<div style="text-align: justify;">Over the last decade, research has been conducted towards the uses and properties of donkey milk that has distinct chemical composition and consequently particularly nutritional properties. It is interesting to determine antioxidant potential of indigenous Halari and French Poitu donkey milk by using the total antioxidant capacity and ferric reducing antioxidant power assay. These methods are reliable, fast and with sound methodological infrastructures. The objective of the present research was to investigate the applicability of the trolox based total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and ferric reducing ability of plasma (FRAP) assay for identification of antioxidant potential of Indian Halari donkey milk and French Poitu donkey milk. The donkey milk is quite popular for its anti-aging properties in Western and European countries as cosmetic and nutraceutical preparations. However, in Indian context no such study is conducted on Halari donkey milk. The Indian Halari donkeys are untapped resource for their dairy potential. Our results showed that the whole milk of Halari donkey is at par with French Poitu donkey milk in terms of their antioxidative potential.</div>

<div style="text-align: justify;">Estimation of Antioxidant Potential of Indigenous Halari and French Poitu Donkey Milk by using the Total Antioxidant Capacity and Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power Essay</div>

<div>Background: As a source of alternative medicines, plant derived drugs are of great potential and can be used to cure various health related ailments. One of the most common medicinal plant, Syzygium cumini commonly known as Jamun is well known for its various pharmaceutical properties. In the traditional medicine, the entire plant has been widely used in the treatment of various diseases. For the treatment of diabetes, the preparation of tea from the leaves of Syzygium cumini is known for its hypoglycaemic effect. Leaves are also used in the treatement of various skin diseases. 
 
Methods: Keeping in view the above concerns, the investigation of this plant aims to assess the phytochemical and antioxidant content of the ethyl acetate extract of locally available Syzygium cumini leaves samples acquired from the campus of Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar. The proposed study was conducted in Department of Chemistry, CCS HAU, Hisar during 2019-2021. Samples were collected and moisture content was estimated. Various chemicals and phytonutrients like alkaloids, tannins, minerals, crude protein, crude fibre, flavonoids and total phenolics were investigated in shade dried samples.&nbsp; 
 
Result: The total phenolic and flavanoid content were 11.48 mg GAE/g and 5.17 mg CE/g, respectively. The antioxidant activity of Syzygium cumini leaves extract was investigated using the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging assay and total antioxidant capacity using phospho-molybdenum assay. The result showed that ethyl acetae extract of Jamun leaves had potential antioxidant activity which justifies their medicinal applications for the treatment of various ailments.</div>

Phytochemical Screening and Antioxidant Potential of Syzygium cumini Leaves

Background: Processing wastes that are generated at industrial and house hold level are a huge concern. Utilization of these by-products and their bioactive compounds is a blooming industry at present. This study has been designed to unleash the potential of such by-product (stalks) and their possible application. 
 
Methods: In order to use plant by-products as a potential source of antioxidants, the methanolic, aqueous methanolic and aqueous extracts of the curry leaf stalks were studied. The nutrient, anti-nutrient, phytochemical content and in-vitro antioxidant activities were assessed for the stalks. The plant extracts were then incorporated in sunflower oil and tested for stability of oil upon repetitive deep frying. 
 
Result: Total phenolic content and flavonoids followed the order of aqueous methanolic&gt;aqueous &gt; methanolic extracts. The phytochemical analysis of the extracts for total flavanols followed the order aqueous &gt;aqueous methanolic &gt; methanolic. In vitro antioxidant activities of the extracts in DPPH, FRAP, reducing power and CUPRAC assays followed the order aqueous methanolic&gt; methanolic&gt; aqueous extracts. Therefore, aqueous methanol is a suitable solvent among the three solvents for extracting most active components with higher antioxidant activity from the stalks. Findings from the present study infer that Curry leaf stalks can be a potential source of natural antioxidants and can be used in foods and pharmacological formulas.

