poised for a leap to help farmers in doubling their income

Additional Income Generation from Cultivation of Summer Mungbean in Rice-Wheat System of Haryana

Study of Milk Cost Production in Buffaloes of Telangana State

Developing a Cost Structure of Frozen Semen Production and Performance of Artificial Insemination for Sheep Breeding Program

Production Performance, Income and Employment Generation through Broiler Business: Revelations in Morena District of Madhya Pradesh

Incremental cost-benefit ratio of certain bio-pesticides against Helicoverpa armigera Hubner (Noctuidae: Lepidoptera) in chickpea