<div style="text-align: justify;">This study was conducted to determine the effects of weed density and different weed control treatments on chickpea yield and yield components. The experiment was carried out in split plot design with 3 replications in experimental fields of Kirsehir Ahi Evran University during 2016 and 2017 crop seasons. Total nine treatments (no weed control, permanent weed control, one-time hoeing, two-time hoeing, three-time hoeing, herbicide application after emergence, one-time hoeing with herbicide application, two-time hoeing with herbicide application and three-time hoeing with herbicide application) were compared to know the most effective weed control method. Vaccaria pyramidata Medik., Sinapis arvensis L., Acroptilon repens L. weed species were found to be the most intense in the experimental area. All weed control applications had significant effect on chickpea yield and yield components compared to weedy plots. Three-time hoeing with herbicide application increased the yield by 361.55-478.50% compared to weedy plots. Likewise, three-time hoeing application even increased the yield by 348.50-357.09% compared to weedy plots. The results revealed that three-time hoeing with herbicide and three-time hoeing applications stood out in weed management to obtain a good yield in chickpea cultivation at Kirsehir province.</div>

<div style="text-align: justify;">The effects of weed density and different weed control applications on yield and yield components of chickpea cultivars</div>

Background: Rice is a major food source worldwide and direct seeding can shorten crop duration and reduce labour. The system of rice intensification (SRI) can boost yields with fewer inputs. Weed management is crucial for high yields, but chemical herbicides may not be necessary with SRI. A study evaluated herbicide performance based on rice establishment methods. 
 
Methods: An field experiment was conducted in January to May, 2021 (Navarai) to find out the efficient weed control techniques in puddled rice. The experiment has been carried out in split-plot design, which included two planting techniques viz., drum seeded rice and system of rice intensification (SRI) in main plot, as well as eight weed control techniques viz., hand weeding, cono weeding, pretilachlor, bispyribac sodium and fenoxaprop - p - ethyl as pre and post emergence application in sub plot.&nbsp; 
 
Result: The results of the experiment demonstrated that among the planting techniques and weed management practices tested, the system of rice intensification and sequential application of pretilachlor @ 0.5 kg a.i ha-1 fb bispyribac sodium @ 20 g a.i ha-1 has revealed lowest weed density and highest weed control efficiency, yield attributes and yield and energetics.&nbsp;

Performance of Various Weed Management Approaches on Weed Dynamics, Yield Attributes and Yield of Puddled Rice under Different Planting Techniques

<div>Background: Weeds are the major threat to direct seeded rice and a single strategy of weed control may not be effective for season-long weed control. Intending to accomplish the long-term and sustainable weed management of direct seeded rice, the integration approach of weed management strategies seems a better alternative. The current field study was aimed to evaluate the impact of integration of different weed control methods on direct seeded rice under irrigated ecosystem on weed growth and rice yield.</div>

<div> 
Methods: The experiment was laid out in randomized block design with three replications and twelve treatments during 2017 at G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, Uttarakhand, India. The twelve treatments included the combination of cultural, mechanical, physical and chemical weed management methods.</div>

<div> 
Result: Combination of stale seedbed technique integrated with pre-emergence application of pendimethalin with mechanical weeding at 25 DAS followed by 1 hand weeding at 45 DAS, Sesbania (line sowing) fb application of pendimethalin (PE) fb 1 mechanical weeding at 25 DAS fb 1 hand weeding at 45 DAS, stale seedbed with application of pendimethalin (PE) with Sesbania brown manuring supplemented with mechanical weeding (25 DAS) fb hand weeding at 45 DAS, mulching with wheat straw mulch along with post-emergence application of penoxsulam (20 DAS) fb 1 hand weeding at 45 DAS and application of pendimethalin (PE) fb penoxsulum (PoE) at 20 DAS fb 1 hand weeding at 45 DAS with a row spacing of 25 cm found to be similar in the suppression of weed population and weed density at 40 and 60 DAS and crop yields (4.3, 4.1, 4.2, 4.0 and 4.2 t/ha, respectively) were on par with weed free plot i.e. 4.4t/ha. Application of pendimethalin (PE) fb penoxsulum (PoE) at 20 DAS fb 1 hand weeding at 45 DAS with row spacing of 25cm recorded 93.7%, 90.6% and 4.5% weed control efficiency, weed control index and weed index respectively, which was similar with above integrated weed management treatments. A negative correlation of the weed density and dry matter with the yield of rice was recorded.</div>

