<div style="text-align: justify;">A field experiment conducted during Rabi season of 2017-18 at wheat research farm of CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar, India to study the effect of sowing dates and varieties on yield and quality performance of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). The experiment was laid out in split plot design with three replications containing four sowing dates viz. 5th November, 25th November, 15th December and 5th January as main plot treatments and seven wheat varieties i.e. HS 562, HD 2967, HD 3086, HI 1544, MACS 6222, WR 544 and WH 1105 as sub plot treatments. On the basis of one year study it was concluded that among sowing dates, 5th November sowing is the most economical and suitable than rest of the sowing dates. 5th November sown crop recorded significantly longer spike (11.7 cm), higher number of effective tillers (98.3 per mrl), grains per spike (48.6), test weight (39.9 g), grain appearance score (8.3), hectoliter weight (82.9 kg/hl), grain yield (5432 kg ha-1) and harvest index (39.0%) compared to rest of the sowing dates, while highest protein content (12.9 %) was observed with 5th January sown crop. Maximum net return (Rs.54, 262 ha-1) and B: C (1.73) were recorded with 5th November sowing. Among the varieties, HI 1544 recorded significantly higher number of effective tillers (94.6 per mrl), grains per spike (48.4), test weight (38.6 g), grain yield (4920 kg ha-1) harvest index (39.2), grain appearance score (8.1) and hectoliter weight (82.0 kg/hl), while variety WH 1105 resulted in longer spike (11.5 cm) and WR 544 in higher protein content (12.6 %) as compared to rest of the varieties. While comparing the interaction of varieties with date of sowing, HI 1544 produced significantly higher grain higher yield (6007 kg ha-1) of wheat sown at 5th November which was statistically at par with WH 1105 (5833 kg ha-1) and HD 3086 (5616 kg ha-1) at same date of sowing. Delayed sowing of HI 1544 from 5th November to 25th November reduced the grain yield by 9.1 per cent; to 15th of December by 21.0 per cent and to 5th January by 42.3 per cent.&nbsp;</div>

<div style="text-align: justify;">Effect of Sowing Dates and Varieties on Yield and Quality Performance of Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)</div>

Background: The study aimed to evaluate the flour quality of different wheat varieties (Triticum durum L.) for various end-use products such as chapati, bread, biscuits and pasta. The focus was on identifying varieties with superior nutritional and processing qualities by analyzing various qualitative parameters. 
 
Methods: The study assessed multiple wheat varieties using a range of qualitative parameters, including moisture, ash, total soluble sugar, starch, protein, lysine, tryptophan, dry and wet gluten, gluten index, water binding capacity, &beta;-carotene content, sedimentation value, thousand kernel weight and mineral content (Fe and Zn). The wheat varieties evaluated included A-206, GW-1, HI 8498 (Kota), PDW 291 (Hissar) and NIDW 295 (Pune). 
 
Result: The study identified A-206 and GW-1 as wheat varieties with superior protein content, gluten quality and water binding capacity, making them ideal for various end-use products. A-206 also had the highest lysine and tryptophan levels, while GW-1 and HI 8498 (Kota) had elevated ash content. PDW 291 (Hissar) was notable for its higher total soluble sugar and NIDW 295 (Pune) excelled in starch content, &beta;-carotene and thousand kernel weight. Overall, NIDW 295 showed the most promise for pasta production due to its comprehensive quality traits.

Biochemical Analysis of Different Wheat Varieties Grown under Various Zones of India

<div>The present experimentation was undertaken during pre-kharif season of 2013 and 2014 to study the varietal performance of cowpea in rice-wheat cropping system at Uttar Banga Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Pundibai, Cooch Behar, West Bengal after harvesting of wheat under zero tillage conditions and before rice sowing. Experiment was laid out in randomized block design with three replications by using eighteen varieties of cowpea. The result of pooled data revealed that all the growth, yield parameters and quality parameters varied significantly with respect to different varieties of cowpea. The longest and lowest vine length was noticed in Lafa Sundari Bangla (112.10 cm) and VU-5 (32.64 cm), minimum and maximum days for flowering, first harvesting and last harvesting was recorded in Kaberee and Pusa Phalguni Gold. Variety Girija and Deshi Lafa produced longest pod (45.40 cm), highest individual pod weight (14.29g). &nbsp;For number of pods per plant Triguna (31.07) was found highest which was statistically at par with Kanak (30.70), Kashi Kanchan (29.33). Maximum yield of 18.51 t/ha was obtained from Kashi Kanchan followed by Triguna (17.07 tonnes/ ha) and Kanak (16.69 tonnes/ha). Lafa Sundari Bangala recorded with highest beta carotene content (1037 IU/100g fresh pod), ascorbic acid content (20.17 mg/100g fresh pod) as well as highest protein content of 4.69 per cent. Hence, it is concluded that the cowpea variety Kashi Kanchan, Triguna and Kanak may be recommended for commercial cultivation in rice-wheat cropping system under terai zone of West Bengal as they produced higher yield (34.52 %, 24.06 % and 21.29 %, respectively) over the check variety Lafa Sundari Bangla.</div>

