<div style="text-align: justify;">Through a survey in Kakatpur block, Odisha, twenty-one numbers of anestrous cattle were selected and equally divided in to three groups (T0, T1 and T2, n=7) for the experiment. T0 was kept as control (farmer&rsquo;s practice), while T1 and T2 were provided with area specific mineral mixture (Ca, P, Mn, Cu, Zn) at 50g/day/animal and bypass fat at 100 g/day/animal, respectively for 60days. Average daily gain was significantly higher in T1 and T2 as compared to that of T0. Significant improvement in blood glucose, cholesterol, triglyceride and SGPT status was observed after various treatments. Due to mineral supplementation, all blood mineral status was improved. T1 and T2 groups exhibited better ovarian status and conception rate after treatment. Although, highest conception rate was observed in T2 group. Therefore, it can be concluded that supplementation of mineral mixture and bypass fat improved reproductive efficiency of anestrous animals along higher daily gain.</div>

Combating anestrous problem in crossbred cattle by nutritional interventions in field conditions of Odisha

<p>The study was designed at evaluating early postpartum ovarian activity through plasma progesterone profile at 10 days interval up to 90 days, followed by induction of estrus in postpartum anestrous suckled Kankrej cows (n=18) using Ovsynch, CIDR and Ovsynch + CIDR treatment protocols with FTAI (6 cows in each protocol), keeping six normal cyclic cows as control. The plasma P4 profile (ng/ml) varied in the range of 0.15&plusmn;0.03 to 1.70&plusmn;0.80 in treatment groups and 0.62 &plusmn;0.19 to 4.09&plusmn;1.60 in control group up to 90 days postpartum. The mean P4 concentration on the day of calving was low (&lt;1 ng/ml) in all the groups, which gradually increased to reach peak levels by day 40 in cyclic control (4.09&plusmn;1.60 ng/ml), Ovsynch (1.70&plusmn;0.80 ng/ml) and CIDR (1.68&plusmn;0.47 ng/ml) and by day 20 in Ovsynch + CIDR (1.09&plusmn;0.23 ng/ml) groups. Most of the cows turned into subestrous or anestrous condition between days 40 and 90 postpartum. The estrus induction response in Ovsynch, CIDR and Ovsynch + CIDR groups initiated at day 90-92 postpartum was 66.66, 83.33 and 50.00 per cent, respectively. The conception rates at induced estrus were 16.66, 33.33 and 16.66 per cent, and overall of 3 cycles 33.33 (2/6), 50.00 (3/3) and 33.33 (2/6) per cent, respectively. In normal cyclic control group, the conception rates at first cycle and overall of 3 cycles were 33.33 and 50.00 per cent. The mean plasma P4 (ng/ml) concentrations were significantly (P&lt;0.05) higher on day 7 in Ovsynch (1.41 &plusmn;0.10), CIDR (4.92&plusmn;0.83) and Ovsynch + CIDR (3.87&plusmn;0.84) protocols as compared to their corresponding values on day 0 and day 9/10 (AI). The mean values of plasma P4 from days 20 to 40 post-AI were higher in conceived cows than in non-conceived cows of CIDR and Ovsynch + CIDR groups, compared to the animals in Ovsynch and normal cyclic groups. It is opined that the use of different protocols, mainly CIDR, may serve as an effective tool for induction and synchronization of estrus and improvement of conception rate in postpartum anestrous suckled Kankrej cows.</p>


<p>Effect of estrus synchronization on plasma progesterone profile and fertility response in postpartum suckled anestrous Kankrej cows*</p>


<div><strong>Background: </strong>The time of artificial insemination (AI) concerning ovulation is one of the main factors that affect the pregnancy rate. This study aimed to compare the time of AI with cooled semen in anestrous goats treated with progesterone (P4) plus hCG-based protocol and the effect of management condition on pregnancy rate.&nbsp;<br />
<br />
<strong>Methods:</strong> Forty-nine crossbred (local x dairy goats) and thirty-nine Alpine anestrous multiparous goats managed under extensive and intensive production systems respectively, were used (June, 25&deg;N). Goats were treated with 20 mg of P4 followed by 100 IU of hCG 24 h later. On the day of hCG administration (Day 0), goats in each management system were allocated randomly to each of the two treatment groups. Goats in the first group received a fixed-time AI (FTAI) at 48 and 60 h after hCG whereas goats of the second group received a FTAI at 60 and 72 h with cooled semen. Goats were examined by transrectal ultrasonography (7.5 MHz) 45 days after AI to determine the pregnancy rate.&nbsp;<br />
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<strong>Result:&nbsp;</strong>There was no significant difference in pregnant goats inseminated at 48 and 60 h (46.8%, 22/47) or 60 and 72 h (46.3%, 19/41) after hCG administration (P&gt;0.05). There was a tendency for a higher pregnancy rate in intensive compared to extensive management conditions (P=0.09) and no interaction was detected between the time of insemination and the management condition system (P&gt;0.05).</div>


