<div>Background: The aim is to study the pharmacokinetics and tissue residue status of tilmicosin after administration through &lsquo;in-crop&rsquo; and &lsquo;in-water&rsquo; routes and compare the effectiveness of the two routes and establish a suitable dosage regimen for treating Mycoplasma gallisepticum infection in broiler chicken. 
 
Methods: The plasma pharmacokinetic disposition of tilmicosin in broiler chicken was investigated after administration orally by direct deposition at crop (25 mg/kg body weight) or drinking water (40 mg/kg b.wt.). Residues of tilmicosin in tissues of broiler chicken were assayed. The plasma and tissue concentrations of tilmicosin were analyzed by reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method. The plasma concentration-time data was described by the non-compartmental model for both routes and pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated. The data were statistically analyzed by Mann-Whitney U test. 
 
Conclusion: The mean plasma concentrations of tilmicosin in two routes tested (in-crop, in-water) were effective above MIC reported for Mycoplasma gallisepticum (0.05 &micro;g/ml) up to 24 h. In addition, the drug residue in lungs was found at desirable concentration up to 22 days. However, residues of tilmicosin in tissues were above the advocated maximum residue limit (MRL) till 18th day in muscle and liver and till 22nd day in kidney. The results of the study indicate that the antimycoplasmal drug tilmicosin can be therapeutically efficacious after administration in crop as well as in drinking water.</div>

​Pharmacokinetic Disposition and Residue Status of Tilmicosin in Broiler Chicken after &lsquo;In-Crop&rsquo; and &lsquo;In-Water&rsquo; Administration

Background: Tilmicosin is an antimycoplasmic drug of great utility in controlling mycoplasmosis in chicken. The drug despite its efficacy, has a high residue impact leading to a long withdrawal period. In this study, an attempt has been made to rationalize the dosage to reduce the residue burden by adopting a lower dose. 
&nbsp; 
Methods: The dose of tilmicosin was arrived at based on a pilot study wherein different doses were administered, and the levels were checked in plasma and meat. In the main study, tilmicosin was administered to broiler chicken as a bolus oral dose or &ldquo;in drinking water&rdquo; at the dose rate of 25 mg. kg-1&nbsp;body weight. Blood was collected at different time points for the study. A trial to assay drug residues in tissues was also carried out. The assay of tilmicosin in chicken plasma/tissues was done using a sensitive HPLC assay. 
&nbsp; 
Result: In both pharmacokinetics study groups, tilmicosin concentrations could be reasonably detected only in 4 of the eight birds tested. In the birds that responded, the mean plasma concentrations remained above the MIC values of 0.05 &micro;g.ml-1. The residue level in the lung and muscle could be detected up to day 14, and no residue from 18th&nbsp;day, after administration of tilmicosin through drinking water. The lung, the organ of mycoplasma infection revealed high concentrations of tilmicosin up to 14 days after the last dose. The results show that the Tilmicosin administered at a reduced rate of 25 mg.Kg-1 can be useful therapeutically, with a reduced residue burden in broiler chicken. 
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Pharmacokinetics and Chicken Meat Residue of Tilmicosin after Administration Through Drinking Water in Broiler Chicken

<div>Background: Antibiotics are heavily used for animal treatment, growth enhancer and protection from disease. The residues of antibiotics are related to antibiotic resistance which is the biggest threats to global health, food security and development today. The aim of this study was to investigate the presence of antibiotic residues in available red meat in the Sultanate of Oman.&nbsp; 
 
Methods: The extraction was done using QuEChERS method by Aglient and 11 standards were used. The extract was analyzed using The Aglient 6460 LC-MS/MS.&nbsp; 
 
Result: The results showed that investigated Omani goat muscle and liver were free of antibiotics as latter they used as blank sample. All investigated Somali goat samples didn&rsquo;t contain Tetracycline, Amoxicillin, Ceftiofur, Oxacillin, Deoxytetracline, Tylosin and Phenoxymethylpenicillin.&nbsp; Only two samples had Tilmicosin with value of 18-32.2 &micro;l/kg which was that was lower than maxiumam residual limit (MRL). Around 48% of total somali goat samples contained Oxytetracycline (OXY) and Chlorotetracycline (CTC) with value lower than MRL. However, two samples had values of CTC and OXY exceeding the MRL. Ciprofloxacin and Enrofloxacine were detected in 9 samples exceeding the MRL. The finding of this study showed unsafe food source supply to Oman as detection of antibiotic residues in meat.&nbsp;</div>

Pharmacokinetic Disposition and Residue Status of Tilmicosin in Broiler Chicken after ‘In-Crop’ and ‘In-Water’ Administration

Pharmacokinetics and Chicken Meat Residue of Tilmicosin after Administration Through Drinking Water in Broiler Chicken

Investigation of Antibiotics Residues in Imported and Locally Produced Red Meat in Muscat, Sultanate of Oman

​Pharmacokinetic Disposition and Residue Status of Tilmicosin in Broiler Chicken after ‘In-Crop’ and ‘In-Water’ Administration

Pharmacokinetics and Chicken Meat Residue of Tilmicosin after Administration Through Drinking Water in Broiler Chicken

Investigation of Antibiotics Residues in Imported and Locally Produced Red Meat in Muscat, Sultanate of Oman

Pharmacokinetic Disposition and Residue Status of Tilmicosin in Broiler Chicken after ‘In-Crop’ and ‘In-Water’ Administration