<p>Livestock is the backbone of agriculture, in spite of that, its performance is poor with low productivity, the reason is lack of nutritious fodder in sufficient quantities that reduces milk production in cattle and causes health issues. The nutritional quality and yield of fodder crops can be improved by using appropriate agronomic practices such as adequate tillage operations, proper/timely water management, weed management, nutrient management, sowing at the right time with the right seed rate, timely harvesting and so on. In this review paper, several research and review papers have been studied to understand the impact of different agronomic practices on quality and productivity of fodder crops. When compared to zero tillage, the use of tillage operations such as primary, secondary, conventional and deep tillage increases dry matter and green fodder yield. Irrigation at critical phases and on a frequent basis boosts the organic matter (OM) content and dry matter of feed. In comparison to late harvesting, early harvested forages have higher DMD (Dry matter digestibility) and CP (crude protein) content. Nitrogen application certainly fostered crop growth and development resulting in higher green fodder yield with improved fodder quality. When it comes to raising the DMD % of fodder crops, intercropping is crucial. DMD % in intercropping of Maize + cowpea (2:1) is higher as compared to sole maize and sole cowpea. Fodder yield and quality are reduced as a result of late sowing. Therefore, we conclude that agronomic interventions have a significant impact on the primary and secondary quality characteristics of fodder crops. As a result, proper methods for improving nutritional quality and overall crop productivity should be implemented in the fields.</p>


<div>Impact of Agronomic Management Practices on Quality and Productivity of Fodder Crops: A Review</div>


<p><strong>Background:</strong> To explore the impact of agronomic practices on nodulation, nitrogenase activity and biological nitrogen fixation in hybrid pigeonpea, a field investigation was under taken at BW5 block ICRISAT development center (IDC), International Crops Research Institute for Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Patancheru, Hyderabad, during <em>kharif</em>, 2021 and 2022.<br />
<br />
<strong>Methods:</strong> The seedlings were raised in portrays in advance to onset of monsoon during last week of May (28<sup>th</sup> May in 2021 <em>kharif</em> and 30<sup>th</sup> May in 2022 kharif) in both the years by filling portrays with cocopeat and vermicompost in 1:1 ratio. Transplanting of 24 days and 25 days old seedlings were done on 20<sup>th</sup> June in 2021 kharif and 23<sup>th</sup> June in 2022 kharif, respectively, on the same day of dibbling in the main field at 100 cm &times; 100 cm ,120 cm &times;&nbsp;120 cm square geometry and 150 cm &times;&nbsp;60 cm. Nutrient management treatments were imposed one week after sowing.<br />
<br />
<strong>Result:</strong> Among the planting methods higher nodule number and nitrogenase activity with transplanting compared to dibbling. 120 cm &times;&nbsp;120 cm found higher nodule number plant<sup>-1</sup> and nitrogenase activity but biological nitrogen fixation was higher with 100 cm &times;&nbsp;100 cm ha<sup>-</sup>1 basis. With respect on nutrient management practices, control performed well in terms of higher nitrogenase activity and biological nitrogen fixation and on par with integrated approach of 100% soil test based NPK + vermicompost + PSB + seed treatment with Rhizobium. So, with transplanting method of establishment, 100 &acute; 100 cm square plant geometry and 100% soil test based NPK + vermicompost + PSB + seed treatment with Rhizobium was recommended agronomic practices for hybrid pigeonpea.</p>


<p>Hybrid Pigeonpea (ICPH 2740) Nodular Activity and Biological Nitrogen Fixation as Influenced by Agronomic Practices</p>


<div style="text-align: justify;">The results of twenty replicated demonstrations on Chickpea Cultivation practices conducted under Harshi command area of district, Gwalior, Madhya Pradesh, were analysed to differences in crop grown under improved package of practice and farmers practice, which explore the potential of farmers for enhancement crop and water productivity of chickpea crop. Sowing on ridge and furrow system with recommended row spacing improved the seed yield of chickpea by 59.38% as compared to narrow sowing on flat land of farmers practices. As compared to fertilizers by farmers practices, recommended dose of fertilizer could enhance the seed yield by 36.20%. Improvement in pest management practices led to 29.41% increase over farmers practices. Similarly, use of improved seed over farm saved seed and appropriate weed management over farmers practices, enhance the yield by 25.41% and 41.25%, respectively. The improved technology gave higher net return and B:C ratio as compared to farmers practices.&nbsp;</div>