<p>The Time of Artificial Insemination with Cooled Semen does not Affect the Pregnancy Rate in Anestrous Goats</p>


<div><strong>Background:</strong> Goats from subtropical and temperate latitudes show reproductive seasonality. For this reason, the products obtained from goats also shows the same seasonality, reducing the finances of goat keepers. Several studies have focused on reducing reproductive seasonality through the use of hormonal protocols based on progestogens, in addition to the use of equine chorionic gonadotropin (eCG) hormone, used for its double biological activity that ensures an optimal response to induce estrus and pregnancy in goats. The objective was to assess whether reduced doses of eCG are effective in inducing reproductive activity in anestrous goats.<br />
<br />
<strong>Methods: </strong>During the transition reproductive period (June), mix-breed Creole goats (n=39), were treated with intramuscular progesterone (P4), later, the experimental treatments, consisting in different doses (50, 100, 50+50 or 200 IU) of equine chorionic gonadotropin (eCG) were applied. After the application of the experimental protocols, the reproductive activity of the goats was evaluated.&nbsp;<br />
<br />
<strong>Result: </strong>This study shows that one dose of 100 IU of eCG effectively induced reproductive behavior in anestrous Creole goats towards the end of the seasonal anestrus. This protocol makes the use of exogenous hormones more efficient, with reduce doses, decreasing expenses and is practical use by goat producers.</div>


<div>Evaluation of Different eCG Doses + Progesterone to Induce Reproductive Activity During the Transitional Reproductive Season in Anestrous Creole Goats</div>


<div style="text-align: justify;">he aim of the present paper was to investigate the efficiency of different progestagen treatment methods in combination with Pregnant Mare Serum Gonadotrophin (PMSG) in Merino ewes outside the breeding season. A total of 78 ewes (2 to 4 years old) with a mean bodyweight of 58.4 kg and an average body condition score (BCS) of 3.5 were used in the trial. The ewes were randomly divided into 3 equal groups [n= 26]. Intravaginal progestagen sponges containing Fluorogestone Acetate (FGA; 30 mg) were inserted intravaginally for different periods (7_days: short-term; 10_days: mid-term, 14_days: long-term). In all cases, 500 IU PMSG was administered intramuscularly at sponge withdrawal. The oestrus response, lambing rate, multiple birth rate, fecundity and litter size were [65.4, 61.5, 18.8 %, 0.77 and 1.25] in the short-term group; 80.8, 88.5, 34.8 %, 1.31 and 1.48 in the mid-term group; and 96.2, 92.3, 62.5 %, 1.50 and 1.63 in the long-term group, respectively. Oestrus manifestation and multiple birth rate were greater in long-term than in mid- and short-term groups, whereas for lambing rate, fecundity and litter size, better results were obtained in long- and mid-term than in short-term protocol. In conclusion, in Merino ewes, oestrus synchronisation outside the breeding season with long and mid-term progestagen treatment was found to be more effective than short-term treatment.</div>

The effects of short-mid-long term intravaginal sponge application on reproductive performance of karacabey Merino ewes in the anestrous season

