<div>Background: Hind quarter weakness (HQW) is the loss of bilateral motor function of the rear limbs due to dysfunction of neural or muscular system. Animals are mostly presented with focal or generalized pain, varying degrees of paresis, paralysis and inability to urinate. Serum &beta;- endorphin is an endogenous hormone released during stressful and painful events and functions almost exclusively in an inhibitory fashion. Moreover, electrical stimulation has been demonstrated to release endorphins at low frequencies. 
 
Methods: The present study was conducted to investigate the possible participation of endogenous opioid i.e. Serum &beta; - endorphins and oxidative stress parameters in pain modulation and its variation in dogs suffering from hind quarter weakness subjected to ultrasound therapy and shortwave diathermy. Dogs were treated using therapeutic ultrasound (group I, n=6) and shortwave diathermy (group II, n=6) in combination with supportive drug therapy continued regularly for one week. Blood was collected on day 0, 3rd and 7th for oxidative stress estimation and regularly from the day of presentation till 7th day of treatment for serum &beta;-endorphin estimation. 
 
Result: LPO values decreased significantly (P&lt;0.05) from day 0 to 3 in group I and from day 0 to 7 in group II. SOD values showed a significant (P&lt;0.05) decrease between day 0 and 7 in group II cases. A continuous progressive increasing trend in GSH was noticed which was significant (P&lt;0.05) from day 3 to 7 in both groups. CAT values showed a significant (P&lt;0.05) increase from day 0 to 7 in group II and non-significant (P&lt;0.05) increase in group I. Serum &beta;-endorphin values showed a significant (P&lt;0.05) increase from day 4th to 6th in group I and between day 0, 1st, 3rd and 5th in group II. The variation in values throughout the treatment was suggestive of reduction in stress response and indicates improvement in dogs suffering from HQW.&nbsp;</div>

Response of Ultrasound Therapy and Shortwave Diathermy on Oxidative Stress Parameters and Serum &beta;-endorphins in Dogs Suffering from Hind Quarter Weakness

Background: The research work was undertaken to investigate the efficacy of various diagnostic tests by using conventional microscopic examination, rapid Ab detection test and molecular technique, haemato-biochemical changes, Abdominal organs changes using ultrasonography, and therapeutic efficacy of different treatment protocols on Canine Monocytic Ehrlichiosis (CME) infected dogs from in and around Navsari, Gujarat, India.

Methods: 69 dogs suspected of ehrlichiosis based on clinical signs and hematological values and then subjected to blood and buffy coat smear examination, rapid Ab detection test&nbsp;and PCR based assay targeting 16S rRNA gene. The pre and post-treatment haematology and biochemical analysis of treatment groups along with all the positive dogs were performed. Further, all the treatment group dogs were subjected to ultrasound for evaluating organ abnormalities. Modified Clinical Sign Grading (MCSG) score for CME-infected dogs was carried out to evaluate therapeutic responses based on minimizing the clinical score. Descriptive statistics along with Student t-test and One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by DMRT was performed to compare differences between means wherever applicable.

Result: CME incidence among the 69 suspected cases was 49.28%. Out of 69 suspected dogs, Ehrlichial inclusions or morulae in the monocytes could be identified in only 4.35% of blood smears and 10.14% of buffy coat smears examined by Giemsa and or Field-stained and 15.94% of dogs were found positive for Ehrlichia genus by PCR. 72.5 per cent of dogs were found positive for antibodies to E. canis, out of 40 dogs. The sensitivity of blood smear examination, buffy coat smear examination, and thrombocytopenia was 10.34%, 24.14%&nbsp;and 89.66%, respectively. The specificity of all the diagnostic tests was 100%. The anemia along with leucopenia, were the most significant hematological alteration recorded while ALP, creatinine, and BUN were elevated and albumin was significantly decreased in CME-infected dogs. Significant improvement of haemato-biochemical parameters towards normalcy in both treatment groups. However, a higher percentage of reduction was observed in the clinical score of imidocarb treated CME affected dogs than in the oxy-doxycycline therapy after 14 days.