Influence of improved agronomical practices on yield and economics of chickpea (<em>Cicer arietinum</em> L.)in gird zone of Madhya Pradesh on farmers field

<div><strong>Background: </strong>In Tunisia, faba bean (<em>Vicia faba</em> L.) is the first major food legume. The development of faba bean production is facing several biotic constraints. Faba bean Ascochyta blight caused by <em>Ascochyta fabae</em> is one of the most destructive diseases of faba bean and can cause significant yield loss under favorable conditions. As only incomplete resistance ABL varieties are available, some agronomic practices should be applied to control and reduce Ascochyta blight incidence wherever possible. Therefore, this work was undertaken to evaluate the effect of spacing row and seed rate on ABL severity, growth and yield of faba bean.&nbsp;<br />
<br />
<strong>Methods:</strong> A split-plot design with three replications was adopted to carry out this study during 2018 and 2019 cropping seasons. &lsquo;Bachaar&rsquo; faba bean variety was sown at 40 and 60 cm row spacing and at three seed rates (100, 140 and 200 kg ha<sup>-1</sup>). ABL severity was assessed visually on a 0-9 scale and agro-morphological traits were measured. Analysis of variance was used to analyze the data. Correlations between agronomic traits, row spacing, seed rate and ABL severity were investigated.<br />
<br />
<strong>Result: </strong>Results showed that seed rate has a larger effect on yield than row spacing. In both cropping seasons, the highest grain yield was recorded in 60 cm row spacing and 140 kg ha<sup>-1</sup> seed rate treatment. So, this treatment is recommended for obtaining high yield of faba bean. Most of the variation in disease severity was associated with seed rate (r=0.62). The highest ABL score severity was noted at 200 kg ha<sup>-1</sup> rate. Over both years, wide row spacing and low seed rate reduced ABL severity. In this study, the small amounts of ABL disease (which reached a score of 5.3 and 4.7 in 2018 and 2019, respectively) had little or no effect on yield.</div>


<p>Effect of Some Agronomic Practices on Ascochyta Blight Severity and Yield of Faba Bean (<em>Vicia faba</em> L.) in Tunisia</p>


<div><strong>Background: </strong>Redgram is an important food legume which is largely cultivated under rainfed condition. In India rainfed agriculture contributes 80% of the total pulses production and the projected requirement will be 39 million tons by 2050 which necessitates an annual growth rate of 2.2%. The productivity has to be increased from the present level of 834 kg ha<sup>-1</sup> to 1200 kg ha<sup>-1</sup>. With adoption of suitable agronomic management strategies the productivity could be increased to meet our demand and achieve self sufficiency in production. Hence the current study was carried out to increase the productivity of redgram under rainfed condition.<br />
<br />
<strong>Methods:</strong> Field experiment was conducted in farmer&rsquo;s field in Madurai district, Tamil Nadu during North East Monsoon season of 2019 to study the effect of improved agronomic manipulations on growth and yield of redgram under rainfed ecosystem. Agronomic management approaches <em>viz.</em>, nipping of primary branches at 45 and 60 days after receipt of soaking rain, high density planting at 30 cm &times; 30 cm in addition to recommended spacing of 60 cm &times; 30 cm and foliar application of 1% PPFM spray were compared with farmer&rsquo;s practice in the redgram variety Co (RG) 7. Pre monsoon sowing has been taken up and the rainfall received during the cropping period was 521.7 mm received in 31 rainy days.<br />
<br />
<strong>Result:</strong> The field experimental results revealed that adoption of agronomic manipulation at the appropriate stage of the crop has increased the productivity of redgram. Nipping of primary branches at 45<sup>th</sup> day of the crop significantly increased the total number of productive branches, number of pods plant<sup>-1</sup> and recorded the maximum seed yield of 1512 kg ha<sup>-1</sup> (72 per cent increase over farmer&rsquo;s practice) under rainfed condition.</div>


<div>Effect of Improved Agronomic Approaches on Growth and Yield of Redgram [<em>Cajanus cajan</em> (L.) Millsp.] under Rainfed Ecosystem</div>


