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Research Article

Legume Research, volume 43 issue 3 (june 2020) : 378-385

Performance of cowpea varieties under zero tillage conditions in rice-wheat cropping system

Dipika Mal2, Suchand Datta1,*, Pranali Tulsidas Bhaisare1, Ranjit Chatterjee1, Apurba Chowdhury1, Jagadish Chandra Jana1
1Uttar Banga Krishi Viswavidyalaya Pundibari, Cooch Behar-736 165, West Bengal, India.
2Lovely Professional University, Ludhiana-141 003, Punjab, India.

  • Submitted06-12-2017|

  • Accepted09-02-2018|

  • First Online 11-06-2018|

  • doi 10.18805/LR-3972

Cite article:- Mal Dipika, Datta Suchand, Bhaisare Tulsidas Pranali, Chatterjee Ranjit, Chowdhury Apurba, Jana Chandra Jagadish (2018). Performance of cowpea varieties under zero tillage conditions in rice-wheat cropping system . Legume Research. 43(3): 378-385. doi: 10.18805/LR-3972.

ABSTRACT

The present experimentation was undertaken during pre-kharif season of 2013 and 2014 to study the varietal performance of cowpea in rice-wheat cropping system at Uttar Banga Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Pundibai, Cooch Behar, West Bengal after harvesting of wheat under zero tillage conditions and before rice sowing. Experiment was laid out in randomized block design with three replications by using eighteen varieties of cowpea. The result of pooled data revealed that all the growth, yield parameters and quality parameters varied significantly with respect to different varieties of cowpea. The longest and lowest vine length was noticed in Lafa Sundari Bangla (112.10 cm) and VU-5 (32.64 cm), minimum and maximum days for flowering, first harvesting and last harvesting was recorded in Kaberee and Pusa Phalguni Gold. Variety Girija and Deshi Lafa produced longest pod (45.40 cm), highest individual pod weight (14.29g).  For number of pods per plant Triguna (31.07) was found highest which was statistically at par with Kanak (30.70), Kashi Kanchan (29.33). Maximum yield of 18.51 t/ha was obtained from Kashi Kanchan followed by Triguna (17.07 tonnes/ ha) and Kanak (16.69 tonnes/ha). Lafa Sundari Bangala recorded with highest beta carotene content (1037 IU/100g fresh pod), ascorbic acid content (20.17 mg/100g fresh pod) as well as highest protein content of 4.69 per cent. Hence, it is concluded that the cowpea variety Kashi Kanchan, Triguna and Kanak may be recommended for commercial cultivation in rice-wheat cropping system under terai zone of West Bengal as they produced higher yield (34.52 %, 24.06 % and 21.29 %, respectively) over the check variety Lafa Sundari Bangla.

INTRODUCTION

In eastern India, agriculture is severely affected because of monsoon, small holding and poor infrastructure for irrigation. Further nearly 40 per cent of summer rice area (3 million ha) and 60 per cent in pre-kharif remain fallow. Hence, to overcome this status, zero tillage is an innovation that not only offers conservation of water and energy resources but also results in better crop yields. Zero tillage technology has been rapidly accepted by farmers due to its contribution in reducing cost of production, conservation of resources, and improving yields (Malik et al., 2005).
       
Cowpea is a multipurpose crop and has unique place in Indian agriculture particularly from the nutritional and soil fertility point of view. Its immature pods and leaves are used as vegetable, the stem or haulm serves as fodder for livestock and mature beans as pulses. The crop can be used as green manure to improve the soil due to its nitrogen fixation ability. It is well adopted to stress condition and possesses excellent nutritional quality (Prasad, 2013). The mature green pods and seeds are rich in protein which ranges from about 3 to 4% in green leaves, 4 to 5% in immature pods and 25 to 30% in mature seeds. It also fixes about 70-240 kg per ha of nitrogen per year. Area under cowpea in India is 3.9 million hectares with a production of 2.21 million tonnes with the national productivity of 683 kg per ha. (Mandal et al., 2009).
       
