Background: The per capita net availability of pulses in India has been increased from 15.5 kg per year in 2018-19 to 19.6 kg in 2021-22. Efforts made to bridge the gap between demand and supply of pulses in the country has resulted in reducing the gap to some extent in recent years and still country is depended on import to meet the growing demand of the pulses such as pigeon pea, lentils and peas. Few studies predicted the demand and supply of pulses as a whole in the country and no studies analyzed the pulse wise demand supply gap in India. Hence, the present study was proposed to predict the demand and supply of major pulses such as chickpea (Gram/Chana), pigeon pea (Tur/Arhar), black gram (urd bean), mung bean (Green gram) and lentil (Masur) in India for a period, 2024-2030. 
 
Methods: The present study has been used the crop data on area, production and yield of major pulses including chickpea (Gram/Chana), pigeon pea (Tur/Arhar), black gram (urd bean), mung bean (Green gram) and lentil (Masur) for a period of 29 years (1985-2024) collected from the Directorate of Economics and Statistics, Government of India, New Delhi. Household consumption expenditure data was collected from the National Sample Survey office for 2011-12 from the Government of India. The supply projection was estimated by using linear regression model and demand projections were done by using behaviouristic approach. 
 
Result: Decadal trend in area, production and yield of pulses from 1970-2010 showed mixed trends of increase and decrease, whereas in 2010-2020, chickpea, pigeon pea, mung bean and black gram showed positive trend in area, production and yield but lentil alone showed negative trend in production. Import dependency of the pulses in the total availability has reduced to 8.92 per cent in 2021-22 from 19.42 per cent in 2009-10. Import dependency of the pulses in the total availability has reduced to 8.92 per cent in 2021-22 from 19.42 per cent in 2009-10. The availability of pulses has grown at a rate of 3.73 per cent from 2009 to 2021. Chick Pea, Tur, Mung bean, Urd bean and Lentils together contributed on an average 88.7 per cent to the total pulses production and 83.73 per cent of pulses availability from 2013 to 2021. Production of these five pulses has increased to 23.04 million tonnes in 2020-21 from 17.3 million tonnes from 2013-14. Gram is the single pulse contributed more than 40 per cent of the pulse production of the country in the above period. Demand supply projection showed a net surplus of 0.81-3.89 mt in the case of pulses and 5.64 -7.63 mt in the case of gram and 0.89 to 1.91 mt in Urd and 0.68 to 1.57 mt in Mung bean during 2024-2030. But in the case of pigeon pea and lentil there may be a net deficit in the range of 3-2.42 and 1.13-1.04 mt, respectively, during 2024-2030. Efforts should be made to bridge the gap in demand and supply of pigeon pea and lentil by the way of bringing new areas under pulses and developing the technologies suitable for the clusters.

Demand and Supply Projections for Pulses in India

<div style="text-align: justify;">A field experiment was conducted at farm of Agriculture &nbsp;College, Latur (Maharashtra) to study the Effect of Nutrient Supply System on Biometry i.e. Plant height, functional leaves, grain yield and straw yield &nbsp;of Soybean, &nbsp;Pigeon pea and Sorghum as well as to study the azotobactor,phosphate solubilizing bacteria , fungi, actinomycetes &nbsp;and total microorganism in the rhizosphere &nbsp;microflora of soybean, &nbsp;pigeon pea and sorghum. The experiment was laid out in randomized block design with seven treatments combinations replicated two time. The treatments were - T1-organic ( 100% R.D.F.) ,T2-Inorganic nutrient supply system.(Rhizobium + PSB + Azotobactor + FYM ), T3&mdash;Integrated &nbsp;nutrient supply system.( 50% R.D.F. +50% FYM + Rhizobium PSB + Azotobactor &nbsp;), T4- maximum yield nutrient supply system. T5- biodyamics or Ecofriendly nutrient supply system.. T6- natural (No fertilizer) ,T7-fallow . The fertilizer were applied as a basal dose as per the treatments. The observation on growth i.e. height of plant and number of functional leaves and yield were recorded by using five randomly selected plants of soybean,pigeon pea and sorghum in each treatment plot. The selected plants were labelled and all subsequent biometric observations were recorded on labelled plants during the course of investigation.The judicious use of biofertilizers like rhizobium, azotobactor ,phosohate solubilizing &nbsp;bacteria with organic manures helped in building up of soil microflora .It also help to augment the availabity of nutrient that could be easily assimilated by plants. The results revealed that the Maximum Yield nutrient supply system ( MYNSS &nbsp;) is significantly superior to other system and it was at par with integrated nutrient supply system.</div>

Effect of nutrient supply system on biometry and rhizosphere microflora &nbsp;of&nbsp; soybean, pigeon pea and sorghum.