Clinico-diagnostic and Therapeutic Management of Ehrlichiosis in Dog

<div style="text-align: justify;">Turmeric is known as &ldquo;Golden Spice&rdquo; used as food color. Curcumin content mainly depend on turmeric variety, method of extraction and extraction parameters viz. solvent and particle size. Three different varieties viz. Salem, Krishna, Rajapuri were used for experiment which gives 3.8%, 2.5%, 4.2% extraction yield, respectively. Among the different solvent used for extraction, ethanol shows maximum extraction yield of curcumin 3.8%, 2.5%, 4.2% in all three varieties respectively than other solvents. As per the effect of particle size concern, finer the particle size more the extracted curcumin. Different ultrasound power of 25w, 50w, 75w was used for extraction, Results showed that 25 w power yields more curcumin in Rajapuri (5.3%) variety, followed by Salem (4.8%) and Krishna (3.8%). Whereas curcumin yield extracted by conventional method was Rajapuri (4.6%), Salem (4.1%) andKrishna (2.8%), this was lesser than the yield extracted by ultrasound method. The new method can help to improve the curcumin extraction yield and thus help to improve the socio-economic status of small scale entrepreneurs. &nbsp; &nbsp;</div>

Ultrasound assisted extraction of curcumin&nbsp;

Goat is one of the main contributors of milk and meat products. Goat milk is different from cow and human milk in composition, nutritional and therapeutic attributes. The compositional differences are of significance in indicating the technological suitability for goat milk processing and its products. The differences in composition of cow milk and goat milk may result into the products with different sensory characteristics, nutritional and therapeutic values. &nbsp;Goat milk contains higher amount of Ca, Mg and P than cow and human milk but vitamin D, vitamin B12 and folate contents are less. Goat milk is recommended for infants, old and convalescent people. Three fatty acids viz., caproic, caprylic and capric have great medicinal values for patients suffering from a variety of ailments. Further, it is worthwhile to compare the milk of goats with that of cows and note benefits or limitations which may result from differences found. Goat milk products other than cheese and pasteurized milk are considered to be the diary products with greatest marketing potential. Therefore, several characteristic of goat milk are currently the focus of increased research interest. Fermented goat milk incorporating live probiotic cells represent a group of products with great prospects in the future with regard to their nutritive and therapeutic properties.&nbsp;

Composition, nutritional and therapeutic values of goat milk: A review

<div>Background: The available literature and work done so far on diagnosis and therapeutic management of lower urinary tract affections in canine practice is very meagre specially on urethro-cystoscopic examinations, medicinal dissolution of calculi and immunotherapy for neoplasia of UB in dogs.&nbsp; 
 
Methods: The present study was carried in 55 dogs with lower urinary tract affections classify according to pathological conditions and therapeutic management. The diagnostic modalities like radiography, ultrasonography in all dogs, urethro-cystoscopy in seven dogs and their findings were studied. The response of therapeutics were also studied. 
 
Conclusion: The dogs having small size calculi treated according to urine pH with oral medicinal dissolution using Ammonium Chloride (Group 1A, n=9) and Di Sodium Hydrogen Citrate (Group 1B, n=10) for sixty days, Group 1C (n=25) dogs with cystitis (n=17) subjected for bacterial culture treated according to sensitive antibiotics, TCC of bladder (n=7) with immunotherapy using BCG vaccine and a dog with leiomyosarcoma with cystotomy. The dogs (Group 2, n=11) with large size calculi (n=10), a lodge catheter in UB and dogs (Group 3, n=6) did not responded medicinal dissolution from group 1A (n=2) and 1B (n=4) treated surgically. One to multiple, variable size recovered calculi (n=24) revealed highest brown colour grossly, calcium oxalate type, higher in Pomeranian breed and dogs fed with combination of vegetarian and commercial feed.</div>