<div><strong>Background: </strong>Postpartum fertility in dairy bovines is one of the important criteria of sustainable dairy industry and economy of farmers. The Kankrej, a dual purpose zebu cattle, is known for its endurance, but is slow breeder with very late maturity, prolonged postpartum anestrous/subestrous and thereby calving interval. These peculiarities necessitate scientists to adopt fixed time AI (FTAI) protocols of estrus synchronization for improving their reproductive efficiency. Hence this study was aimed to assess the fertility and plasma metabolic profile of normal and synchronized anestrous/ subestrous suckled Kankrej cows of an organized farm.<br />
<br />
<strong>Methods: </strong>The study involved 36 parturient Kankrej cows of the University Farm that were maintained under identical nutritional and managerial practices. Blood samples were collected in heparinized vacutainers from all the animals on the day of calving and then at 10 days interval till 90 days for plasma metabolic profile. Animals monitored by per rectal palpation 10 days apart around day 70-80 postpartum revealed 30 cows to be anestrous or subestrous, which were randomly allocated to five different estrus synchronization protocols at day 90-92, each with six cows and a group of six cows that exhibited estrus and were bred by day 70-90 served as normal control. The treatment protocols included Ovsynch, CIDR, Ovsynch + CIDR, Cosynch and double PGF<sub>2</sub>&alpha; together with estimation of plasma metabolites on day 0, 7, 9/10 (AI) and then at 10 days interval up to day 40 post-AI.&nbsp;<br />
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<strong>Result: </strong>The mean plasma total protein levels varied non-significantly, while total cholesterol and triglycerides varied significantly (p&lt;0.01) between intervals until 90 days postpartum in most of the groups with gradual increase in the mean values from the day of calving. The estrus synchronization protocols, however. did not alter the plasma profile of these constituents. The estrus induction response with Ovsynch, CIDR, Ovsynch + CIDR, Cosynch and PGF<sub>2</sub>&alpha; treatment was 66.66, 83.33, 50.00, 66.66 and 66.66% and the conception rates at induced estrus 16.66, 33.33, 16.66, 50.00 and 50.00%, respectively. In normal cyclic control group, the conception rate at first cycle was 33.33%. The plasma total cholesterol and triglycerides were higher in conceived than non-conceived cows, particularly during early postpartum period and post-AI. It was concluded that CIDR, Cosynch and PGF<sub>2</sub>&alpha; protocols were better for estrus induction and conception rate in anestrous and subestrous suckled Kankrej cows, although they did not influence the plasma metabolic profile.</div>


<p>Monitoring Plasma Metabolic Profile, Fertility in Normal and Estrus Synchronized Suckled Kankrej Cows</p>


<p><strong>Background:</strong> High milk production and excellent fertility is a dream of livestock owners.The major reproductive disorders which lead to decrease the productivity and reproductive ability of farm animals is postpartum anestrous.Recently, kisspeptin was reported as game changer in the animal reproduction. Kisspeptin increases the number of follicles at wave emergence, oestrus response rate and duration of oestrus. Thus, indicating its potentiality for induction of oestrus in anestrous animals.<br />
<br />
<strong>Methods:</strong> The present study was conducted to compare the efficacy of Ovsynch and kisspeptin protocol and need of fortification for treatment of postpartum anestrous.Fifty postpartum anestrous cows were selected. The animals were divided into four treatment groups (10 cows in each) and treated with Ovsynch (Group I), Ovsynch fortified with mineral mixture (MM) and bypass fat (BPF) (Group II), kisspeptin (Group III) and kisspeptin fortified with MM +BPF (Group IV). The remaining 10 cows served as control (Group V). The oestrus response was recorded on the basis of behavioral signs, physical signs and clinico-gynaecological changes. The blood was collected following treatment for hormonal estimation. The pregnancy was confirmed on day 45 post AI using ultrasound.<br />
<br />
<strong>Result:</strong> The oestrusresponse was pronounced in Ovsynch as compared to kisspeptin groups. Further, fortification has enhanced the response. The serum oestrogen concentration increased following treatment and was significantly high on day of onset of oestruswith highest concentration in group II. The results indicate Ovsynchdistinguishly succeeded in addressing postpartum anestrus with fortification enhances fertility response.However, kisspeptin also emerged as a potent candidate for the resumption of cyclicity.&nbsp;</p>


<p>Ruling out Efficacy of Hormonal Protocols alone or Fortified with Mineral and Bypass Fat for Treatment of Postpartum Anoestrus in Cattle</p>


<p>A total of 40 dairy cows in early lactation (60 to 90 days) of four different breeds were selected, comprising 10 animals each from Holstein Friesian (HF), Jersey (J), Achai (ACH) and F1 (HF x Sahiwal). All cows were multiparous with body weight 250-400 kg and milk production ranged from 3 to 12 kg/day. Blood samples were collected from each animal at fortnight intervals for 90 days. In the present study, 65 % of cows reestablished estrus while 35 % cows remained anestrous, 80 % of Holsteins showed estrus followed by 70 % of Jersey and F1 cows while in Achai breed showed only 40 % and 60 % cows remained anestrous. Blood glucose and daily milk yield significantly affected post partum estrus (P&lt;0.01) while serum total protein and triglycerides concentration in blood did not affect post partum estrus. The serum glucose level was lower (39.93 &plusmn; 3.14 mg/dl) two months before and showed an increasing trend (49.63 &plusmn; 2.47 mg/dl) towards commencement of estrus as well as during estrus (48.20 &plusmn; 2.42 mg/dl) and then a declining trend was observed. Mean concentration of serum glucose was significantly higher in Jersey (52.50 &plusmn; 2.09 mg/dl) followed by F1 (39.68 &plusmn; 1.45 mg/dl), HF (38.85 &plusmn; 1.77 mg/dl) and Achai (33.30 &plusmn; 2.17 mg/dl) respectively. Breed type significantly affected blood glucose (P &lt; 0.05) in jersey cows whereas both blood glucose and triglycerides were significantly affected (P &lt; 0.001 and P &lt; 0.05, respectively) in F1 cows.&nbsp;</p>


