<div>Background: The present investigation was carried out during the cropping season of year 2019-20 to find out the most suitable growing condition as well as variety of Asiatic lily for the production of bulbs/bulblets under Hisar (Haryana) conditions. 
 
Methods: The experiment was laid out in RBD (factorial) with three replications and twelve treatment combinations, comprising of three growing conditions (polyhouse of 200 &micro;, green shade-net of 50% shade and open field) and four varieties (Courier White, Tresor, Nova Lux and Red Stone). 
 
Result: These varieties of Asiatic lily when grown under polyhouse performed better in some parameters resulting in early bulb sprouting, maximum plant height and number of leaves/plant and the minimum days upto harvesting of bulbs, however, in other parameters viz. leaf length and width, weight of bulbs/plant, diameter of bulb and number of bulblets/plant, the shade-net condition was observed to be better than polyhouse. Overall, Tresor performed better, resulting in early bulb sprouting (5.11 days), minimum days (236.56) upto harvesting of bulbs and the maximum plant height (89.01 cm), number of leaves/plant (64.08), leaf length (9.50 cm), diameter of bulb (3.91 cm) and number of bulblets/plant (2.99)&nbsp;and it was followed by Red Stone which produced maximum weight of bulbs/plant (59.03 g) and observed next to Tresor in most of the parameters. Tresor grown under polyhouse took minimum days (231) upto the harvesting of bulbs, produced maximum plant height (115.13 cm) and number of leaves/plant (69.67)&nbsp;and it was closely followed by Red Stone grown under same condition. Further, under the shade-net, Red Stone produced maximum weight of bulbs/plant (65.30 g) followed by Tresor (63.93 g), while the maximum number of bulblets/plant (3.90) were produced by Tresor followed by Red Stone (3.44). Henceforth, Tresor and Red Stone when grown under polyhouse performed better in vegetative parameters and when grown under shade-net performed better in bulb parameters than the other combinations of growing conditions and varieties.</div>

​Effect of Different Growing Conditions and Genotypes on Growth and Bulb Parameters of Asiatic Lily

Background: Garlic is an aromatic spice with nutritional and medicinal values. Climatic variations such as drought, adversely affect Garlic&rsquo;s morpho-physiological, biochemical attributes and diminish its bulb quality. Soluble silica is a plant-available form of silicon (Si). Silica is beneficial for plant&rsquo;s healthy growth especially against stress conditions. The present study was aimed to evaluate the effect of soluble silica on the garlic plant growth, leaves chlorophyll content and bulb quality against drought stress. 
 
Methods: Garlic was cultivated during the Rabi season (2019-2020) in the experimental field Lohar pipliya (Dewas), India. Randomized experimental blocks consisted of six treatments as follows: T1- Control (well-watered), T2- Drought stress (water supply reduced by about 50%), T3- Drought + a basal dose of NPK fertilizers (BDF) in soil, T4, T5, T6- Drought + BDF + foliar sprays of 7.5, 10 and 12.5 ml L-1 soluble silica respectively. Silica sprays were applied seven-time at a regular interval of 15-days. After 120-days of sowing, plant growth in terms of plants height and number of leaves plant-1 were measured. 120-days leaves chlorophyll, MDA and proline content were estimated. Garlic bulb&rsquo;s quality in terms of fresh-dry weight and diameter were recorded at the final harvest. 
 
Result: Results revealed that drought significantly reduced Garlic&rsquo;s plant height, bulb quality (weight and diameter), chlorophyll (Chl-a and Chl-b) and increased MDA, proline content in contrast to the well-watered garlic. Fertilizers (BDF) feebly improved garlic bulb quality. However, fertilizers (BDF) supplemented with soluble silica sprays (7.5 ml L-1&lt;12.5 ml L-1&lt;10 ml L-1) significantly increased plant height, bulb weight and diameter, leaves chlorophyll, proline and reduced MDA content over the drought-stressed Garlic. Fertilizers (BDF) supplemented with Soluble silica maintained plant water content, reduced oxidative stress and increased leaves chlorophyll content. These resulted in good quality garlic bulbs in terms of weight and diameter despite the drought stress.