Extraction, Estimation and Utilization of Curry Leaf (Murraya koenigii) Stalks as a Potential Source of Antioxidants

<div>Background: Solanaceae plants have the potential to be a source of food, medicine, industrial materials and antioxidants.&nbsp;Antioxidants are compounds that can delay or prevent oxidation caused by free radicals significantly. Metabolomic analysis is a method used to study metabolite profiles. It is necessary to use elicitors to optimize the synthesis of metabolomic compounds and antioxidant potential: methyl jasmonate and salicylic acid as elicitors. 
 
Methods: This research aims to analyze the Solanaceae plant&rsquo;s metabolomic compounds and antioxidant potential using GCMS after the elicitors methyl jasmonate and salicylic acid induction. Experimental method research with stages: 1) Observation, collection and identification of Solanaceae plants, 2) Preparation of experimental land, 3) Planting of plant collections, 4) Application of elicitor methyl jasmonate 60 ppm and salicylic acid 0.45 g/L, 5) Metabolomic and antioxidant analysis on fresh extracts of samples. Testing antioxidant activity using a spectrophotometer with DPPH solution. Metabolomic profile analysis using GCMS. 
 
Result: The results of the non-targeted metabolomic analysis with GCMS and antioxidant activity with IC50&nbsp;in the Solanum genus, namely Solanum betaceum, Solanum melongena, Solanum torvum, Solanum Lycopersicum and Solanum tuberosum, respectively identified 18, 16, 14, 13 and 20 compounds. The IC50&nbsp;values&nbsp;&nbsp; were 51.32 mg/L (strong category), 56.64 mg/L (strong category), 65.86 mg/L (strong category), 113.60 mg/L (medium category), 102.71 mg/L (medium category), respectively. In the Capsicum genus, namely Capsicum frutescens and Capsicum annuum, 21 and 37 compounds were identified, respectively, with IC50&nbsp;values&nbsp; of 124.76 mg/L (medium category) and 63.23 mg/L (strong category). In Physalis angulata, 19 compounds were identified, IC50&nbsp;was 44.04 mg/L (very strong category), six compounds were identified in&nbsp; Nicotiana tabacum and IC50&nbsp;was 67.55 mg/L (strong category).&nbsp; Solanaceae plants have moderate to very strong antioxidant potential. 
&nbsp;</div>

<div>Analysis of Metabolomic Compounds and Antioxidant Potential of Solanaceae Family Plants using Gcms after Elicitor Induction Methyl Jasmonate and Salicylic Acid</div>

<div>Background:&nbsp; In the present quantitative and qualitative study, to compare the new variety of naked barley with other cereals (durum wheat, commun wheat, coated barley). Regarding the richness in phytonutrients including mainly flavonoids, polyphenols, tannins condensed in a hydroponic culture.&nbsp; 
 
Methods: The experiment was conducted in Laboratory of life sciences and techniques, Souk Ahras University in Algeria during 2019-2022. The antioxidant power was tested according to the DPPH free radical scavenging method. The results obtained from the quantitative study of methanolic extracts show that varieties rich in tannins and flavonoids have a significant antioxidant activity than a variety rich only in total polyphenols. Qualitative studies based on HPLC of these compounds allow us to visualize phenolic traces of our extracts, this analysis showed that our extracts mainly contain flavonoids of the flavone and flavonol type, potentially interesting for their biological properties. 
 
Result: The results reported the existence of a very highly significant difference (P &lt; 0.001) between IC50 of the new variety Chaiir Ennabi (Naked Barley) compared to ascorbic acid, which shows a lower antioxidant activity of this variety.Barley variety Barbarous (coated barley) had the highest antioxidant activities and the highest contents of phenolic compounds.&nbsp;</div>

Phytochemical Characterization of Hydroponic Naked Barley, Analysis of Antioxidant Potential

Background: Eclipta prostrate also recognized as Bhringaraja is an annual herbaceous plant, commonly known as king of hairs. It is an erect or prostrate, much branched, roughly hairy, annual, rooting at the nodes; the leaves are opposite, sessile and lanceolate belonging to family Asteraceae. This plant is a significant medicinal plant in the tropical and subtropical areas. It is broadly used in treating different diseases of skin, liver and stomach in India, Nepal, Bangladesh and other countries. 
 