<div>Clinico-diagnosis and Surgico-therapeutic Management of Lower Urinary Tract Disorders in Dogs</div>

<div>Background: Tube cystostomy, though&nbsp; a popular technique to relieve obstructive urolithiasis in ruminants with advantages of lower recurrences, preservation of the reproductive function of the animal and restoration of full urethral patency in successful cases, is time consuming and invasive. Tube cystostomy performed under ultrasound guidance is hypothecated to be technically easier, safer and quicker.&nbsp; 
 
Methods: Twelve bovine intact male calves of 3-9 months age with obstructive urolithiasis were divided into two groups of six animals each. One group was subjected to surgical and another ultrasound guided minimally invasive tube cystostomy through the inguinal approach. In group A animals, after exposing the bladder throughthe grid incision, the catheter was placed in the bladder lumen, using teat tumor extractor fixed in the eye of the Foley&rsquo;s catheter. In group B animals tube cystostomy under ultrasound guidance was performed through in the skin. Incision was closed as per routine. Techniques were evaluated on the basis of various parameters like, technical feasibility, use of anesthesia, use of suture material, time taken for surgery, haematobiochemical parameters, time taken for normal urination, survival rate and intra and postoperative complications. 
 
Result: Ultrasound guided minimally invasive inguinal tube cystostomy technique was not only technically easier to perform but also required lesser time, lesser suture material with quicker onset of normal urination Obstruction of catheter occurred in one animal of each group. Survival rate of 67% without any complication was recorded in both groups.&nbsp;</div>

Minimally Invasive Surgical Versus Ultrasound Guided Inguinal Tube Cystostomy for Management of Obstructive Urolithiasis in Cattle

Horse gram is an underutilized legume crop that can grow under a variety of challenging climatic circumstances. It contains a plethora of nutrients like protein, minerals and vitamins as well as bioactive compounds like fiber, enzymatic/proteinase inhibitors, phytic acids and phenolic acids that have significant physiological and metabolic effects on human health. The therapeutic effect of horse gram is widely known for preventing kidney stones, piles, urinary illnesses, colds, throat infections, fever, etc. Horse gram is acclaimed for its therapeutic effect that minimizes the possibility of intestinal disorders, diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular disease, tooth cavities and other conditions. In light of the growing demand for food having nutraceutical properties horse gram-incorporated food products are a significant contribution to the development of ready-to-eat value-added foods for healthy living. The present review paper elaborates overview of nutritional quality, therapeutic activities and medicinal properties with value-added products of horse gram to expand the opportunities for researching horse gram as a source of nourishment and many other health-related aspects of it.&nbsp; &nbsp;

Therapeutic Potential and Nutritional Benefits of Horse Gram: A Review

<div>Background: The clinical study was designed to evaluate the haemato-biochemical changes in sheep affected with babesiosis and therapeutic regimes of various drugs used against babesiosis. 
 
Methods: A total of 24 clinically affected sheep with 6 animals in each group were selected for the haemato-biochemical and therapeutic study. The diagnosis was based on clinical manifestations, microscopic examination of blood smears and molecular confirmation of Babesia by PCR technique. For therapeutic study Group I, II, III and IV were treated with imidocarb dipropionate, imidocarb dipropionate+oxytetracycline, diminazene aceturate and diminazene aceturate+oxytetracycline, respectively. 
 