Effect of Soluble Silica on the Plant Growth, Leaves Chlorophyll Content and Bulb Quality of the Garlic (Allium sativum L.) against Drought Stress

<div style="text-align:justify">Background: Onion (Allium cepa L.) is a major bulbous vegetable as well as condiment of family Alliaceae grown in India, originated in Iran and Pakistan. Seed pelleting is a mechanism of applying various materials to the seed that can enhance the seed quality with respect to physiological, physical and health attributes. Seed pelleting make it easy to handle small and irregular shaped seeds. Methods: The present investigation was conducted in the field of Department of Seed Science and Technology, Dr. Y. S. Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Nauni, Solan during seasons of 2016-17 and 2017-18.&nbsp; Result: This experiment comprised of pelleted seeds with different botanicals carried out to determine the effect of sowing dates and seed pelleting and their interactions on plant growth, yield and quality of bulb crop. All the factors in the experiment as well as their interactions showed significant influence on plant growth, yield and yield contributing characters in onion. The seeds pelleted with Azadirechta indica leaf powder + clay and Melia azedarach &nbsp;leaf powder + clay sown directly showed maximum values w.r.t. emergence (91.50 %), plant height at 60 days after sowing (35.35 cm), average leaf length (38.43cm), number of leaves per plant (8.67), number of days to harvesting (233.49),&nbsp;polar diameter (46.72 mm), equatorial diameter (57.77 mm), bulb size index (2699.74 ), neck thickness (12.12 mm), number of bulb per plot (89.00) average bulb weight (75.24 g), bulb yield (6.67 kg per plot or 400.01 q per ha), plant height before neck fall stage (58.55 cm). From the present studies, it can be concluded that onion seeds pelleted with Azadirechta indica leaf powder + clay and Melia azedarach leaf powder + clay showed significant effects for enhancing bulb quality, growth, quality and yield of bulb crop raised through direct seeding.</div>

<div style="text-align: justify;">Effect of Sowing Dates and Botanical Seed Pelleting on Plant Growth, Bulb Yield and Quality of Onion (Allium cepa L.)</div>

Background: A standard research trial were conducted with the objective to evaluate the influence of variable levels of organic inputs on bulb attributes of garlic cultivars grown under suitable environment of lower hilly region of Uttarakhand. 
 
Methods: A field study were undertaken during successive rabi seasons of 2021-2022 and 2022-2023 at Horticulture Experiment Block, School of Agricultural Science, Shri Guru Ram Rai University, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India to evaluate the influence of varying levels of organic manures on bulb attributes of garlic. The research trials were organised in a factorial randomized block design comprising three replications. Design treatments comprised two factors, Factor 1: includes two Garlic cultivars viz. (V1) Pahadi local and (V2) Desi local; Factor 2: comprised of twelve varying levels of organic manures viz. T1: (Control), T2: (Farm Yard Manure @ 10 t/ha), T3: (Vermicompost @ 5 t/ha), T4: (Vermiwash@ 50%), T5: (Cow urine @ 20%), T6: (PSB@ 5 Kg/ha), T7: (FYM @ 5t/ha +Vermicompost @ 2.5 t/ha + Vermiwash @ 25%), T8: (FYM @ 5 t/ha +Vermicompost @ 2.5 t/ha + Cow urine @ 10%), T9: (FYM @ 5 t/ha +Vermicompost @ 2.5 t/ha + PSB @ 2.5 kg/ha), T10: (Vermicompost @ 2.5 t/ha + Vermiwash @ 25% + PSB @ 2.5 Kg/ha), T11: (FYM @ 5 t/ha +Vermicompost @ 2.5 t/ha+Vermiwash @ 25% + Cow urine @ 10% + PSB @ 2.5 kg/ha) and T12: (FYM @ 10 t/ha +Vermicompost @ 5 t/ha + Vermiwash @ 50% + Cow urine @ 20% + PSB @ 5 kg/ha). 
 
Result: The maximum fresh as well as dry mass of bulbs among cultivars was reported in Desi Local in both the years. Among the treatments, the maximum fresh and dry mass of bulbs was noticed in T4&nbsp;in both years. The maximum and minimum bulb length was observed in V2T8&nbsp;(3.76 cm) and V1T1&nbsp;(2.70 cm) in 2022, whereas, in 2023, the maximum and minimum bulb length was observed in V2T8&nbsp;(3.76 cm) and V1T1&nbsp;(2.43 cm). The maximum and minimum bulb diameter was recorded in V2T1&nbsp;(3.50 cm) and V1T1&nbsp;(2.60 cm) in 2022 and V2T1&nbsp;(3.50 cm) and V1T2&nbsp;(2.66 cm), respectively in 2023. The maximum and minimum bulb volume was noticed in V1T3,11 (20.00 cm3) and V1T4,6&nbsp;(13.00 cm3) in 2022, whereas, in 2023, the maximum and minimum volume of bulb was noticed in V1T8&nbsp;(20.00 cm3) and V1T3&nbsp;(12.66 cm3). The maximum bulbing index was observed in V1T5&nbsp;(2.32) in 2022 and V1T5&nbsp;(2.32) in 2023. 
&nbsp;

Bulbing Attributes of Garlic (Allium sativum L.) as Influenced by Varying Levels of Organic Manures