Rice wheat cropping system is highly nutrient exhaustive and its continuous use has depleted inherent soil fertility, causing deficiency of several nutrients (Zia et al., 1997). Since sustainability of the production system depends on the sustainable use of soil recourses, it is necessary to develop and adopt soil management technologies that increase soil organic matter contents and biological activities, reduce salinity and improve soil physical conditions to keep lands productive on the sustainable basis. Inclusion of leguminous crops in the existing rice-wheat cropping system can improve the soil fertility and crops productivity on sustainable basis which helps to contributes 30-40 kg fertilizer equivalent nitrogen per ha to the succeeding cereal crop (Chowdhury and Bhattachariya, 2014).
       
A legume with leafy growth, succulent foliage, ability to suppress weeds and good nodulation activity is preferable. Cowpeas in the rice wheat-cropping system is quiet feasible. In some countries of the world, cowpeas are being sown in rotation with rice to increase crop productivity, soil fertility and resource use efficiency. Hence, the present study was designed to evaluate the performance of cow pea varieties in rice wheat based cropping system to improve crop productivity and to select appropriate high yielding cow pea varieties for commercial cultivation under terai zone of West Bengal.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Two year trail conducted during 2013 and 2014 at Instructional Farm of the Faculty of Horticulture, Uttar Banga Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Pundibari, Cooch Behar, West Bengal, India. The area lies under the Terai agro climatic zone of West Bengal which is characterized by high rainfall (above 3000 mm annually), high relative humidity, moderate temperature, prolonged winter with high residual soil moisture. The topography of the land where experiment conducted was medium to high in situation. The soil was sandy loam in nature, coarse in texture, poor in water holding capacity with low pH.
       
A Field trial was laid out during pre-kharif season during the time gap between after harvesting of wheat and before transplanting of kharif rice. After management practices for zero tilled cowpea were arranged in randomized block design with three replications. Eighteen Cowpea varieties were used for trial, among them thirteen varieties namely Triguna, Kanak, Kashi Kanchan, Bidhan Barbati-1, Bidhan Barbati-2, Kaberee, Pusa Phalguni Gold, Pusa Komal, Kailash, Bali-265, VU-5, Gaurav, Ankur Gomati were bush type and remaining five pole type varieties includes Lafa Sohini-7, Lafa Sundari Bangla, Girija Deshi Lafa, Lafa Barbati, Lafa Charulata. Sowing was done in middle of April of both the years. FYM @15 t/ha and recommended N, P2O5 and K2O @ 20:50:50 kg/ha was applied in all treatments. Seeds were inoculated with (Rhizobium + PSB) @ 10g each/kg of seed and sown by maintaining spacing of 45 cm X 20 cm.
       
Five plants were selected randomly to record growth parameters like vine length, days to flowering and harvesting, canopy temperature, number of nodule per plant, dry weight of nodule and yield attributing characters like pod length, Pod weight, number of pods per plant and yield (t/ha). Quality parameters included Beta carotene content, ascorbic acid content, protein content. The mean data were analysed as per statistical method suggested by Gomez and Gomez (1984) with 5% level of significance.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Growth parameters
 
Vine length was significantly different among the varieties for both seasons (Table 1). On the basis of pooled analysis, Lafa Sundari Bangla (112.10 cm) was recorded with tallest vine length followed by Girija Deshi Lafa (96.66 cm) while lowest length was recorded in VU-5 (32.64 cm) which was statistically at par with Pusa Komal (35.50 cm) followed by Triguna (35.65 cm). Among the varieties, somewhat higher vine length was recorded in Lafa group of cowpea varieties because of their pole type nature. Vavilapalli et al., (2013) and Ichi et al., (2013) reported that cow pea varieties show wide range of variation with respect to vine length under Nigerian condition which was in conformity with this results. This huge variation in vine length might be due to the genetic characteristic of the individual varieties (Srinivas et al., 2017).  Apart from these genetic characters, significant enhancement in crop growth was due to microenvironment of the crop created with followed conservation agricultural practices (Yadav et al., 2017).
 

