<p style="text-align: justify;">For a number of decades, attempts have been made to successfully produce transgenic animals which have numerous applications in the biotechnology industry with the foremost emphasis on production of monoclonal antibodies and recombinant proteins of human welfare. Different techniques are adopted in order to produce transgenic farm animals which could be further used as bioreactors. The most common traditional transgenesis technique employed is Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer (SCNT) using genetically modified somatic cells or stem cells as nuclear donors. This review article summarizes the merits and demerits of the techniques currently used to produce transgenic livestock with major emphasis on somatic cell nuclear transfer. In the end, a brief discussion is done about the novel methods adopted to produce transgenic animals like Zinc Finger Nucleases (ZFN), Transcription Activator-like Effector Nuclease (TALEN) and Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR). It is expected that the new techniques developed would overcome the problems faced with existing traditional transgenesis methods.&nbsp;</p>


<p>Transgenesis in farm animals-A review</p>


<div style="text-align: justify;">The progress in Recombinant DNA technology guided the way for production of transgenic plants and animals. The production of Bt cotton and Bt brinjal was one of them. Transgenic cows capable of producing human proinsulin and human lactoferrin in milk have been successfully engineered. Though the efficacy of the techniques used or such transgenic organism is questionable, with the creation of new and better technology like the clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)-associated protein system, the chances and effectiveness for success of gene incorporation during development of a transgenic animal has increased. In near future such transgenics are going to play an important role in support and sustenance of human society. This review deals with the application of transgenesis for enhancing productivity and promoting better health in animals and humans alike.&nbsp;</div>

Application of transgenic animals in animal production and health

<p style="text-align: justify;">Transgenic &nbsp;food &nbsp;animal &nbsp;production &nbsp;is one &nbsp;of &nbsp;the &nbsp;potential and &nbsp;need &nbsp;oriented &nbsp;research &nbsp;to &nbsp;mitigate &nbsp;the &nbsp;food &nbsp;crises &nbsp;of &nbsp;the &nbsp;world. &nbsp;In &nbsp;vitro &nbsp;gene &nbsp;silenced &nbsp;animal &nbsp;cells &nbsp;and &nbsp;making &nbsp;use of &nbsp;these &nbsp;cells &nbsp; for &nbsp;transgenesis &nbsp;one of the suitable way to produce &nbsp;productive animals. &nbsp;Myostatin is a negative regulator of muscle growth, has the potential to increase the muscle mass upon its silencing. Four Hush 29-mer &nbsp;anti- myostatin (MSTN) &nbsp;shRNA &nbsp;constructs &nbsp;were checked for myostatin &nbsp;gene silencing in caprine foetal fibroblast cells &nbsp;and &nbsp;its &nbsp;subsequent effect &nbsp;on &nbsp;basic &nbsp;helix&ndash; loop&ndash;helix (bHLH) transcription &nbsp;factors. These factors are necessary for the terminal differentiation, proliferation, and homeostasis of muscle development. Different &nbsp;shRNA constructs displayed 55.1 &nbsp;to &nbsp;91.5% (p&lt; 0.01) of &nbsp;myostatin &nbsp;silencing &nbsp;in &nbsp;caprine &nbsp;foetal &nbsp;fibroblast &nbsp;cells &nbsp;and &nbsp;upregulation of &nbsp;myogenic gene. Upregulation of 7.97 &nbsp;to &nbsp;111.67 % &nbsp;for MyoD, 77.0 % &nbsp;to &nbsp;319.47 % for myogenin, &nbsp;16.67 % &nbsp;to &nbsp;138.0 % &nbsp;for Myf5 were observed . The &nbsp;Pearson &nbsp;correlation &nbsp;established &nbsp;a &nbsp;negative &nbsp;correlation &nbsp;between &nbsp;myostatin &nbsp;and &nbsp;genes under study. &nbsp; Result &nbsp;suggests &nbsp;that &nbsp;knockdown &nbsp;of &nbsp;MSTN a &nbsp;potential approach &nbsp;to &nbsp;improve &nbsp;caprine musculatures.</p>


<p style="text-align: justify;">Myostatin silencing effect on basic helix&ndash;loop&ndash;helix transcription factors in caprine foetal fibroblast cells</p>
