<div>Background: Weeds are widely reported as a key constraint in organic agriculture. Soybean-chickpea is important cropping sequence adopted in Maharashtra State under irrigated condition. Weed management is a serious problem in both the crop and it mostly controlled through chemical weed control. Today, widespread use of herbicides has resulted in purporated environmental and health problem as well as residual problems to succeeding crops. Now a days residue free food requirement is high. In organic farming cultural and mechanical methods are necessary to break the weed cycle. So, keeping this point in view present investigation was carried out to evaluate organic weed management practices on growth, yield and weed control in soybean-chickpea sequence under irrigated condition.&nbsp; 
 
Methods: A field experiment was conducted during Kharif and rabi seasons of 2017-18 and 2018-19. The present investigation consisted of ten weed management practices viz. two hand weeding at 20-25 and 45-50 DAS, one hoeing 20-25 DAS + one hand weeding at 45-50 DAS, soybean + sunhemp incorporation after 35-40 DAS in kharif season and chickpea + safflower (2:1) in rabi season,&nbsp;stale seed bed + reduced spacing + 2 tonne of wheat straw + one hand weeding at 25&nbsp;DAS, soil mulch at the time of sowing + one hand pulling at 25 DAS, incorporation of neem cake 1.5 tonne/ ha 15 days before sowing + one hand weeding at 25 DAS, soil solarization with 25 &mu; polythene mulch during summer + one hand weeding&nbsp;at 25 DAS, mulching with straw, weed free and weedy check. &nbsp;&nbsp; 
 
Result: The higher values of growth attributes was recorded by weed free treatment which was on par with two hand weeding at 20-25 and 45-50 DAS and soil solarization with 25 &mu; polythene mulch during summer + one hand weeding at 25 DAS and significantly superior over rest of the treatments during both the year study. Application of stale seed bed with reduced spacing and 2 tonne of wheat straw along with one hand weeding 25 DAS recorded higher soybean equivalent yield followed by soybean + sunhemp incorporation (35-45DAS) in kharif and chickpea + safflower (2:1) in rabi season during both the year. The lower weed density, dry weight and highest weed control efficiency at 40 days after sowing for both monocot and dicot weeds was recorded by weed free treatment followed by soil solarization with 25 &mu; polythene mulch during summer + one hand weeding at 25 DAS in soybean and chickpea during both the year.</div>

<div>Evaluation of Organic Weed Management Practices on Growth, Yield and Weed Control Efficiency in Soybean-chickpea Sequence under Irrigated Condition &nbsp;</div>

<div>Background: Weeds are prime factor that adversely effects on growth, quality and yield of mungbean during summer and rainy season. Being a short duration crop, it faces heavy weed competition right from the early growth stages to harvesting. The critical period of crop weed competition in mungbean was initial 25-30 days, yield may be reduce up to 50-90% if weeds not manage at this stage. Hence, there is a need to find out the successful weed management strategies to realize higher growth and yield. The progressive transformation of agriculture concerning intensive use of herbicides is gaining status in recent years due to easy, lower cost, timeliness and successful controlling weeds. Therefore, keeping above information in view, the present study was undertaken to assess the effect of different weed management practices in summer mungbean under zero tillage condition to find out the better weed management, higher productivity and profitability. 
 
Methods: In this field-laboratory investigation during summer season, 2019, different herbicides were applied to manage weeds in mungbean. Eight treatments were applied based on various application windows. In the field and laboratory, the collected samples were determined for crop weed competition, yield attributes, yields and net returns. &nbsp; 
 
Result: The results revealed that weed free treatment was recorded lowest weed population at 30 DAS and harvest (1.8 and 2.9), weed dry weight (1.1 and 1.9g) and highest weed control efficiency (96.3 and 94.9%) followed by Pendimethalin (PE) fb one HW and Shaked (Propaquizafop + Imezathyper) application. The similar results also observed in nutrients removed by weeds. Among yield attributes, weed free treatment recorded the longest pod length, no. of pods/plant, no. of seeds/pod and test weight (7.9, 21.0, 9.7 and 43.0g, respectively) which was at par with Pendimethalin (PE) fb one HW and Shaked (Propaquizafop + Imezathyper) application. The magnitude of seed yield was increased under weed free (10.1 q/ha) and Shaked (Propaquizafop + Imezathyper) (9.5 q/ha) treatments by 127.9 and 113.8%, respectively over weedy check. Application of Shaked (Propaquizafop + Imezathyper) recorded highest net returns (Rs 55,079/ha) and B: C (2.8) over rest of the treatments. It can concluded that application of Shaked (Propaquizafop + Imezathyper) @ 2 L/ha at 20 DAS recommended for better weed control, higher yield and net returns of summer mungbean under zero tillage condition.</div>

<div>Effect of Weed Management Practices on Weed Dynamics, Nutrient Depletion, Productivity and Profitability of Summer Mungbean (Vigna radiata) under Zero Tillage Condition</div>

<div>Background: A study was conducted during Zaid season of 2021 on response of summer blackgram [Vigna mungo (L.) Hepper] to planting geometry and weed management under Nagaland conditions. 
 