Table 1: Vine length, days to flowering, days taken for first and last harvesting of different cowpea varieties.


       
Pooled analysis data shown that minimum days for flowering, first and last harvesting were taken by the variety Kaberee (37.17 days, 45.17 days and 64.83 days, respectively) which was statistically at par with Bidhan Barbati-1 (37.84 days, 45.83 and 64.83 days, respectively). Whereas, maximum time was taken by variety Pusa Phalguni Gold (53.67 days, 61.67 days and 81.33 days respectively) which was also statistically at par with VU-5 (52.00 days) for flowering and Lafa Charulata (60.33 days and 80.00 days, respectively) for first and last harvesting (Table 1). Time taken for flowering varies from 37.17 days to 53.67 days. This wide range of variation in days taken to flowering and harvesting might be due to the different Agro climatic condition and variation in studied varieties. This statement was in conformity with Yohanna (2014), who reported that time taken for flowering varied from 50.67 to 70.17 days under Nigerian condition and Kamara et al., (2017) noticed wide variations for cowpea genotypes in Nigerian Sudan savannas for flowering (37- 58 days) and harvesting (63-87 days). Belay et al., (2017) also reported that variability among cowpea genotype was mostly depends upon cropping system and it differs according to region, maturity, growth habit and photosensitivity requirement. According to Barcchiya and Kushwah (2017), genetic constitution of variety was responsible for variation in flowering.  
 
Nodulation
 
A significant variation with respect to number of nodules per plant at 30 days after sowing (DAS) and 60 days after sowing (DAS) was found among the different varieties (Table 2). According to pooled analysis, significantly highest number of nodules per plant was recorded in Kaberee (23.30 in 30 DAS and 27.50 in 60 DAS, respectively). The lowest number of nodules per plant was recorded in Kailash (12.63) at 30 DAS which was also statistically at par with Pusa Phalguni Gold (13.10) and Bali -265 (14.09). Whereas, at 60 DAS the lowest number nodules per plant was recorded in Pusa Phalguni Gold (16.97) which was also statistically at par with Kailash (17.80) and Bali -265 (18.34). It was noted that, the higher number of nodules was recorded at 60 DAS as compared to 30 DAS. Similar result also given by Sarr et al., (2015) reported that the higher number of nodules was recorded at six weeks after sowing as compared to the two and four weeks. Variation in nodule numbers in different intervals with respect to variety was also recorded by Abayomi et al., (2008) and Santos et al., (2011).
 

Table: 2 Number of nodules and nodule dry weight per plant of different cowpea varieties at 30 DAS and 60 DAS.


       
Significant variation with respect to nodule dry weight per plant at 30 DAS and 60 DAS was observed in both the years as well as in pooled analysis (Table 2). A significantly highest nodule dry weight per plant was recorded in Lafa Sohini-7 (140.22 mg) in 30 DAS and in-case of 60 DAS; it was in Lafa Sundari Bangla (189.87 mg). The lowest nodule dry weight per plant at 30 DAS and 60 DAS was recorded in VU-5 (85.62 mg and 108.03 mg, respectively). In this experiment higher nodule dry weight was recorded at 60 DAS as compared to 30 DAS. This might be due to the higher number nodules per plant produced in the 60 DAS as compared to 30 DAS. This variation in nodulation was due to different pattern of nodulation as usually the physical distribution of root system in the soil (Agyeman et al., 2014). 
 