<div>Performance of cowpea varieties under zero tillage conditions in rice-wheat cropping system</div>

<div>Background: Wheat is an important food crop of world. This crop has the wider adaptability due to its genetic makeup. The sowing environment and varieties interaction plays important role to enhance its productivity and optimum utilization of the resources. As this crop has wider adaptability so we planned our experiment to study the grain yield, heat use and water use efficiency of diverse wheat varieties which have been recommended in different wheat growing zones, sown at different environment in North-western India, to increase the varietal spectrum. 
 
Methods: The field experiment was conducted in 2017-18 and 2018-19 at the research farm of the Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, India. The experiment was conducted with four sowing dates (November 5, November 25, December 15 and January 5) in main plot and six wheat varieties (HS 562, HD 2967, HD 3086, HI 1544, MACS 6222 and WR 544) in sub-plot of split plot design with three replications. 
&nbsp; 
Result: The wheat crop sown on November 5 recorded the highest emergence count, plant height, heat use efficiency, normalized difference vegetative index, yield attributes, grain yield and water use efficiency than later sowing dates. Among the wheat varieties, HS 562 recommended for northern hill zone recorded heat use efficiency, helio-thermal use efficiency, at Leaf value, effective tillers, grains per earhead, grain yield and water use efficiency similar to HD 3086 recommended for North-western zone. The varieties recommended for other zones like HI 1544, MACS 6222 and WR 544 could not perform similar to the HD 3086.&nbsp;</div>

<div>Grain Yield, Heat use Efficiency and Water use Efficiency of Diverse Wheat (Tritcum aetivum L.) Varieties under Different Sowing Environments in North-Western India</div>

<div>Background: A field experiment was conducted during two consecutive Rabi (winter) seasons of 2016-17 and 2017-18 at Sardarkrushinagar Dantiwada Agricultural University, Sardarkrushinagar, Gujarat, India to assess the impact of wheat varieties and integrated nutrient management practices on nutrient content and uptake and soil nutrient status. The soil of the experimental plot was loamy sand in texture, low in organic carbon (0.24%), available nitrogen (159 kg/ha) and Zn (0.41 mg/kg), medium in available phosphorus (38.90 kg/ha) and high in available potash (287 kg/ha). 
 
Methods: Experiment was laid out in a Factorial RBD with three replications, consist of four wheat varieties viz. GW 273, GW 322, GW 451 and GW 496 and six integrated nutrient management (INM) practices viz. control, 100% RDF, 100% RDF + Azotobacter + PSB, 75% RDF + Azotobacter + PSB, 75% RDF + Azotobacter + PSB + ZnSO4 and 50% RDF + 25% N through FYM + Azotobacter + PSB + ZnSO4.&nbsp; 
 
Result: The pooled results indicated that uptake of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium by grain and straw, grain yield and straw yield were found higher with wheat variety GW 451 as compared to other wheat varieties. Nutrient content in grain and straw was not significantly affected by different wheat varieties. Among nutrient management practices, nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium content, uptake, grain yield and straw of wheat were significantly higher under application of 100% RDF + Azotobacter + PSB. Further, result revealed that different wheat varieties did not bring any significant variation in available nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, zinc and organic carbon content in soil. Moreover, highest available nitrogen and phosphorus in soil was recorded with the application of 100% RDF + Azotobacter + PSB. However, significantly higher organic carbon and zinc content in soil was observed under 50% RDF + 25% N through FYM + Azotobacter + PSB +ZnSO4.</div>

