<p style="text-align:justify">Contagious bovine pleuropneumonia (CBPP) is a bacterial disease, the causative agent of which is <em>Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. Mycoides</em>. The CBPP disease is one of important disease to be given attention because it is causing heavy mortality in bovines all over the world with African continent being hardly hit due to vagaries of bacteria. Air droplets is primary source of infection. Colonization in lower respiratory tract, <em>Mmm</em> invades arteries cause vasculitis. Many pathways of <em>Mmm</em> organism to cause destruction in host animal, presence of Gts ABC is one such mechanism. In CBPP we see pulmonary sequestra in chronic cases, severe fibrinous bronchopneumonia and pleural effusion during the acute to subacute phases. For confirmatory diagnosis, laboratory investigation and use of molecular techniques is recommended. Isolation of causative agent is also optimal method for diagnosis. The use of danofloxacin, tetracycline, flufenicol etc have been documented with varying degree of efficiency. Control over movement of bovine species, adequate space (where droplet spread is prevented) for each animal and vaccination are recommendatory steps. Though India has been declared CBPP free in 2007 we still need cautious approach and continue surveillance because north east of India seems very vulnerable to CBPP. Also, the fact that animal husbandry and agriculture drive economy of some of our most populous states it is all the more important that we give due consideration and focus on CBPP.</p>

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<p>Contagious Bovine Pleuropneumonia: A Review</p>


<div>Contagious bovine pleuropneumonia (CBPP) is an important infectious disease of respiratory system of cattle, caused by Mycoplasma mycoides subspecies mycoides. A cross sectional study was conducted in Lahore, Kasur and Jhang districts of Punjab to determine the prevalence of CBPP. A total of 560 serum samples were examined for the specific antibodies against M. mycoides subspecies mycoides, using a sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Associated risk factors that were evaluated include age, gender and breed. In this study, the overall seroprevalence was 8.75%. The seroprevalence of CBPP in Lahore, Kasur and Jhang were 8.26, 8.20 and 10.06%, respectively, but no significance difference (P&lt;0.05) was observed. Among the assessed potential predisposing factors, gender and breed were not significantly associated with the serological status of the animal (P&gt;0.05), in which the age affected significantly the positivity to CBPP (P&lt;0.05). The highest seropositivity was observed in animals of more than 7 years of age (32.08%) followed by in 4-7 years of age (8.16%) and lowest in animals of less than 4 years old (0.79%). This study confirms the presence of CBPP in the state which could be a threat to livestock export market and warrants the implementation of control measures to mitigate the economic losses associated with the disease.&nbsp;</div>


<div>Seroprevalence of contagious bovine pleuropneumonia in cattle of Punjab, Pakistan and assessment of risk factors</div>


<div style="text-align: justify;">Mycoplasma causes a number of important disease viz., CBPP, CCPP, CRD, Arthritis, Contagious agalactiae and Mastitis in livestock and poultry. The conventional method of isolation and identification of the causative agents of these diseases are generally employed in conjunction with the serology which have the limitation of cross reactivity with other mycoplasma and poor growth of the organisms. To overcome these problems, the PCR assay which is rapid, sensitive and specific was used in the present study to detect the mycoplasma infection due to M.Mycoides subsp.capri directly from the tissue materials viz., lungs, lymphnodes, spleen and liver from the experimentally infected &nbsp;goats. All the tissue materials were &nbsp;subjected &nbsp;to PCR assay with cluster specific primers (MC 323 and MC 358), which yielded approximately 1.5 kbp long product. Further,. It was characterized by using mycoides group specific primers (MM 450 and MM 451) and Mycoplasma capri specific &nbsp;primers (P 4 and P 6) which gave an amplicons of 574 bp and 195 bp products, respectively. The findings indicate &nbsp;that the PCR assay &nbsp;is very &nbsp;simple and useful method for detecting the mycoplasma infection directly from the tissue materials in a very short span.</div>

Contagious Bovine Pleuropneumonia: A Review

Seroprevalence of contagious bovine pleuropneumonia in cattle of Punjab, Pakistan and assessment of risk factors

Rapid detection of infection due to Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. capri in experimental goats by PCR by assay