<div style="text-align: justify;">Background: Improved Sesame Seed is a key input for improving Sesame production and productivity. However, the supply sector could not satisfy the growing demands for improved Sesame Seed in West Gondar Zone, North West Ethiopia. The study, therefore, aims at the assessment of the formal sesame seed supply system in West Gondar Zone. Method: The information was collected from a total of 230 sample household heads, selected using a systematic random sampling technique was collected through interview. Secondary information was also collected from published documents and reports of different agricultural organizations. Descriptive statistics were used to analyses the information. &nbsp; Result: The study reveals that the Gondar research center and organizations like International Seed Sector Development, Seed Business Network, Agricultural Transformation Agency and Agricultural Growth Program was the strong actors of Sesame seed supply in the study area. The supply of improved Sesame seed through formal sources is constrained with various factors like shortage of improved seeds supply, cost of improved seeds, lack of awareness and delay in seed supply. It is important to strengthen community-based improved seed multiplication centers to produce an adequate amount of Sesame seed and supply the same time to smallholder farmers at a fair price.</div>

<div style="text-align: justify;">Analysis of the Formal Sesame Seed Supply System in West Gondar Zone, North West Ethiopia</div>

Background: The increasing demand for organic legume products has raised concerns about the validity of supply chains. This research explores the integration of blockchain and Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies as a robust solution for ensuring the accuracy of organic legume products in supply chains. Leveraging the immutable and transparent nature of blockchain, the study establishes a decentralized ledger to record and validate each stage of the supply chain, from crop husbandry to distribution.&nbsp; 
 
Methods: Artificial intelligence (AI) algorithms are used in tandem to examine data points and identify irregularities that can signal the existence of fake goods. Through the integration of various technologies, the research aims to offer an advanced and flexible system that can anticipate and detect any risks to the validity of the product. Smart contract implementation on the blockchain enables automated verification procedures assuring, adherence to organic norms and laws. 
 
Result:&nbsp;Through case studies and empirical evidence, this paper demonstrates the efficacy of the proposed blockchain and AI integration in mitigating the risks associated with counterfeit organic legume products. This research contributes to the burgeoning field of blockchain and AI applications in supply chain management, offering a novel approach to fortify the integrity of organic food supply chains.

Blockchain and Artificial Intelligence for Ensuring the Authenticity of Organic Legume Products in Supply Chains

<div style="text-align: justify;">Background: Disruption through present pandemic is applicable to almost all the sectors of economy. However, impact on Indian food and dairy industry is largely experienced considering it as the livelihood of sizable stakeholders emphasizing small and marginal farmers. Present study is undertaken to examine the global assessment of dairy supply chain with emphasizing on India, USA and Canada, which will be important to observe positive and negative trends of Covid-19 and suggesting appropriate measures for dealing with present and similar situations in near future. Methods: Systematic literature review assessment had been followed from major web platforms like Jgate, Ebsco database and popular news articles were explored since December 2019 to April 2020 for the study purpose.&nbsp; Conclusion: Along with supply chain assessment through its various components, it was observed that although different countries have negative effect on the dairy communities, but these adverse situations can be converted into new possibilities for expansion. It was also observed that dairy industry has the potential to convert present crisis into opportunity thereby not only concentrating on health part of consumers but also contributing towards generating employment. &nbsp;&nbsp;</div>

<div style="text-align:justify">Impact of COVID-19 on Global Dairy Supply Chain: A Review</div>