<div style="text-align:justify">Background: In this study 11 height and diameter prediction models were fitted and evaluated for Himalayan Chir pine (Pinus roxburghii) in Jammu region of UT J and K (India). The data were collected from 50 permanent sample plots in uneven aged stands of Pinus roxburghii and total of 500 individual tree height and diameter measurement were used for this study. At initial stage all the models fitted resulted in significant coefficients, besides various selection criteria&rsquo;s were also used to test the predictive performance of fitted models. The results of these criteria were generated from various libraries of R studio (version 3.5.1, 2018). The models were further cross validated and results revealed Manfred (MG) and Michaelis-Menten2 (MJ) models described the highest amount of height variation in terms of fit statistics and more crucially with lowest prediction error rate as compared to other models. 
&nbsp;</div>

<div style="text-align:justify">Methods: The study was carried out in Jammu region of UT J and K (India). Data used in this study were collected on 50 permanent sample plots of 0.25 ha in size.In order to achieve stipulated objectives, Height diameter data on 500 trees from Jammu forest division was utilized in this study. 
&nbsp;</div>

<div style="text-align:justify">Result: The summary statistics of height and diameter variable and the overall summary of the coefficients of various height and diameter models in Jammu forest division are presented. Almost all the coefficients of the statistical models were statistically significant which is an indication that fitted models are capturing the height diameter relationship an important aspect in context to biological realism.</div>

Predictive Modelling of Height and Diameter Relationships of Himalayan Chir Pine

<div>Background: The purpose of this research was to evaluate the growth and bulb yield of shallot (Allium cepa L.) varieties grown by TSS with different population. 
 
Methods: This study was carried out in the low dry land at Laleten Village, Malaka District, NTT Province, Indonesia, from March to August 2018. We investigated different plant populations per planting hole using a split-plot design with two factors and four replications. The main plot was the varieties (Trisula and Bima Brebes) and the subplots were the seedling population (100, 200 and 300 plants/m2). 
 
Result: There was no interaction between varieties and population for any of the measured parameters. The population only affected the plant height at the beginning of plant growth. A high plant population (300 plants/m2) gave the highest production of single bulbs but was negatively correlated with the bulb weight. Trisula variety produced significantly more single bulbs than the Bima Brebes one. The establishment of the TSS-adapted varieties could be recommended in this area.</div>

<div>The Effect of True Shallot Seed (TSS) Varieties and Population on Growth and Bulb Yield</div>

<div style="text-align: justify;">Background: Problems shallot cultivation in tropical regions such as Indonesia, is low productivity. Planting material is one of the causes of low productivity. The planting material used is a bulb that has been used continuously. It is makes planting material susceptible to infectious diseases and viruses. Efforts can be made to reducing the attack of virus infections in the planting material of the bulbs is by using seeds. However, seed production in Indonesia is still low due to the difficulty of flowering and low viability of seeds. The aim of this research was to detect &nbsp;flowering ability from the source of bulbs flowering and non-flowering clumps using Hd3a primers and endogenous GA3, also the effect of age of bulbs to flowering of shallot. Methods: The study used a complete randomized block design. The treatment consisted of two factors with three replications. The first factor was source of bulbs flowering and non-flowering clumps. The second factor was age bulbs which consists of three levels, namely the 60, 80 and 90 days age bulbs. The contents of gibberellins was analyzed using HPLC analysis. Molecular analysis to determine the potential of flowering genes used SSR primer (Hd3a). Result: Hd3a primer can be used as a marker of flowering shallot. Source of bulbs flowering and non-flowering clumps have the same flowering potential gene. The percentage of flowering in flowering clumps was higher than non-flowering clumps and correlates with endogenous gibberellins content. The age of bulbs indicates that older bulbs gave a higher percentage of flowering.&nbsp;</div>

<div style="text-align:justify">Detection of Flowering Ability on Several Bulbs Shallot Sources by using Hd3a and Endogenous GA3 Analysis</div>

<div>Background: The availability of productive sows slaughtered in commercial and traditional pig slaughterhouses makes it possible to use their ovaries as a source of oocytes, which can be used as raw materials in the in vitro Maturation (IVM) process. Oocyte diameter is one indicator that determines the success rate of oocyte nuclear maturation in vitro. Scientific information on the relationship between the number and size of the follicles on the diameter of porcine oocytes is still very limited. Therefore, this research was conducted to add data that can later be used for in vitro Maturation and in vitro Fertilization. 
 
Methods: This research was carried on in 2021; samples were collected from sow ovaries from commercial and traditional pig slaughterhouses in Badung and Tabanan Regency. The aspiration oocyte collection method was carried out at the Embryology Laboratory of the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Udayana University. This research was conducted by grouping ovaries into three groups: group 1 is ovaries with small follicles that have a diameter &lt;2 mm, group 2 were ovaries with medium follicles which have a diameter of 3.1-5 mm and group 3 were ovaries with large follicles that have diameter &gt;5 mm. 
 