​Effect of Integrated Weed Management on Weed and Yield of Direct Seeded Rice

A field experiment was conducted during rainy seasons of 2011 and 2012 at Udaipur to evaluate the effect of weed control and sulphur on yield and quality of soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merrill]. The twenty eight treatment combinations comprising 7 weed management treatments (weedy check, pendimethalin 1.0 kg ha-1 pre- emergence, quizalofop-ethyl 50 g ha-1 and imazethapyr 100 g ha-1 post-emergence at 15 DAS, pendimethalin, quizalofop-ethyl and imazethapyr followed by hoeing and weeding at 30 DAS) in main plot and 4 rates of sulphur application (00, 20, 40 and 60 kg ha1) in sub plot were laid out in split plot design with three replications. All weed control treatments reduced weed dry matter at harvest during both the years. Pendimethalin followed by hoeing and weeding at 30 DAS was significantly superior in reducing weed dry matter of broad-leaved, narrow-leaved and total weeds at harvest over rest of the treatments. All weed control treatments significantly enhanced straw and biological yield of soybean over weedy check. Pendimethalin followed by hoeing and weeding at 30 DAS produced significantly higher pooled seed (2168 kg ha-1), straw (3167 kg ha-1) and biological (5335 kg ha-1) yields compared to other treatments. Sulphur rates had no significant effect on weed dry matter at harvest. Across the years, increasing level of S application up to 40 kg ha-1 resulted in significantly increased straw yield, biological yield and harvest index of&nbsp; &nbsp;soybean. Increasing rate of sulphur application up to 40 kg ha-1 tended to significantly increase protein and oil yield.

Effect of weed management and sulphur on weed dynamics, soybean&nbsp;(Glycine max) yield and associated quality traits

<div>Background: Weed populations reduce crop yields by influencing the pattern of crop growth and development throughout the season and by directly competing with the crop for limiting precious resources, like light, water or nutrients. A number of the factors that influence magnitude of crop yield losses from weed interference include the timing of weed emergence relative to the crop, weed density, pattern of weed growth and development. Weed management is one among the foremost critical factors influencing crop yield. By providing a window of weed-free growth early within the season, the size advantage that crop seedlings have over weeds can be utilized to reduce the intensity of direct competition for resources at the stages of crop development when yield is being determined. Weeds are identified as a significance drawback since they create biotic stress in realizing the genetic yield potential of this valuable crop. 
 
Methods: A field experiment was carried out during the rabi season of 2010-11 to 2014-15 at ICAR- National Research Centre on Seed Spices, Ajmer, Rajasthan to estimate the yield losses because of weed infestation and to work out the critical period for weed control (CPWC) in fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.). There were 14 treatments comprising of initial weedy periods of 15, 30, 45, 60, 75, 90 days after sowing (DAS) and weed free period upto 15, 30, 45, 60, 75, 90 DAS along with weedy till harvest (un-weeded check) and weed free till harvest (weed free check). The treatments were replicated three times in a randomized block design. 
 
Result: Maximum pod length (cm), number of pods/plant, number of seed/pod, test weight (g), seed yield (kg/ha), straw yield (kg/ha) and harvesting index (%) to the tune of 9.47, 41.2, 16.67, 12.60, 2297, 4954 and 31.73 were recorded at weed free throughout growth period. Weed infestation up to 30, 45, 60, 75, 90 DAS and weedy throughout growth period reduced the seed yield significantly to the magnitude of 567.3, 801.7, 913.3, 1253.3, 1393.7 and 1736.3 kg/ha. Yield losses in fenugreek increase from 2.95 kg/ha/day at 15 days weed infestation to 12.31 kg/ha/day at 135 days weed infestation. Maximum gross return (`104248/ha), net return (`67018/ha) were obtained at weed free throughout growth period with the B:C ratio 2.80 among the weed free treatments. The employment of response curves with weed free or weed competition period showed that seed yield of fenugreek&nbsp;were&nbsp;the highest with the field&nbsp;free&nbsp;from weeds throughout the growth period and the critical period of weed/fenugreek competition was 32 days after sowing and lies between 30-45 days after sowing. In regression approach for fenugreek seed yield and weed free or weed competition period the quadratic function was fitted to estimate the expected yields which had the high significant with the data recorded and have the highest values of R2. If we predict the seed yield losses based on the quadratic model for weed free period model, it declined from 42.04 at 0 DAS to 0.0% at 135 days. Similarly, weed infestation period model predicted the seed yield losses increased from 0.00 at 0 days weed infestation to 73.42% at 135 days. Critical period for weed competition in fenugreek was found to be 32 days after sowing. The CPWC is helpful for making decisions on the necessity for and timing of weed control.</div>

<div>Yield Losses Due to Weeds, Critical Period for Weed-crop Competition in Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.)&nbsp;</div>

A field experiment was conducted at Forage Research and Management Centre, NDRI, Karnal during rabi season in 2013-14 to study the effect of nitrogen application and weed management on growth and yield of fodder turnip (Brassica compestris var. rapa) with four levels of nitrogen (0, 50, 100, and 150 kg N/ha) and four weed management practices (pendimethalin @ 1.0 kg a.i./ha, hand weeding, isoproturon @ 0.75 kg a.i./ha and weedy check) in split plot design. Among the nitrogen treatments 150 kg nitrogen/ha gave the highest growth, yield and better quality of fodder turnip. Application of &nbsp;pendimethalin @1.0 kg a.i. proved better in terms of &nbsp;growth and yield of turnip. Weed control efficiency was 65% with &nbsp;150 kg N/ha and 83.23% with pendimethalin 1.0 kg a.i./ha.