Methods: The main aim of this work was to collect and analyze the available information on traditional uses, phytoconstituents and biological activities of E. prostrata. Eclipta prostrata L. methanol extract was evaluated for its phytochemical compounds, ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) and antibacterial activity.&nbsp; 
 
Result: Phytochemical analysis showed the presence of alkaloids, tannins, glycosides, steroids, glycoproteins and volatile oil the total saponin content was found to be 84.175 &plusmn; 0.575 in mg/g equivalent of diosgenin. The results of antioxidant activity measured by the FRAP method revealed stronger reducing power of the extract. Further antibacterial activity was observed against K. pneumoniae and S. aureus in potential of inhibiting the tested microorganisms. Crude methanolic extract of E. prostrate recorded a minimum inhibitory concentration of 2 mg/ml. The results of current study suggested that antioxidant activity and antibacterial activity could be due to polyphenols, however chiefly by various active compounds or substances present in the extract. Further isolation, characterization and identification of the potential phytochemical compound from crude extract needs to be addressed.

Exploration of&nbsp; Antibacterial and Antioxidant Potential of Eclipta prostrata Leaf Extract

<div style="text-align:justify">Background: Brassica rapa (L.) is commonly used as vegetable because of its antioxidant and medicinal properties. Thus, turnip (variety White 4) was characterized by its chemical composition and mineral profile procured from CCS Haryana Agricultural University in Hisar. The effect of solvent on extraction of phytochemicals was investigated.&nbsp; 
 
Methods: Antioxidant potential including total phenolics content (TPC), total flavonoids (TFC), the free radical scavenging activity (DPPH assay) and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) was analyzed.&nbsp; 
 
Result: The aqueous extract contained the highest total phenols (4.56&plusmn;0.02 mg GAE/g) and flavonoids (2.07&plusmn;0.05 mg CE/g) as compare to ethanol and acetone extracts. The DPPH free radical scavenging activity of turnip root extracts was highly variable and increased with increasing concentration levels. The aqueous extract showed the best DPPH free radical scavenging activity at the IC50 value (1.26 mg/mL) followed by ethanol (11.30 mg/mL) and acetone (12.08 mg/mL) extracts. The total antioxidant capacity was highest in aqueous extract (3.45&plusmn;0.03) as compared to ethanol (2.95&plusmn;0.07) and acetone (0.81&plusmn;0.08 mg AAE/g).</div>

Effect of Extraction Solvents on Phytochemicals and Antioxidant Potential of Turnip Roots (Brassica rapa L.)

<div style="text-align:justify">Background: Acute kidney injury causes an abrupt decline in renal filtration and affects animals in a similar way to humans. Diagnosis can be made based on urinalysis, serum biochemistry and various biomarkers. The present study was conducted to evaluate the ameliorative, antioxidant and immunomodulatory potential of vitamin D in rats induced with acute kidney injury. 
 
Methods: In the present study, group A rats were taken as healthy control, group B rats were given gentamicin @ 100 mg/kg BW intraperitoneally for 8 days and were considered as disease control and group C rats were treated with Vitamin D @ 0.4 &micro;g/kg/day subcutaneously for 8 days along with intraperitoneal gentamicin injection. Reduced glutathione (GSH), lipid peroxide (LPO), catalase and superoxide dismutase (SOD) were estimated in erythrocytes on day 0, 4 and 8. Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF &alpha;) and interleukin 10 (IL 10) were also estimated along with urine and serum biochemistry on day 0, 4 and 8. Kidney tissue samples were collected on day 8 for histopathological examination. 
 