Canopy temperature
 
The different cowpea varieties showed a distinct variation among themselves with respect to canopy temperature (Table 4). The maximum canopy temperature was recorded in VU-5 (33.20°C) followed by Kailash (32.75°C), Pusa Komal (32.34°C), Lafa Sundari Bangla (31.35°C), Girija DeshiLafa (31.27°C), Gaurav (32.14°C) respectively. The minimum canopy temperature was recorded in Kashi Kanchan (29.00°C) which was statistically at par with Bali-265 (29.43°C), Kanak (29.72°C), Bidhan Barbati-2 (29.92°C), Lafa Sohini -7 (30.37°C). Variation in canopy temperature was noticed during experimentation with respect to the different varieties. Mason and Singh (2014) also reported variation in canopy temperature in different breeding lines of wheat.
 

Table: 4 Canopy temperature, beta carotene, ascorbic acid content and protein content of different cowpea varieties


 
Pod characters
 
Perusal of the data presented in Table-3 revealed that the pod length varied significantly in both the years and also in pooled analysis. Significantly longest pod was produced in Girija Deshi Lafa (45.40 cm). Somewhat higher pod length was also recorded in Lafa Barbati (43.94 cm) followed by Lafa Sundari Bangla (43.53 cm). Significantly shortest pod length was recorded in Pusa Phalguni Gold (20.65 cm) followed by Bali-265 (22.88 cm) which was statistically at par with Kailas (24.10 cm), Gaurav (24.20 cm) and Ankur Gomati (23.95 cm). Srinivas et al., (2017) found pod length varies from 11.93 to 25.60 cm and reported significant variation under Maharashtra condition.  Magashi et al., (2014) reported that pod length varied from 13.77 cm to 16.50 cm under Nigerian condition. Khan et al., (2010) reported that pod length ranged from 10 to 38 cm under Pakistan condition. Variation in pod length of cowpea might be due to variation in agro-climatic condition and variation in genotypic characters.
 

Table: 3 Yield and yield contributing characters of different cowpea varieties.

  
 
There was a significant variation in pod weight among the different varieties in both the years as well as in pooled analysis (Table 3). Individual pod weight varied from 6.49g to 14.40 g with respect to different varieties of cowpea. Significantly highest individual pod weight was recorded in Girija Deshi Lafa (14.29 g) followed by Lafa Barbati (13.84 g), Lafa Sundari Bangla (13.1 g), Lafa Sohini-7 (12.89 g) and it was lowest in Pusa Phalguni Gold (6.52 g) followed by Bali-265 (6.80 g), Kailash (7.03 g) and VU-5 (7.35 g). The higher individual pod weight was might be due to the higher fruit length and diameter. Variation in pod weight also recorded might be due to the variation in pod length among the different varieties studied. Peksen (2004) also reported that there is a significant and positive correlation in between pod length and individual pod weight. Similar findings were also reported in present experiment.
       
The different cowpea varieties showed a distinct variation among themselves with respect to number of pod per plant in both the year as well as in pooled analysis (Table 3). Highest number of pods per plant was recorded in Triguna (31.07) which was statistically at par with Kanak (30.70), Kashi Kanchan (29.33). Higher number of pods per plant was recorded in Bidhan Barbati-2 (26.17) followed by (Lafa Sohini-7 (23.17), Pusa Komal (23.14) and Bidhan Barbati-1 (23.04) respectively. Whereas, the lowest number of pods per plant was recorded in VU-5 (11.17) which was also statistically at par with Kailash (14.03). In this experiment number of pod per plant varied from 11.17 to 31.07. Similar finding was also reported by Yohanna (2014).
 