<p>Relationship of blood metabolites with reproductive cyclicity in dairy cows</p>


<p>An on-farm trial for 90 days was conducted using 20 anoestrus and 20 repeat breeder buffaloes to evaluate the effect of supplementing appropriate mineral mixtures (AMMs) on their return to heat. Anoestrus and repeat breeder buffaloes were randomly allotted to 2 treatments i.e. T1 (Ionic mineral mixture) and T2 (T1 + 25% extra zinc in chelate form). Average DMI, DCPI and TDNI in anoestrus and repeat breeder buffaloes calculated as per information collected from farmers were comparable among treatments. Average intake of calcium, phosphorus and copper was higher than the requirements in anoestrus and repeat breeder buffaloes. However, Zn intake was lower by about 65% of the requirement in all treatments. Blood glucose ranged from 57.4 to 62.4 mg/dl in T1 and T2 groups of anoestrus and repeat breeder buffaloes. On supplementing the T2 mineral mixture, the level of total protein, serum albumin, globulin, triglycerides and cholesterol increased (P&lt;0.01), whereas, level of BUN and creatinine decreased significantly in both groups of anestrous and repeat breeder buffaloes than in buffaloes supplemented with T1. Activities of serum alkaline phosphatase, alanine aminotransferases and aspartate aminotransferases increased significantly (P&lt;0.01) on T2 supplementation. Number of days taken for return to heat of anoestrous and repeat breeder buffaloes as well as cost of feeding reduced upon supplementation with T2 from T1 mineral mixture.</p>


<p>Augmanting buffalo reproduction in tribal areas of Panchmahal district (Gujarat) through appropriate mineral mixture supplementation</p>


<div><strong>Background:</strong> Reproductive pattern of dog is quite different from other mammalian species. A major difference between canine and other mammalian species is that in dog oestrus period is followed by long inter-oestrus interval (period of sexual quiescence), described as monocyclic animal. There are several reproductive problems encountered by the dog breeders and pet owners causing prolonged whelping interval. Anoestrus is thought to be one of the undiagnosed ovarian disorders responsible for prolonged oestrus interval in canine. Anoestrus of variable duration (2 to 10 months) following each oestrus cycle in female dogs is frequently observed. The approaches for the management of reproductive problems due to ovarian disorders encountered by the dog breeders and pet owners needs to be explored to optimize whelping interval. Hence, the current study aimed to study the Induction of oestrus and fertility response using bromocriptine, cabergoline and eCG plus hCG treatment protocols in female dogs.<br />
<br />
<strong>Methods: </strong>The study was conducted in 28 apparently healthy female dogs at TVCC college of veterinary science and Animal Husbandry Jabalpur and at door step of pet owners or dog breeders during the period of 2018-19. Dogs used in the study were divided into small, medium and large breeds. Pomeranian and Pug breeds included under small breeds; German shepherd, Labrador, Siberian husky, Dalmatian, ND and Doberman under medium breeds whereas Great dane, Rottweiler, Bullmastiff and Saint Bernard included under large breeds. The animals were selected irrespective of breeds with the history of anoestrus up to two month or more after whelping. The selection of anoestrus dog was made based on the ratio of cells in vaginal cytology and serum progesterone estimation.<br />
<br />
<strong>Result: </strong>Our results &nbsp;shows that the oestrus and fertility response following hormonal treatments in anestrous female dogs was significantly (p&lt;0.01) higher than the oestrus induction in all treatment groups (71.48% in Group-I, 85.70% in Group-II and 71.48% in Group-III) as compared to control (14.28%).The breeding was recorded in 83.33% of dogs in cabergoline treatment followed by 100% in eCG plus hCG and 80% in bromocriptine with the conception rates of 100%, 80% and 75%, respectively in three groups. Serum progesterone (P<sub>4</sub>) profile were statistically significant (P&lt;0.05) in all the treatment groups (I, II and III), but not in control group and the exflotive veginal cytology were found significantly (P&lt;0.05) higher in induced than the non-induced animals of same group.</div>


<div style="text-align:justify">Induction of Oestrus and Fertility Response using Bromocriptine, Cabergoline and eCG Plus hCG Treatment Protocols in Female Dogs</div>