Result: The mean values of GSH, catalase and SOD were significantly (P&lt;0.05) higher whereas the mean value of LPO was significantly (P&lt;0.05) lower in group C compared to group B on day 4 and 8. On day 4 and 8, the mean value of TNF &alpha; was significantly (P&lt;0.05) lower, while the mean value of IL-10 was significantly (P&lt;0.05) higher in rats treated with vitamin D as compared to disease control. Histopathological examination along with urine and serum biochemistry revealed protective efficacy of vitamin D in acute kidney injury. Based on the findings of the present study, it is concluded that vitamin D is having ameliorative efficacy along with antioxidant and immunomodulatory potential in case of gentamicin induced acute kidney injury in Wistar rats. However, detailed studies are required to explore the therapeutic potential of vitamin D in clinical cases of kidney diseases.</div>

Ameliorative, Antioxidant and Immunomodulatory Potential of Vitamin D on Aminoglycoside Induced Acute Kidney Injury in Wistar Rats

<div>Background: Grapefruits are one of the nutritious and most commonly consumed fruits in United States, next to oranges. Conversely, limited consumption has been reported in India due to its sour taste and bitter flavour. So, the present investigation was undertaken to produce value-added products (chiller, squash, spread and peel candy) from different varieties (Red blush, Ruby Red, marsh Seedless) with an objective to enhance its sensory acceptability.&nbsp; 
 
Methods: The four cultivars of grapefruits were procured from citrus farm of PAU, Ludhiana. Half of the fresh fruits were washed thoroughly in distilled water, peeled, sectioned into small pieces and dried in hot air oven at &plusmn;55&deg;C. The dried fruit was then ground into fine powder and stored in the air-tight containers (27&deg;C) for nutritional analysis whereas the other half was processed manually to formulate the value-added products in the Food Lab of the same for its sensorial evaluation.&nbsp; 
 
Result: Out of four varieties; Red blush became most acceptable for chiller and spread, whereas Ruby Red and Marsh Seedless for squash and peel candy. Prior to product formulation, nutritional parameters of varieties were analysed. They reported high amount of potassium and crude fibre i.e.111-117mg and 1.27-1.40 g/100 g. Among formulated products, ascorbic acid and antioxidant potential was highest in chiller i.e. 28.89 mg/100 g and 75.82%. Quercetin Equivalent was 77.33 (highest) in peel candy.</div>

Sensory Attributes and Antioxidant Potential of Value-added Products of Grapefruit (Citrus paradisi)

<div>Background: The essential oils of aromatic plants have wide range of biological applications. Natural food preservatives have been always a demanding for food industries in both developed and developing countries to prevent bacterial growth in food stuffs. Therefore, focused on Cinnamon leaves essential oils components against food pathogens have been investigated to confirm its potential use in food products.&nbsp; 
 
Methods: The antimicrobial activity of two Cinnamon leaves oils and extracts (T-2 and T-19) were examined by disc diffusion assay and the minimum inhibitory concentration by two-fold serial dilution method against foodborn pathogenic microorganisms i.e. E.coli (MTCC 723), B. Cereus (MTCC 430), S. aureus (MTCC 3381), S. typhi (MTCC 734) and C. perfringens (MTCC 1349). The antioxidant activity of both essential oils and extract was determined by DPPH assay. The chemical profiling of Cinnamon essential oils were determined by gas chromatography (GC) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS).&nbsp; 
 
Result: The antimicrobial activity of both Cinnamon leaves oils and extract were evaluated by disc diffusion assay and it showed that in essential oils and extracts exhibited the highest zone of inhibition (ZOI) against S. aureus and E.coli. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of both oils and extracts ranged from 0.156 mg/ml to 5mg/ml and the antioxidant properties of oils and extract of cinnamaldehyde type Cinnamon possessed the highest antioxidant activity than linalool type. The chemical constituent of Cinnamon oil was analyzed by gas chromatography (GC) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) revealed that T-2 contains cinnamaldehyde (75%) and T-19 contains Linalool (63.77%) were found as major constituents. Therefore the results shows that essential oil of cinnamaldehyde type Cinnamon could be a potential rich source of natural antioxidants and also more effective against food borne pathogens than linalool type and could be used as natural antibacterial agents in food preservation.</div>

<div>Comparative Analysis of In vitro Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Potential of Cinnamomum tamala Extract and their Essential Oils of Two Different Chemotypes</div>