<div>Agronomic manipulations are imperative for apposite growth of crop leading to higher yields. Various management practices like seed rate, planting time and method, plant population, intercultural practices, weed management, fertilizers and irrigation application, intercropping, mulch application for soil moisture conservation, etc. results in increased water use efficiency (WUE) of the crop. Also selection of crop which necessities lesser water usage for crop growth encourages diversification. Greengram is paramount preference for areas with scarcity of good quality water. Being rich in protein content and minerals, it serves the purpose of healthy regimen. Timely sown crop results in better growth due to favorable climatic conditions. Whereas late sown crop is adversely affected by pest attack, temperature fluctuation etc. ensuing reduced water use efficiency and yield diminution. Planting method, plant population and intercultural operations are essential in agronomic point of view. Selection of apt irrigation regimes directly effects water use efficiency in any field study. As crop productivity is equal with water productivity, the efficient irrigation schedule assures water saving without affecting the crop yields. Because, where no irrigations are given, the water use may be low by the crop but, this may affect crop yields. Use of recommended fertilizers may facilitate the use of irrigation water by crop for its better growth and improved WUE. Insertion of low water requiring crop as intercrop can unswervingly increase water productivity. Applying mulch conserve moisture as its use lowers evaporation from soil surface. Usage of weed management practices conserves irrigation water as weeds compete with crop plants for water and nutrients.&nbsp; Wherefore, the present review will reckon upon the impact of innumerable agronomic interventions in increasing water productivity.&nbsp;</div>


<p>Agronomic Interventions for Higher Water use Efficiency in Greengram (<em>Vigna radiata</em>): An Overview</p>


<div>Pulses are an important protein source for vegetarian people across the world and they have a great potential to improve the human health, contribute to global food and nutritional security. Variety of pulses were grown in India with 25% of global production and 27% of global consumption. Though India is the largest pulses producer in the world, it imports around 3.5 million tons annually to meet the ever-increasing requirement. Less adoption of improved Agro techniques, low fertile soils and unpredictable environment conditions are major factor for low production of pulses. As a results of increasing population, the projected pulses requirement will be 32 million tons by 2030 which necessitate annual growth rate of 4.2%. With adoption of suitable agronomic strategies, the productivity has to be enhanced to meet the demand. This review work was done at Department of Agronomy, Agricultural College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India. Collected review and research papers were screened from various data base like TNAU e library, ARCC journals, google scholar, research gate and scopus used to write this paper. This review article documented information gathered on importance of pulses, area, production and productivity of pulses. Nipping is important agronomic practices that removes the apical bud dominance and promotes the lateral growth which turn better maintenance of source and sink relationship and enhance the pulses yield. Influence of nipping on growth and yield of various pluses crops has been discussed here.</div>


<p>Nipping-Agronomic Approach for Enhancing the Pulses Production: A Review</p>


<div>The present study was purposively conducted in native tract of Gangatiri cattle in Uttar Pradesh. The information were collected from 108 respondents, who were rearing Gangatiri cattle for their livelihood. It was observed that most (53.70%) of the respondents practicing 6-10 hrs grazing of their Gangatiri herd. All the farmers were providing natural service to cows in estrus, maximum number of them (54.63%) between 12 to 16 hrs after detection of estrus and 53.70 per cent of them with bulls available in village surroundings. Maximum number of respondents (35.20%) initially used indigenous knowledge for disease treatment and after that consulted with veterinary doctor/ stockman. Major diseases prevelant in the area include FMD, HS, BQ and mastitis. Gangatiri cows were found to be more resistance to the diseases and heat tolerant as compared to crossbred cattle. Majority (81.48%) of respondents kept their cattle on kachcha floor in good sanitary conditions. About 70.37% respondents made cattle shed as a part of their houses. Majority (59.25 %) of the cattle owners were using knuckling method of milking, which may be a cause of mastitis in animals. It can be concluded that there is need of awareness programmes on scientific cattle rearing practices and interventions like supply of semen of bulls of high genetic merit under AI programme or bulls of good genetic merit for natural breeding, adequate grazing land and inputs for health management practices are needed to make the Gangatiri cattle rearing more beneficial.</div>


