<div style="text-align:justify">Background: Viticulture occupies an important place in agricultural production of Diyarbakır province, Turkey. However, weeds significantly impair the productivity of vineyards in the province. The knowledge of weed flora of a particular region is crucial to develop region-specific weed management strategies.&nbsp; Methods: This study was carried out to determine the weed species, their densities and frequency of occurrence in 78 vineyards of 13 districts in Diyarbakır province. Exploratory surveys were conducted to record the occurrence, density and coverage area of weed species. A 1&times;1 m quadrate was used, which was randomly placed in vineyards and weed species falling within the quadrate were noted. Result: A total 165 weed species and 128 taxa belonging to 35 botanical families (1 parasitic, 16 monocotyledons and 18 dicotyledons) were identified from the surveyed area. The weed species&rsquo; density over the whole province was 91 weeds m-2. Avena sterilis L. was the most widespread weed with the highest density (9.93 plants m-2) in the surveyed area followed by Fumaria asepale Boiss. (7.18), Galium tricornutum (4.85), Ranunculus arvensis (3.82), Silene aegyptiaca (3.70), Bromus sterilis (3.64) Lamium purpureum (3.58), Hordeum spontaneum (3.35), Anthemis sp. (3.07), Crepis alpina (2.94), Thlaspi perfoliatum (2.91), Alopecurus myosuroides (2.81), Bongardia chrysogonum (2.80), Scandix pecten-veneris (2.24), Cynodon dactylon (1.71), Hypecoum procumbens (1.69), Lolium perenne (1.41), Sorghum halepense (1.33), Sinapis arvensis (1.24), Buglossoides arvense (1.22), Daucus carota (1.21), Trifolium nigrescens (1.21), Vicia hybrida (1.05), Senecio vernalis (1.04) and Ornithogalum narbonense (1.02). The most prevalent weed were L. purpureum (66.68%), Papaver sp. (66.49%), S. vernalis (65.82%), Anthemis sp. (65.10%), A. sterilis (63.07%), R. arvensis (60.44%), Convolvulus arvensis (56.76%), Carduus pycnocephalus (55.79%), G. tricornutum (55.43%), Fumaria asepale (55.05%), Crepis alpina (54.08%), Thlaspi perfoliatum (51.95%) and S. arvensis (51.04%).&nbsp;</div>

<div style="text-align:justify">Weed Flora of Vineyards in Diyarbakır Province, Turkey</div>

Late spring frosts cause significant physiological disruptions and substantial yield losses in fruit trees and grapevines cultivated in temperate climates. This review delves into the complex mechanisms of frost injury, including ice crystal formation, membrane instability, dehydration and oxidative stress, which lead to irreversible cellular and tissue damage. The threat is exacerbated by accelerated climate change, which shifts spring phenology earlier and increases the frequency and intensity of frost events. This article provides a comprehensive review of integrated management strategies designed to minimize damage and promote recovery in frost-affected orchards and vineyards. The review systematically examines various methods, including systematic damage assessment, post-frost pruning timing and techniques, water and nutrient management and the use of biostimulants. The paper also discusses proactive measures to prevent secondary stress factors and outlines physiological and structural strategies to ensure long-term productivity. The synthesis of existing literature demonstrates that a combination of integrated management strategies is crucial for accelerating the recovery process of frost-affected plants. The review concludes that the timely and accurate assessment of damage, coupled with strategic cultural practices such as post-frost pruning and careful management of water and nutrients, is essential for mitigating yield losses and maintaining long-term productivity and economic viability.

Weed Flora of Vineyards in Diyarbakır Province, Turkey

Integrated Management Practices for the Recovery Process in Fruit Trees and Grapevines Exposed to Late Spring Frosts: A Review