Background: This paper attempt supply chain and post-harvest losses in fruits cultivation. India ranks second in fruit and vegetable production in the world. 
&nbsp; 
Methods: A data was collected from seven districts of middle Gujarat for identifying the existing supply chain in fruit supply chain and calculate the post-harvest losses. Tabular Analysis method was used to calculate post-harvest losses. 
&nbsp; 
Result: In middle Gujarat average production of banana, mango, papaya and lime was 863.80, 105.00, 810.97 and 540.00 q/ha respectively, where total damaged fruits at filed level was 6.59, 2.50, 2.30 and 1.01 per cent in banana, mango, papaya and lime, respectively. Losses at wholesale level is quite high as compared to field level because after harvesting this fruit passes through village level suppliers in banana or pre-harvest contractors in case of mangoes and papaya and APMC wholesaler in lime supply chain. Post-harvest losses in different fruit crops at retail level, highest loss at retail level found in papaya which was 8.70 followed by mango 8.09, banana 4.41 and lime 2.70 per cent. These losses can be minimized using new advancement and mechanization in harvesting and postharvest losses like, mechanical harvesting, pre-cooling immediately after harvesting, proper packaging and storage.

Estimating Post-harvest Losses in Fruits Supply Chain in Middle Gujarat Region&nbsp;

The Indian dairy industry is one of the fastest growing industries in the world which employs millions of farmers directly and also participates more than five per cent in the economy as well. As the industry continues to expand there is a growing need to adopt sustainable practices in the supply chain to minimize negative impact on the environment and society and ensure viability. The present research aims at examining the supply chain management practices of the two leading dairy firms -Amul and Danone. The study relies primarily on secondary sources like peer-reviewed journals, authentic websites and reports. A case study-based approach has predominantly been used to compare two leading firms in the dairy industry with respect to sustainable practices across the supply chain.&nbsp; Key aspects such as the scale of dairy production, technology adoption, pricing, traditional supply chain management, artificial intelligence in sustainable supply chains and logistics management in select dairy firms have been critically reviewed for comparison purposes. The study identified the various problems and challenges being faced by the Indian dairy industry. The study found that Amul and Danone both have focused on sustainable and green practices. However, Danone&rsquo;s ability to incorporate and enable technology has helped in improving efficiency across the supply chain making the chain sustainable. On the other hand, Amul lacked the adaptation of emerging technologies across its supply chain. The study suggested the exploration of artificial intelligence that might help in achieving a sustainable supply chain in Indian dairy firms.

Sustainable Supply Chain Management Practices in the Dairy Industry: A Comparative Study of Leading Dairy Firms and Future Research Directives

Background: The loss of vegetables is immense which is accrued to its perishability and sub optimal level of post-harvest management. There is a technological gap in adoption of harvesting and post-harvesting practices by farmers. There is sparse qualitative and quantitative assessment of post-harvest losses of vegetables in Punjab. The objective of the study is to identify the operation and channel where the losses are crossing the threshold, to estimate the extent of losses and characterize them at various post-harvest operations and levels for selected vegetables in Punjab and to analyse the factors responsible for post-harvest losses. 
 
Methods: The sample in survey location consisted of all the stakeholders of supply chain network for vegetables in the state of Punjab, India. The stakeholders consisted of farmers, wholesalers and retailers. The study adopted cluster sampling technique. The clusters selected for the study were Nakodar, Malerkotla and Baba Bakala Sahib and the vegetables selected for the study were potato, pea, tomato, okra and cauliflower. Further snowball sampling technique was used to select 80 farmers from each cluster, making up a total sample of 240 farmers and one reference each for wholesaler and retailer was identified in every cluster. Then using snowball technique, 2 wholesalers and 10 retailers were selected from each cluster. Thus, making total sample of 10 wholesalers and 30 retailers were selected for the study. The instrument used for the data collection was a structured interview schedule. The one-way ANOVA and Tukey&rsquo;s Honest Significant Difference test were employed to understand the significant difference in post-harvest losses between the selected vegetables and along the supply chain. 
 
Result: The results revealed that the maximum losses were observed in tomato crop at farm level (17.71%) and retailer level (30.10%) whereas at wholesaler level maximum losses were recorded in pea (8.19%). The extent of losses at farm level has been higher as compared to wholesaler level and it was highest at the retailer level. At farmer&rsquo;s level it was observed that there have been significantly higher losses in tomato crop (17.7&plusmn;13.35). At retailer level, significantly higher losses were observed in tomato (30.10&plusmn;15.80) whereas at wholesaler level, significantly higher losses occurred in pea (12.29&plusmn;3.15). There was no significant difference in losses between farmer and retailer level. Major cause of loss reported by tomato growers (88.6%) was infestation of fruits with disease and insect. Main reason of post-harvest losses in okra and cauliflower as stated by farmers were bruises/blackening and over maturity. Since the findings reveal that the major losses in the supply chain of vegetables was due to lack adoption of harvest and post-harvest practices at farmer&rsquo;s level. It is suggested that field level training should be imparted to farmers regarding post-harvest management techniques.