<div>Management Practices for Rearing of Gangatiri Cattle in Native Tract</div>


<div style="text-align: justify;">Present investigation was conducted on 3310 Assamese buffaloes during the period 2009-13 to study on-farm husbandry practices and phenotypic characteristics. Fifty two breeders were randomly selected from 18 villages of three districts in its breeding tract in Assam, India. A pre-structured questionnaire was used to interview the breeders to generate data which included husbandry practices: housing and sanitation, feeding, breeding and general health management and body measurement: body length, body height, heart girth, paunch girth. The data collected were analyzed by descriptive statistics (percentages). The study revealed that the body length, height, heart girth and paunch girth for young and adult animals, ranged from 70.45&plusmn;0.82 to 143.62&plusmn;1.10, 81.34&plusmn;0.60 to 136.31&plusmn;1.00, 88.85&plusmn;0.53 to 186.95&plusmn;0.95 and 96.04&plusmn;0.83 to 197.96&plusmn;0.99 cm respectively. The results showed that the breeders have adopted good husbandry practices under existing farming situations in the area except sanitation and drainage was very poor. Feeding management was mostly extensive type (100%) for 8 hours (100%) and the Colostrum and milk feeding to young calves was practiced by 100% of the farmers. Whereas breeding is concerned, 46.15% breeders maintained 40-60 animals with 1-2 breeding bulls (78.85%) for natural breeding (100%). Buffalo breeders adopted deworming (40.38%) in young as well as adult animals and the vaccination of animals were practiced only 38.46%. The treatment of diseased animals was performed mostly by Veterinary Field Assistants (38.62%) and the Quacks (51.92%). Most common category of diseases was FMD, BQ and Parasites (36.54%) in the area. The animals are good for draft purpose and known for higher fat contents in its milk, hence recommended for its conservation and further development.</div>

On-farm husbandry practices and phenotypic characteristics of indigenous Assamese buffaloes of India

<p>Malnutrition and undernourishment are the major health problems in India with 16 per cent of the population are undernourished and 53 per cent of the women being anaemic. The millet grains called &lsquo;nutricereals&rsquo; are best alternative to address the nutritional deficiencies such as iron, protein, calcium and magnesium prevalent among population. Millets are drought tolerant, photo-insensitive and highly climate resilient crops. Henceforth, Millets are increasingly becoming an alternative source of food, both worldwide and in India. While there has been recent attention on using micronutrient supplements and fortifying foods industrially to assist vulnerable populations, the enduring and environmentally sound effects can truly be realized through fortifying crops with micronutrients during their production stage. Biofortification involves enhancing the levels vital nutrients in the edible portions of crop plants by either modifying agricultural practices or selecting plants improved genetic traits. Agronomic biofortification is an easiest short-term approach for biofortification. It involves the use of fertilizers enriched with micronutrients, which is a straightforward method to improve the nutritional quality of crops. Consuming such fortified crops can lead to improvements in human nutritional status. India is the leading millet producer with 80 per cent of Asia&rsquo;s share making 20 per cent of the global production. Millets, which were long thought of as poor man&rsquo;s diet, are now quickly becoming included in the food baskets of the wealthy as well as a natural remedy for health. The micronutrient content in millets can be explored by various agronomic biofortification methods. These include soil application of micronutrient enriched fertilizers for plant uptake, foliar application of fertilizer, seed primingand soilless cultivation, which are the primary techniques.</p>

<p style="text-align:justify">&nbsp;</p>


Impact of Agronomic Management Practices on Quality and Productivity of Fodder Crops: A Review

Hybrid Pigeonpea (ICPH 2740) Nodular Activity and Biological Nitrogen Fixation as Influenced by Agronomic Practices

Influence of improved agronomical practices on yield and economics of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.)in gird zone of Madhya Pradesh on farmers field

Effect of Some Agronomic Practices on Ascochyta Blight Severity and Yield of Faba Bean (Vicia faba L.) in Tunisia

Effect of Improved Agronomic Approaches on Growth and Yield of Redgram [Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.] under Rainfed Ecosystem

Agronomic Interventions for Higher Water use Efficiency in Greengram (Vigna radiata): An Overview

Nipping-Agronomic Approach for Enhancing the Pulses Production: A Review

Management Practices for Rearing of Gangatiri Cattle in Native Tract

On-farm husbandry practices and phenotypic characteristics of indigenous Assamese buffaloes of India

Agronomic Biofortification in Millets- Key to Nutritional Security: A Review