Pod yield
 
Significant variation was noted among different varieties with respect to yield in both the year (Table 3). Among the different varieties maximum yield was recorded in Kashi Kanchan (18.51 t/ha). Higher yield was also recorded in case of Triguna (17.07 t/ha) followed by Kanak (16.69 t/ha), LafaSohini -7 (15.59 t/ha), Lafa Sundari Bangla (13.76 t/ha) and Bidhan Barbati-2 (13.84 t/ha) respectively. The lowest yield was recorded in VU-5 (5.46 t/ha) which was also statistically at par with Kailash (6.05 t/ha). The higher yield in some varieties with respect to grand mean of yield might be due to the higher individual plant yield, number of pods per plant, individual pod weight and pod length. In this experiment, Kashi Kanchan, Triguna and Kanak recorded higher yield (34.52%, 24.06% and 21.29%, respectively) over the check variety Lafa Sundari Bangla. Higher yield of the above varieties might be due to the moderately higher number of pods per plant, pod length and individual pod weight. These results are in conformity with the findings of Shilpa et al., (2015) who mentioned positive correlation between cowpea yield and number of pods per plant. Variation in yield of the different varieties was also observed by Pandey et al., (2011). According to Choudhary et al., (2017) increased pods per plant and desirable bushy plant type may enhance the yield potential to a larger extent in mung bean. Agbogidi and Egho (2012) reported that genotypic variation mainly based on genetic makeup and adaptation capability of plants and their response to different environmental factors.
 
Pod quality parameters
 
On the basis of pooled analysis, significantly highest beta carotene content in green pod was recorded in Lafa Sundari Bangla (1037 IU/100g fresh pod) followed by Girija Deshi Lafa (1021 IU/100g fresh pod) and LafaSohini -7 (1017 IU/100g fresh pod) respectively. The lowest beta carotene content in green pod was recorded in Bidhan Barbati -1 (888.51 IU/100g fresh pod) which was statistically at par with Pusa Komal (892.20 IU/100g fresh pod) and VU-5 (928.56 IU/100g fresh pod). In this experiment, beta carotene content of different varieties varied from 888.51 to 1037 IU/ 100 g fresh pod (Table 4). Hazra and Som (1999) reported that beta carotene content of cowpea was 943 IU/100g fresh pod, which was more or less similar with the findings of the present experiment.
       
It is evident from the Table 4, that cowpea varieties were significantly different in ascorbic acid content of fresh pod. Maximum ascorbic acid content (20.17 mg/100g fresh pod) was recorded by Lafa Sundari Bangla. Higher ascorbic acid was also recorded in Girija Deshi Lafa (18.69 mg/100g fresh pod) which was statistically at par with Lafa Sohini- 7 (17.60 mg/100g fresh pod) followed by Lafa Charulata (16.85 mg/100g fresh pod), Lafa Barbati (16.77mg/100g fresh pod) and Kashi Kanchan (16.42 mg/100g fresh pod) respectively. Lowest ascorbic acid content (11.23 mg/100g fresh pod) was observed in Ankur Gomati which was also statistically at par VU-5 (11.66 mg/100g fresh pod) and Gaurav (11.55 mg/100g fresh pod).
       
It was found that there was a significant variation in cowpea varieties with respect to protein content (Table 4). The highest protein content was recorded in Lafa Sundari Bangla (4.69%) which was followed by Girija Deshi Lafa (4.59%) and Lafa Sohini-7 (4.34%) respectively. Whereas lowest protein content was recorded in VU-5 (3.20%) followed by Ankur Gomati (3.42%), Gourav (3.46%) and Kailash (3.49%) respectively. In this experiment protein content of Bidhan Barbati -1 was 3.83% and 3.94% in BidhanBarbati -2. More or less similar results were recorded earlier by Hazra et al., (2007) in case of protein content of Bidhan Barbati -1 and Bidhan Barbati -2.

CONCLUSION

From the above result, it was concluded that all growth and yield contributes were significantly varied with respect to cowpea varieties under zero tillage conditions for both the years. Among the different varieties, cowpea variety Kashi Kanchan (34.52%), Triguna (24.06%) and Kanak (21.29%) produced higher yield and also over the check variety Lafa Sundari Bangla. Hence, it may be recommended for commercial cultivation in rice-wheat cropping system under terai zone of West Bengal. It is necessary to select appropriate cowpea varieties for zero tillage cultivation to enhance yield and quality of produce as well as to sustain soil health and fertility.   

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