Result: The clinical signs recorded were high fever, pale mucous membranes, presence of ticks, inappetence, coffee-coloured urine and diarrhoea. The vectors identified were Haemaphysalis ticks. Hb, PCV, TEC, total protein, albumin, calcium, phosphorus and blood glucose were significantly (P&lt;0.05) lower in the diseased group as compared to healthy animals while TLC, globulin and iron levels were significantly (P&lt;0.05) higher compared to the healthy control group. The study revealed that the combination of imidocarb dipropionate and oxytetracycline was highly effective for ovine babesiosis.</div>

​Haemato-biochemical and Therapeutic Studies on Ovine Babesiosis in Kashmir

<div style="text-align:justify">Background: Canine pyometra (chronic purulent endometritis) is one of the most important uterine disorder of bitches seeks medical treatment. The hormonal therapies are not much popular among the veterinarians thus needs to exploit some hormonal protocols for this condition. Therefore, the experiment was carried out to study the therapeutic response of antiprogestin and prostaglandin in canine pyometra.&nbsp; 
 
Methods: The experiment was carried out in total 21 bitches affected with pyometra were selected and divided randomly into 3 groups. Animals of control group (TC) were treated with non-hormonal supportive treatment for 7 days. Animals of T1 were received non-hormonal supportive treatment for 7 days similar to TC along with mifepristone @ 3 mg/kg orally BID on day 1, 2 and 8 and Dinoprost in @ 50-200 mcg/kg S/C day 3 to 7. Animals of T2 were treated similar to TC plus mifepristone @ 3 mg/kg orally BID on day 1, 2 and 8 and Misoprostol @ 3 mcg/kg intravaginally twice daily on day 3 to 7. 
 
Result:&nbsp;Therapeutic responses was recorded better in T1 group (100%), followed by T2 (71.43%) and TC (42.86%). The mean TLC values after completion of treatment (day 8) were significantly decreased in T1 and T2. The neutrophil count in different groups T1, T2 and TC was reduced significantly. There was significant decrease in mean concentration of BUN and creatinine on day 8 after treatment in T1 and T2 groups. The mean ALT values decreased significantly in T1 group. However, ALP values decreased significantly in T1 and T2 groups. The mean serum progesterone declined significantly in both the hormone treated groups (T1 and T2). The study can be concluded that therapeutic response of mifepristone with dinoprost tromethamine was found most effective for the treatment of canine pyometra than mifepristone with misoprostol protocol.</div>

Therapeutic Response of Mifepristone with Dinoprost and Misoprostol for Management of Canine Pyometra

<div style="text-align: justify;">A male German shepherd dog of age 2&frac12;years was presented at Teaching Veterinary Clinical Complex (TVCC) College of Veterinary Science, Assam Agricultural University, Khanapara, Guwahati with a complaint of anorexia, vomiting, pronounced muscle wasting, lethargy and profuse watery diarrhoea. Based on the clinical examinations and haemato-biochemical profile it was diagnosed as Protein losing enteropathy (PLE). The serum albumin concentration was recorded to be 1.7g/dl which is much lower than the normal range. The therapeutic management was rendered with plasma expander, metronidazole, amino acid and multi-vitamin supplement. Prednisolone was administered at tapering dosage in schedule occasions till the animal becomes stable. Feeding of low fat feed along with high protein diet for about 60 days has lead to a remarkable response in gaining body weight.&nbsp;</div>

Response of Ultrasound Therapy and Shortwave Diathermy on Oxidative Stress Parameters and Serum β-endorphins in Dogs Suffering from Hind Quarter Weakness

Clinico-diagnostic and Therapeutic Management of Ehrlichiosis in Dog

Ultrasound assisted extraction of curcumin

Composition, nutritional and therapeutic values of goat milk: A review

Clinico-diagnosis and Surgico-therapeutic Management of Lower Urinary Tract Disorders in Dogs

Minimally Invasive Surgical Versus Ultrasound Guided Inguinal Tube Cystostomy for Management of Obstructive Urolithiasis in Cattle

Therapeutic Potential and Nutritional Benefits of Horse Gram: A Review

Haemato-biochemical and Therapeutic Studies on Ovine Babesiosis in Kashmir

Therapeutic Response of Mifepristone with Dinoprost and Misoprostol for Management of Canine Pyometra

A case report on Protein Losing Enteropathy and its therapeutic management in a dog