Effect of Wheat Varieties and Integrated Nutrient Management Practices on Nutrient Content, Uptake and Soil Nutrient Status

<div style="text-align: justify;">Wheat is one of the most important food crops cultivated in India that considered as moderately sensitive to salinity stress. Present study was conducted to evaluate the growth and developmental response of wheat varieties to salt stress using hydroponics technique. Four wheat genotypes i.e. two durum (HI 8713 and MACS 4028) and two bread wheat (KRL 99 and KRL 210) were selected to study their response under control (best available water) and extreme saline environment (ECiw - 10 dS m-1). Using root length as an index of tolerance, KRL 99 was identified as the most tolerant genotypes which showed 35.67 % reduction in root length under saline environment, whereas other showed higher reduction in root length i.e. 41.78% in KRL 210, 50.68% in MACS 4028 and 78.61% in HI 8713, respectively. Similar results were also noted for shoot length. Under saline condition, higher protein accumulation was recorded in MACS 4028 and HI 8713, whereas KRL 210 showed the less increase (42.5%). All the studied genotypes also showed differential protein profiling banding pattern. The present study concluded that durum wheat genotype also have some potential to survive under saline condition based on growth parameters.&nbsp;</div>

Study of salt tolerance in wheat varieties through growth and&nbsp;development approaches

Background: Gamma-and omega-gliadins are major components of gluten in wheat and can trigger allergic reactions and gluten intolerance. An increase in the number of motifs in their sequences correlates with a rise in toxic epitopes, leading to a stronger immune response. Evaluating the structural homology of gliadins across different wheat species and varieties can help identify toxic epitopes, which may be edited to neutralize their effects. This study aimed to evaluate the structural homology, evolutionary relationships and presence of toxic epitopes in various wheat species and varieties. 
 
Methods: Multiple sequence alignment using the ClustalW algorithm (BLOSUM62 matrix) in the Ugene program was used to identify structural differences between gamma- and omega-gliadins. The alignment results were evaluated based on percentage identity, scores and the presence of homologous regions. Phylogenetic analysis was performed using the maximum likelihood method with the JJT+G+F model for gamma-gliadins and the LG+G+F model for omega-gliadins, using the MEGA11 software with bootstrap support. 
 
Result: Gamma-gliadins had a high degree of similarity across different wheat species and varieties, while omega-gliadins showed more variability and were less conserved. Toxic epitopes linked to celiac disease were most commonly found in gamma-gliadins of T. aestivum and T. dicoccoides Atlit2015, with fewer in T. monococcum clone 45-L024585. The unique amino acid composition of omega-gliadins was associated with diverse toxic epitope variations. T. aestivum Chinese Spring D2 and D3 contained more toxic epitope segments related to celiac disease, whereas no presumed toxic epitopes were detected in T. monococcum DV80. The obtained data can be used for genetic editing aiming to create wheat varieties that include allergen-neutral gliadins by reducing the repetitive motifs of celiac disease epitopes.

Analysis of Structural Homology and Evolutionary Relationships among Gamma- and Omega-gliadins in Different Wheat Species and Varieties

<div>Background: A field experiment was conducted during two consecutive summer seasons of 2016-17 and 2017-18 at Sardarkrushinagar Dantiwada Agricultural University, Sardarkrushinagar, Gujarat to assess the residual effect of wheat varieties and integrated nutrient management on growth, yield, economics and quality of green gram (Vigna radiata L.). The soil of the experimental plot was loamy sand in texture, low in organic carbon (0.24%), available nitrogen (159 kg/ha) and Zn (0.41 mg/kg), medium in available phosphorus (38.90 kg/ha) and high in available potash (287 kg/ha).&nbsp; 
 
Methods: During the period 2016-17 to 2017-18 the experiment was laid out in a Factorial RBD with three replications, consisted of four varieties GW 273 (V1), GW 322 (V2), GW 451 (V3) and GW 496 (V4) and six integrated nutrient management control (N1), 100% RDF (N2), 100% RDF + Azotobacter + PSB (N3), 75% RDF + Azotobacter + PSB (N4), 75% RDF + Azotobacter + PSB + ZnSO4 (N5) and 50% RDF + 25% N through FYM + Azotobacter + PSB + ZnSO4 (N6). 
 