Methods: The experiment was laid out in Factorial Randomized Block Design (FRBD) with three replications and comprised of three levels of planting geometry viz., S1-20 &times; 10 cm2, S2-30 &times; 10 cm and S3-40 &times; 10 cm and four different levels&nbsp; of weed management viz., W1-Weedy check, W2-Two hand weedings at 20 DAS and 40 DAS, W3 = Pendimethalin @ 1 kg a.i ha-1 + Imazethapyr @ 100 g ha-1 at 30 DAS and W4= Pendimethalin @ 1 kg a.i ha-1 + one hand weeding at 30 DAS. 
 
Result: The highest seed and stover yields (739 kg ha-1, 2068.2 kg ha-1) were recorded at 30 x 10 cm2 spacing and it was at par with 20 &times;&nbsp;10 cm2. Pendimethalin @1 kg a.i ha + one hand weeding at 30 DAS recorded lowest weed population, weed dry weight and highest weed control efficiency. Combination of 30 &times;&nbsp;10 cm2 and Pendimethalin @ 1 kg a.i ha-1 + one hand weeding at 30 DAS recorded highest B:C ratio (1.32) among all the treatments and was found to be an economically achievable treatment combination for summer blackgram.Background: A study was conducted during Zaid season of 2021 on response of summer blackgram [Vigna mungo (L.) Hepper] to planting geometry and weed management under Nagaland conditions. 
 
&nbsp;</div>

Effect of Spacing and Weed Management on Weed Dynamics of Summer Blackgram [Vigna mungo (L.) Hepper] under Nagaland Conditions

Background: Black rice a special type of rice species known in multiple ways through its beneficial nutrients and health needs and are in need to be cultivated to its outmost potential. Cultivation of weed suppressible variety along with integrated weed management can be considered for high outcome of yield.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 
&nbsp; 
Methods: A farm trial during kharif season of 2021 and 2022 was laid out in split plot design (SPD) on the experimental field of School of Agricultural Sciences (SAS), Nagaland University, Nagaland consisting of four integrated weed management in the main plot while sub-plot consisting of four cultivars respectively. 
&nbsp; 
Result: Grasses, sedges and broad-leaved weeds with a total of 11 species were identified and recorded dominant. Lowest depletion of nutrients by weed was observed with hand weeding at 15 and 30 DAS with cultivar Chakhao Poireiton and was followed with application of pretilachlor @ 1.0 kg ha-1&nbsp;(PE) fb HW at 40 DAS. Hand weeding at 15 and 30 DAS along with cultivar Chakhao Poireiton exhibited highest plant height, LAI and biological yield and was closely followed with application of pretilachlor @ 1.0 kg ha-1&nbsp;(PE) fb HW at 40 DAS with Chakhao Poireiton, while similar results were also observed with the phenological studies. Further, weedy check recorded lowest plant height and LAI. However, plant population showed no significant variation with context to integrated weed management and different cultivars in both the years. Additionally, correlation studies revealed a strong negative correlation between plant height and nutrient depletion by weeds. 
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Evaluation of Growth, Phenology, Yield and Weed Dynamics as Influenced by Integrated Weed Management in Black Rice Cultivars under Nagaland Condition