Effect of nitrogen and weed management on weed control efficiency and&nbsp;yield of fodder turnip

<div>Background: Soybean being a rainy season crops, is heavily infested with weeds thus ultimately affect the crop yield and economic return. 
 
Methods: Field experiment was conducted at Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi during rainy season of 2019 and 2020 under randomized block design replicated thrice with eight different weed control methods viz., imazathapyr 75 g/ha at 20 days after sowing (DAS), imazathapyr 35% + imazamox 35% ready mix (RM) 75 g/ha at 20 DAS, quizalofop ethyl 50 g/ha at 20 DAS, sodium acifluorfen 16.5% + clodinafop propargyl 8% (RM) 125 g/ha at 20 DAS, imazathapyr 2% + pendimethalin 30% (RM) 1 kg/ha at 20 DAS, hand weeding at 20 and 40 DAS, weed free (three hand weeding at 20, 40 and 60 DAS) and weedy check.&nbsp; 
 
Result: Among herbicides, application of quizalofop ethyl 50 g/ha recorded higher growth and yield attributes of soybean due to reduced weed density and weed dry matter which resulted in higher weed control efficiency, weed management index, agronomic management index, thereby recorded maximum soybean yield (2065 kg/ha), net return (₹ 54,743/ha) and B:C ratio (2.50). The soybean yield was negatively correlated with weed dry matter particularly with grassy as well as total weed dry matter while plant dry matter accumulation was strongly correlated with soybean yield.</div>

Weed Dynamics, Growth, Yield and Correlation Study as Affected by Weed Control Methods in Soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merril.]

Background: Field experiment was conducted at Anbil Dharmalingam Agricultural College and Research Institute, Thiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu during the rabi season of 2022-23 to evaluate the effect of spacing and weed management practices of yield parameters and yield of direct seeded rice under sodic soil using three levels of spacing and seven weed management strategies.

Methods: The main plots were spacing of 20 x 15 cm, 20 x 20 cm, and 25 x 25 cm. Sub plot consisted of weed management practices in direct seeded rice viz., PE pyrazosulfuron ethyl 10% WP at&nbsp; 20 g a.i ha-1 on 3 DAS + PoE bispyribac sodium 10% SC at 25 g a.i ha-1 on 20 DAS, PE pyrazosulfuron ethyl 10% WP at 20 g&nbsp; a.i ha-1 on&nbsp; 3 DAS + cono weeding on 20 DAS + hand weeding&nbsp; (HW) on 40 DAS, PE pyrazosulfuron Ethyl 10% WP at 20 g&nbsp; a.i ha-1 on&nbsp; 3 DAS + cono weeding on 20 DAS and 40 DAS, PE pyrazosulfuron ethyl 10% WP at&nbsp; 20 g&nbsp; a.i ha-1 on 3 DAS +&nbsp; PoE bispyribac sodium 10% SC&nbsp; at&nbsp; 25 g&nbsp; a.i ha-1 on 20 DAS +&nbsp; cono weeding on 40 DAS, PE pyrazosulfuron Ethyl 10% WP at 20 g&nbsp; a.i ha-1 on 3 DAS + PoEbispyribac sodium 10% SC at 25 g&nbsp; a.i ha-1 on 20 DAS +&nbsp; HW on 40 DAS, Hand weeding at 20 and 40 DAS, and unweeded control. The field experiment was laid out in split plot design with three replications.

Results: The results indicated that lower total weed density (40.39 no. m-2), dry weight of weeds (85.52 g m-2) and higher WCE (77.5%) were registered under 20 &times; 15 cm which was on par with spacing of 20 &times; 20 cm. The higher number of productive tillers m-2 (389), number of grains panicle-1 (192), number filled grains panicle-1 (187), grain yield (4546 kg ha-1) and straw yield (6714 kg ha-1) were observed under spacing of 20 &times; 20 cm. Application of pyrazosulfuron ethyl&nbsp; 20 g&nbsp; ha-1 at 3 DAS +&nbsp; bispyribac sodium&nbsp; 25 g&nbsp; ha-1 at 20 DAS + cono weeding at 40 DAS possessed the lowest total weed density (7.67 no. m-2), dry weight of weeds (12.63 g m-2), higher WCE (97.0) at 45 DAS and significantly improved the yield parameters and yields compared to unweeded control. The highest grain and straw yields were recorded from interaction between 20 &times; 20 cm and pyrazosulfuron ethyl 20 g ha-1 at 3 DAS + bispyribac sodium 25 g ha-1 at 20 DAS + cono weeding at 40 DAS.