Result: The results showed that the larger the size of the follicle, the larger the diameter of the oocyte. There is a closer relationship between oocyte diameter and follicle diameter with a correlation value of 1 and has a very strong relationship with the number of follicles (negative relationship, correlation value = -0.703) and with oocyte quality (positive relationship with a correlation value 0.703). Oocyte quality correlated perfectly with follicle diameter and number of follicles (correlation value 1) and quite strongly correlated with oocyte diameter (correlation value 0.703). The close relationship between follicle diameter and the number of follicles on oocyte diameter is shown by the regression equation Y= 0.848 + 6.359X1 - 3.797X2 and the close relationship between follicle diameter and oocyte diameter on oocyte quality is shown by the regression equation Y= 0.900+ 0.310X1 + 0.005X2.</div>

Relationship between the Number and Size of the Follicle on the Oocyte Diameter of the Pig Ovarium

<div>Background: Broccoli [Brassica oleracea (L.) var.italica plecnk.] is a cole crop with highly perishability. It is rich in vitamin, antioxidants, anticancerous compounds and health promoting chemicals. It is harvested at tender and tight bud stage due to which the deterioration rate is high because of the high respiration rate of the broccoli head. This exotic crop is becoming popular since consumers are continuously health conscious. It has a shelf life only two days in room condition. There arise a need to retain postharvest quality of broccoli to meet the consumer demand. 
 
Methods: Three different date of planting i.e 15th Sept, 30th Sept and 15th Oct, 2014 were done in two broccoli cultivar Aishwarya and Sadhana while harvestings were done in 2015 at three different stages of head diameter i.e. 12-14 cm, 14-16 cm and above 16 cm. Storage studies for biochemical changes for ascorbic acid, chlorophyll content, total soluble solids and sensory analysis were carried out in refrigerated condition. 
 
Result: On studying the interaction effects of date of planting, variety and head diameter, it was concluded that early sown broccoli i.e 15th September showed better quality with smaller head diameter in variety Aishwarya.</div>

A Comparative Study on the Interaction Effect of Date of Planting, Variety and Head Diameter on the Post Harvest Quality of Broccoli Stored in Refrigerated Condition

<div>Background: Information on the mechanical properties of chickpea plants and their changes with moisture content and stem diameter is highly&nbsp; needed to design agricultural equipment such as harvesters, threshers, hoppers, chutes, etc. 
 
Methods: The experiments were conducted at 17.44, 15.33 and 13.13% levels of moisture content and 5-6&times;10-3, 7-8&times;10-3 and 9-10&times;10-2 m levels of stem diameter to measure properties such as cutting energy, cutting force, specific cutting energy and bending force of chickpea plant in rabi season during 2022-2023. 
 
Results: The range of cutting energy of chickpea plants was found to be 0.39 to 7.48 J for 6&times;10-3 to 1&times;10-2 m stem diameter with blade velocity of 4.57 to 1.66 ms-1 at 13.33 to 17.44% moisture content. The cutting force of chickpea plants varied from 65 to 748 N for 6&times;10-3 to 1&times;10-2 m stem diameter with blade velocity of 4.57 to 1.66 ms-1 at 13.33% to 17.44% moisture content. On ther other side the specific energy was found to be 0.0106 to 0.1219 J mm-2 for 6&times;10-3 to 1&times;10-2 m stem diameter at 13.13 to 17.44% moisture content. The bending force of chickpea plants was found in the range 1.25 to 27.28 N for 6&acute;10-3 to 1&times;10-2 m stem diameter at 17.44 to 13.13% moisture content.</div>

Effect of Different Growing Conditions and Genotypes on Growth and Bulb Parameters of Asiatic Lily

Effect of Soluble Silica on the Plant Growth, Leaves Chlorophyll Content and Bulb Quality of the Garlic (Allium sativum L.) against Drought Stress

Effect of Sowing Dates and Botanical Seed Pelleting on Plant Growth, Bulb Yield and Quality of Onion (Allium cepa L.)

Bulbing Attributes of Garlic (Allium sativum L.) as Influenced by Varying Levels of Organic Manures

Predictive Modelling of Height and Diameter Relationships of Himalayan Chir Pine

The Effect of True Shallot Seed (TSS) Varieties and Population on Growth and Bulb Yield

Detection of Flowering Ability on Several Bulbs Shallot Sources by using Hd3a and Endogenous GA₃ Analysis

Relationship between the Number and Size of the Follicle on the Oocyte Diameter of the Pig Ovarium

A Comparative Study on the Interaction Effect of Date of Planting, Variety and Head Diameter on the Post Harvest Quality of Broccoli Stored in Refrigerated Condition

Effects of Moisture Content and Stem Diameter on Mechanical Properties of Chickpea Plants for Harvester Development