Background: Weeds pose a significant biotic threat to the production of rice, hindering its growth and yield. An experimental study was carried out at Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab, India during the 2023 kharif season to investigate the impact of different planting patterns in relation to weed control treatments on weed dynamics and paddy yield of transplanted rice under unpuddled conditions. 
&nbsp; 
Methods: The experiment was laid out in Split Plot Design comprising of four planting patterns,&nbsp;viz. transplanting two rows/ridge, transplanting two rows/ridge + one in furrow, flat transplanting (unpuddled), flat transplanting (puddled) in main plots and four weed control treatments,&nbsp;viz. pendimethalin 0.75 kg/ha as pre-em. f.b. bispyribac 10 SC at 25 g/ha as post-em., pendimethalin 0.75 kg/ha as pre-em. f.b. penoxsulam 240 SC at 24 g/ha as post-em., pendimethalin 0.75 kg/ha as pre-em. f.b. fenoxaprop 6.7 EC at 67 g/ha, post-em., unweeded (control) in sub-plots with four replications. 
&nbsp; 
Result: The investigation&rsquo;s outcomes revealed that the highest paddy yield (67.6 q/ha) was achieved by transplanting two rows per ridge and one in the furrow, significantly outperforming other planting patterns. Conversely, the paddy yields from flat unpuddled (60.2 q/ha) and flat puddled (59 q/ha) treatments were statistically at par. Among the weed control treatments, the sequential application of pendimethalin (0.75 kg/ha) as a pre-emergence and bispyribac sodium 10 SC (25 g/ha) as a post-emergence significantly inhibited the growth and biomass accumulation of diverse weed types, such as grasses, sedges and broad-leaved weeds resulting in significantly higher paddy yield (77.9 q/ha) in comparison to all other weed control treatments. 
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Role of Planting Patterns and Weed Control Treatments on Growth and Yield of Unpuddled Transplanted Rice (Oryza sativa L.)

Background: Generally, farmers cultivate clusterbean [Cyamopsis tetragonoloba (L.) Taub] on rainfed area but seldom adopt weed control practices in it. It becomes very difficult and uneconomical to maintain weed free environment throughout crop period in the field under rainfed conditions. Therefore, the current study was aimed to find an effective weed control practice in clusterbean under rainfed conditions. 
 
Methods: Effect of weed management practices of clusterbean with T1: Pendimethalin @ 1 litre/ha (PE), T2: Imazethapyr @ 0.1 kg/ha at 20 days (POE), T3: Stale bed technology, T4: One hand weeding at 20 DAS (days after sowing), T5: Two hand weedings at 20 and 40 DAS, T6: Imazethapyr @ 0.1 kg/ha at 20 days + hand weeding at 40 DAS, T7:&nbsp; Pendimethalin @ 1 litre/ha (PE) + hand weeding 35 DAS, T8: Pendimethalin @ 1 litre /ha (PE) + imazethapyr 0.1 kg/ha at 30 DAS and T9: Weedy check were investigated under rainfed conditions. 
 
Result: Weed control efficiencies of imazethapyr @ 0.1 kg/ha at 20 days + hand weeding at 40 DAS (T6), pendimethalin @ 1 litre/ha + hand weeding at 40 DAS (T7) and pendimethalin @ 1 litre/ha (PE) + imazethapyr @ 0.1 kg/ha at 20 days (PoE) (T8) were statistically similar. Imazethapyr @ 0.1 kg/ha at 20 days (PoE) + one hand weedings at 40 DAS recorded higher growth characters viz., plant height, dry matter and yield attributing characters viz., number of branches, number of pods/plant and seed index than other treatments. The highest seed yield was recorded in imazethapyr @ 0.1 kg/ha at 20 days (PoE) + one hand weedings at 40 DAS (422 kg/ha), being statistically at par with pendimethalin @ 1 litre/ha (PE) + one hand weedings at 40 DAS (390 kg/ha) and pendimethalin @ 1 litre/ha (PE) + imazethapyr @ 0.1 kg/ha at 20 days (PoE) (392 kg/ha) which was significantly higher than other treatments. Imazethapyr @ 0.1 kg/ha at 20 days (PoE) + one hand weedings at 40 DAS recorded 27.9 and 33.9 per cent higher seed yield than imazethapyr @ 0.1 kg/ha at 20 days (PoE) and one hand weedings at 40 DAS, respectively. The net returns and benefit-cost ratio were maximum for imazethapyr @ 0.1 kg/ha at 20 days (PoE) + hand weeding at 40 DAS (T6). It is inferred that imazethapyr @ 0.1 kg/ha at 20 days (PoE) + one hand weedings at 40 DAS was found the most effective and economic approach for weed control in clusterbean under rainfed conditions.