Effect of spacing and weed management practices on yield parameters and yield of direct-seeded rice

<div style="text-align: justify;">To study the effect of land configuration and weed management on yield and yield attributes of green gram, a field experiment was conducted at Hisar during kharif 2016 in strip plot design with four replications. Ridge method of planting recorded significantly higher number of branches plant-1, seeds pod-1, 100 seed weight and seed yield in comparison to flat method of planting. Among the weed management practices, application of pendimethalin 30 EC @ 1.0 kg/ha-PE fb imazethapyr 10 % SL @ 55 g/ha at 15-20 DAS recorded significantly higher number of branches plant-1, seeds pod-1, pods plant-1 and 100 seed weight compared to weedy check. Similarly the same treatment recorded higher yield to the tune of 236, 48 and 18 % over weedy check, pendimethalin 30 EC @ 1.0 kg/ha-PE and Imazethapyr 10 % SL@ 55 g/ha at 15-20 DAS, respectively. Highest net returns (` 24632/ha), BC ratio (2.15) and weed control efficiency (94 %) was also recorded when pendimethalin 30 EC @ 1.0 kg/ha-PE fb imazethapyr 10 % SL @ 55 g/ha at 15-20 DAS of green gram crop was applied.</div>

<div style="text-align: justify;">Effect of Land Configuration and Weed Management on Yield and Yield Attributes of Green Gram (Vigna radiata L)</div>

<div style="text-align: justify;">A field experiment was conducted during autumn, 2014 at ICR Farm, Assam Agricultural University, Jorhat, Assam to compare three different direct seeded upland rice varieties along with different integrated weed and nutrient management practices. The experiment was carried out in factorial randomized block design replicated thrice with 15 treatments involving 3 varieties: Inglongkiri, Maizubiron and Rasi along with 5 treatments of weed and nutrient management, i.e. 20-10-10 kg/ha N-P2O5-K2O + &nbsp;pretilachlor @ 750 g/ha followed by grubber 30 DAS (W1), 30-15-15 kg/ha N-P2O5-K2O + pretilachlor @ 750 g/ha followed by grubber 30 DAS (W2), &nbsp;10-5-5 kg/ha N-P2O5-K2O &nbsp;+ pretilachlor @ 750 g/ha followed by grubber 30 DAS + Vermicompost @ 1 t/ha &nbsp; (split equally at sowing &amp; 30 DAS) + Sesbania (Sesbania aculeata) green mulch (up to 30 days) (W3), &nbsp;10-5-5 kg/ha &nbsp;N-P2O5-K2O + pretilachlor @ 750 g/ha followed by grubber 30 DAS with intra-row spacing 15cm (W4), &nbsp;and 20-10-10 kg/ha N-P2O5-K2O + Weedy check (W5). The predominant weed floras observed in the experimental field were Ageratum conyzoides, Cynodon dactylon, Cyperus rotundus and Cyperus iria. Treatment W3 resulted significantly lowest weed population at all growth stages. Weed dry weight was significantly lowest with application of 30-15-15 kg/ha N-P2O5-K2O along with pretilachlor @ 750 g a.i./ha and grubber 30 DAS at 20, 60 DAS and at harvest of rice crop. The results revealed an increase in yields as evident by higher grain and straw yield for all the three varieties with pre-emergence application of pretilachlor (750g a.i./ha) + grubber 30 days after sowing + 30-15-15 kg/ha of N-P2O5-K2O.&nbsp;</div>

Weed dynamics and yield of direct seeded upland autumn rice (oryza sativa l.) Varieties as influenced by integrated weed and nutrient management practices

The effects of weed density and different weed control applications on yield and yield components of chickpea cultivars

Performance of Various Weed Management Approaches on Weed Dynamics, Yield Attributes and Yield of Puddled Rice under Different Planting Techniques

Effect of Integrated Weed Management on Weed and Yield of Direct Seeded Rice

Effect of weed management and sulphur on weed dynamics, soybean (Glycine max) yield and associated quality traits

Yield Losses Due to Weeds, Critical Period for Weed-crop Competition in Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.)

Effect of nitrogen and weed management on weed control efficiency and yield of fodder turnip

Weed Dynamics, Growth, Yield and Correlation Study as Affected by Weed Control Methods in Soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merril.]

Effect of spacing and weed management practices on yield parameters and yield of direct-seeded rice

Effect of Land Configuration and Weed Management on Yield and Yield Attributes of Green Gram (Vigna radiata L)

Weed dynamics and yield of direct seeded upland autumn rice (oryza sativa l.) Varieties as influenced by integrated weed and nutrient management practices