Characterization of Post-harvest Losses along the Supply Chain of Vegetables in Punjab

<div>Background: In developing countries such as Indonesia, the increasing demand for beef has not been matched by domestic beef production. The gap between beef demand and supply highlights the low competitive advantage of the beef industry, primarily due to partnership issues within the supply chain. The objective of this study is to examine the relationship between supply chain partnerships and competitive advantage in the beef cattle industry. 
 
Methods: The research was conducted in key beef cattle regions of Indonesia, specifically in South Sulawesi, as the regencies of Bulukumba, Sinjai and Bone. A survey questionnaire was administered to 100 respondents. Spearman&rsquo;s correlation coefficient analysis was utilized to test the hypotheses. 
 
Result: The results indicated that strategic supplier partnerships had a significant and positive relationship with the competitive advantage of beef cattle. However, the sharing of market information and technological knowledge in beef cattle production was not significantly associated with the competitive advantage of the industry. Based on these findings, the study presents several theoretical and policy implications.</div>

Supply Chain Partnerships and Competitive Advantage of the Beef Cattle Industry: Evidence from Indonesia

Background: Millets offer solutions for multiple challenges, including malnutrition, food insecurity, resource scarcity, agricultural production risks due to climate change and lifestyle-related health problems. Hence, increasing millet production and consumption contributes to achieving the United Nations&rsquo; Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) 2, 3, 12 and 13. The Government of India is actively promoting these crops to benefit both people and the planet. In recent years, there has been a growing awareness among urban populations about the nutritional benefits of millet. However, their supply has dwindled over the years due to a decrease in the land area dedicated to millet cultivation, which high-value commercial crops have replaced. If this trend continues, it could lead to a potential shortage of millets within the country. 
 
Methods: In this study, the anticipation demand and supply of millets in the Maharashtra state of India was projected by analyzing consumer expenditure data from the National Sample Survey Organization (NSSO) for the year 2011-12. Demand estimation was conducted through three distinct methodologies; static projections, normative benchmarks and behavioristic- Quadratic Almost Ideal Demand System (QuAIDS) model allowing for comprehensive insights into consumption patterns and elasticity responses.&nbsp; 
 
Result: The projected demand for millets by 2036 is estimated at 3.90 million tons, while the supply is&nbsp; anticipated to be 0.76 million tons, resulting in a deficit of -3.14 million tonnes. If the current trends in cultivated&nbsp; area and crop yield persist,&nbsp; a&nbsp; substantial net deficit will be observed across&nbsp; all millet varieties included in the study. To mitigate this shortfall, strategic enhancing yield potential&nbsp; through initiatives as distributing&nbsp; high-quality seeds, incorporating biofortified varieties, promoting&nbsp; awareness, implementing&nbsp; price incentives and providing&nbsp; facilities for processing.

Demand and Supply Projections for Pulses in India

Effect of nutrient supply system on biometry and rhizosphere microflora of soybean, pigeon pea and sorghum.

Analysis of the Formal Sesame Seed Supply System in West Gondar Zone, North West Ethiopia

Blockchain and Artificial Intelligence for Ensuring the Authenticity of Organic Legume Products in Supply Chains

Impact of COVID-19 on Global Dairy Supply Chain: A Review

Estimating Post-harvest Losses in Fruits Supply Chain in Middle Gujarat Region

Sustainable Supply Chain Management Practices in the Dairy Industry: A Comparative Study of Leading Dairy Firms and Future Research Directives

Characterization of Post-harvest Losses along the Supply Chain of Vegetables in Punjab

Supply Chain Partnerships and Competitive Advantage of the Beef Cattle Industry: Evidence from Indonesia

Meeting the Growing Demand for Nutri-Cereals: A Supply Assessment for Maharashtra, India