Evaluation of Different Weed Management Strategies in Clusterbean [Cyamopsis tetragonoloba (L.) Taub] under&nbsp;Rainfed Conditions of Punjab

A field investigation was carried out during winter seasons of 2012-13, 2013-14 and 2014-15 at Agricultural Research Station, Gulbarga (Karnataka) to evaluate the effect of pre and post emergence herbicides on weeds and productivity of chickpea cv. JG-11. Ten treatments were tested in randomized block design with three replications. &nbsp;Among the herbicidal treatments, pendimethalin 38% CS 0.75 kg a.i ha-1PE + hand weeding (HW) at 30-35 days after sowing (DAS) and pendimethalin 30% EC 0.75 kg a.i ha-1+ imazethapyr 2% 1.0 kg a.i ha-1 PE + one hoeing at 30-35 DAS recorded significantly higher seed yield (1198 kg ha-1), net returns (Rs. 25107 ha-1) and B:C ratio (2.10) and lower weed dry weight (11.3 g m-2) and higher weed control efficiency (83%) than all other herbicidal treatments except two hand weedings at 20 and 40 DAS. It may be inferred from the present investigation that these herbicidal treatments could be used effectively as an alternative for controlling weeds and obtaining optimum seed yield of chickpea under rainfed conditions of Karnataka.

Integrated weed management in chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) under&nbsp;rainfed conditions of Karnataka, India

<div>Background: Maize is referred to as the &ldquo;Queen of Cereals&rdquo; since it has highest genetic yield potential. So, Maize being a rainy season crop, suffers badly due to heavy weed infestation reducing the potential yield. Intercropping with legumes is the effective technique to control weed infestation. Therefore, this study is focused on to evaluate the legume intercropping for weed control efficiency in kharif maize (Zea mays L.) under Amritsar conditions. 
 
Methods: A field study was carried out to evaluate the effect of &ldquo;Legume intercropping for weed control efficiency in kharif maize (Zea mays L.) under Amritsar conditions&rdquo; at Student&rsquo;s Research Farm, P.G. Department of Agriculture, Khalsa College Amritsar, during Kharif season 2021-2022. The experiment consists of six treatment combination which were tested in factorial randomized block design with three replications. The treatment consisted of T1 - sole maize, T2- paired row maize, T3- maize + green gram (1:1), T4- maize + green gram (2:2), T5- maize + black gram (1:1), T6- maize + black gram (2:2) and two weed management practices i.e. weedy check and pendimethalin at 0.75 kg ha-1 (pre-emergence). 
 
Result: The results indicated that maize + green gram (1:1) intercropping system registered considerably lowest weed density of both monocot and dicot weeds at 25 DAS (58.14 m2) and 50 DAS (61.72 m2) and also significantly lower weed dry matter at 25 DAS (2.06 q ha-1), 50 DAS (4.58 q ha-1), 75 DAS (5.88 q ha-1). Maize + green gram (1:1) treatment also recorded considerably highest weed control efficiency (17.57 %) at 25 DAS and (16.38%) at 50 DAS. The highest maize grain yield (38.85 q ha-1) was achieved in maize + green gram (1:1) followed by (37.68 q ha-1) maize + black gram (1:1) and (33.41 q ha-1) maize + green gram (2:2). Maize grain equivalent yield and benefit-cost ratio significantly superior in all the intercropping systems than pure stand yield of crop. The highest maize grain equivalent yield (66.78 q ha-1) and benefits: cost ratio (3.6) was obtained in maize + green gram (2:2) followed by (3.31) maize + black gram (2:2) and (2.5) maize + green gram (1:1). Pre-emergence application of pendimethalin at 0.75 kg ha-1 gave substantially lower weed density at25 DAS (56.05 m2), 50 DAS (57.97 m2) and weed dry matter at 25 DAS (2.16 q ha-1), 50 DAS (4.03 q ha-1) and 75 DAS (5.35 q ha-1) and significantly superior weed control efficiency at 25 DAS (30.97%) and 50 DAS (27.98 %) over weedy check. Significantly higher maize grain yield (36.94 q ha-1), legumes yield (8.87 q ha-1), maize grain equivalent yield (58.45 q ha-1) and benefits: cost ratio (3.19).</div>

Legume Intercropping for Weed Control Efficiency in Kharif Maize (Zea mays L.) under Amritsar Conditions

<div>Background: Maize (Zea mays L.) is the most versatile and emerging food crop of global importance. Weeds are ubiquitous but their presence in wide spaced and initially slow growing crop like maize acts as an obstacle for plentiful harvest. Nutrient uptake by weeds during the first thirty days of maize growth was 59 kg N, 10 kg P2O5 and 59 kg K2O per ha, which was 7-10 times higher than the nutrient uptake by maize. 
 
Methods: The present field experiment was conducted during Rabi, 2018-19 under irrigated conditions at wetland farm of S.V. Agricultural College, Tirupati andhra Pradesh, with ten treatments and three replications in a randomized block design. 
 