Result: The pooled results indicated that among the residual effect of nutrient management practices, application of 50% RDF (RDF; 120:60:00 kg NPK/ha) + 25% N through FYM + Azotobacter + PSB + ZnSO4 significantly improved growth parameters, yield attributes, seed yield (669 kg/ha) and stover yield (1406 kg/ha) over control and gained the highest net return (₹18538/ha) and benefit: cost ratio of 0.88.</div>

​​Residual Effect of Wheat Varieties and Integrated Nutrient Management on Productivity and Profitability of Green Gram under North Gujarat Agro-climatic Condition

<div style="text-align: justify;">The study investigated the effect of different elicitors on two varieties of Triticum aestivum (10 days old seedlings) under drought stress. The growth of plants along with various biochemical and antioxidant parameters was determined on 5th, 10th and 15th day of drought stress. Six varieties of wheat viz. RAJ-4120, RAJ-4079, RAJ-3077, RAJ-4238, RAJ-4037 and RAJ-3765 were treated with different elicitors i.e. sodium nitroprusside (0.5mM), salicylic acid (10mM) and silver nitrate (10mM) for six hours before sowing and exposed to drought stress. Chemically primed seeds were sown in pots containing soil along with hydro primed seeds which were not pretreated with any chemical and were used as control. The results indicated that in all the control plants, growth of the seedlings increased with time. In drought stressed seedlings the growth was less than the control plants. Seedlings pretreated with sodium nitroprusside showed the highest growth, biochemical and antioxidant activity. Under drought stress also these parameters were higher in sodium nitroprusside pretreated plants when compared to stressed plants having no pretreatment.</div>

<div style="text-align: justify;">Effect of elicitors on growth, biochemical and antioxidant activity in two varieties of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) under drought</div>

Background: Durum wheat [Triticum turgidum L. ssp. durum (Desf.) Husn.] is one of the most essential cereal species and is cultivated worldwide over almost 17 million ha, with a global production of 38.1 million tonnes in 2019 (Ioannis et al., 2020). Cereal grains have always been the main source of food for humans and domestic animals. In Algeria, cereal products, mainly wheat, play a strategic role in the food system and the national economy. Knowledge of the phenomena governing their preservation and mastery of storage techniques are crucial to the survival of the world&rsquo;s population. The world human population is increasing day by day and estimated to reach 8.0 billion by 2025 and 8.9 billion by 2050.&nbsp; 
 
Methods: The ideal of this work was to study the effect of natural aging on the viability and technological quality of four kinds of durum wheat, saved for two years under two storage conditions, favorable conditions in the cold room, temperature (-04&deg;C); moisture (12%) and inimical conditions (medium), temperature estimated between 11 and 37&deg;C and relative moisture of 30 to 85 83%. To do this, a study of morphological, physiological, biochemical and technological parameters was initiated on the seed and on the whole factory. 
 
Result: The protein content values recorded are low compared to the control under both conditions (favorable, inimical) of natural aging; the differences are veritably largely significant. A significant increase in proline situations in seeds subordinated to natural aging compared to the control. Under good natural aging conditions, we notice that the different genotypes tested record low answerable sugar contents compared to the control; whereas under inimical NA conditions, we note a significant increase in answerable sugar content; the differences are veritably largely significant. The results attained show that, in general, the kinds are more sensitive to inimical conditions of natural aging, while without favorable conditions, the effect is less drastic.

Effect of Sowing Dates and Varieties on Yield and Quality Performance of Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

Biochemical Analysis of Different Wheat Varieties Grown under Various Zones of India

Performance of cowpea varieties under zero tillage conditions in rice-wheat cropping system

Grain Yield, Heat use Efficiency and Water use Efficiency of Diverse Wheat (Tritcum aetivum L.) Varieties under Different Sowing Environments in North-Western India

Effect of Wheat Varieties and Integrated Nutrient Management Practices on Nutrient Content, Uptake and Soil Nutrient Status

Study of salt tolerance in wheat varieties through growth and development approaches

Analysis of Structural Homology and Evolutionary Relationships among Gamma- and Omega-gliadins in Different Wheat Species and Varieties

Residual Effect of Wheat Varieties and Integrated Nutrient Management on Productivity and Profitability of Green Gram under North Gujarat Agro-climatic Condition

Effect of elicitors on growth, biochemical and antioxidant activity in two varieties of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) under drought

Comparative Study of the Technological Potential of Durum Wheat Varieties after Natural Aging