Result: Lower density and dry weight of weeds with higher weed control efficiency, lower nutrient uptake by weeds and higher nutrient up take by maize at 80 DAS, kernel and stover yield was recorded with hand weeding twice at 15 and 30 DAS, which was statistically at par with atrazine 1.0 kg ha-1 as PE fb topramezone 30 g ha-1 or tembotrione 120 g ha-1 as PoE or atrazine 1.0 kg ha-1 as PE fb HW at 30 DAS, while these were lowest with weedy check. Higher benefit cost ratio of maize was noticed with both atrazine 1.0 kg ha-1 as PE fb topramezone 30 g ha-1 as PoE (T3), which was in parity with atrazine 1.0 kg ha-1 as PE fb tembotrione 120 g ha-1 as PoE (T2) and hand weeding twice at 15 and 30 DAS (T9). From the present study it may be concluded that atrazine 1.0 kg ha-1 as PE fb topramezone 30 g ha-1 or tembotrione 120 g ha-1 as PoE were considered to be the most effective and economic weed management practices to increase the productivity of Rabi maize at times of labour scarcity.</div>

<div>Weed Dynamics and Nutrient Uptake of Maize as Influenced by Different Weed Management Practices</div>

<div>Background: Weeds are the major threat to direct seeded rice and a single strategy of weed control may not be effective for season-long weed control. Intending to accomplish the long-term and sustainable weed management of direct seeded rice, the integration approach of weed management strategies seems a better alternative. The current field study was aimed to evaluate the impact of integration of different weed control methods on direct seeded rice under irrigated ecosystem on weed growth and rice yield.</div>

<div> 
Methods: The experiment was laid out in randomized block design with three replications and twelve treatments during 2017 at G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, Uttarakhand, India. The twelve treatments included the combination of cultural, mechanical, physical and chemical weed management methods.</div>

<div> 
Result: Combination of stale seedbed technique integrated with pre-emergence application of pendimethalin with mechanical weeding at 25 DAS followed by 1 hand weeding at 45 DAS, Sesbania (line sowing) fb application of pendimethalin (PE) fb 1 mechanical weeding at 25 DAS fb 1 hand weeding at 45 DAS, stale seedbed with application of pendimethalin (PE) with Sesbania brown manuring supplemented with mechanical weeding (25 DAS) fb hand weeding at 45 DAS, mulching with wheat straw mulch along with post-emergence application of penoxsulam (20 DAS) fb 1 hand weeding at 45 DAS and application of pendimethalin (PE) fb penoxsulum (PoE) at 20 DAS fb 1 hand weeding at 45 DAS with a row spacing of 25 cm found to be similar in the suppression of weed population and weed density at 40 and 60 DAS and crop yields (4.3, 4.1, 4.2, 4.0 and 4.2 t/ha, respectively) were on par with weed free plot i.e. 4.4t/ha. Application of pendimethalin (PE) fb penoxsulum (PoE) at 20 DAS fb 1 hand weeding at 45 DAS with row spacing of 25cm recorded 93.7%, 90.6% and 4.5% weed control efficiency, weed control index and weed index respectively, which was similar with above integrated weed management treatments. A negative correlation of the weed density and dry matter with the yield of rice was recorded.</div>

Evaluation of Organic Weed Management Practices on Growth, Yield and Weed Control Efficiency in Soybean-chickpea Sequence under Irrigated Condition

Effect of Weed Management Practices on Weed Dynamics, Nutrient Depletion, Productivity and Profitability of Summer Mungbean (Vigna radiata) under Zero Tillage Condition

Effect of Spacing and Weed Management on Weed Dynamics of Summer Blackgram [Vigna mungo (L.) Hepper] under Nagaland Conditions

Evaluation of Growth, Phenology, Yield and Weed Dynamics as Influenced by Integrated Weed Management in Black Rice Cultivars under Nagaland Condition

Role of Planting Patterns and Weed Control Treatments on Growth and Yield of Unpuddled Transplanted Rice (Oryza sativa L.)

Evaluation of Different Weed Management Strategies in Clusterbean [Cyamopsis tetragonoloba (L.) Taub] under Rainfed Conditions of Punjab

Integrated weed management in chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) under rainfed conditions of Karnataka, India

Legume Intercropping for Weed Control Efficiency in Kharif Maize (Zea mays L.) under Amritsar Conditions

Weed Dynamics and Nutrient Uptake of Maize as Influenced by Different Weed Management Practices

Effect of Integrated Weed Management on Weed and Yield of Direct Seeded Rice