<div style="text-align:justify">Background: Among the diseases of sugarcane, Sugarcane yellow leaf disease (YLD) is one of the most prevalent diseases of sugarcane posing serious threat to the sugarcane cultivation worldwide. The current study aims at studying the distribution of SCYLV in the major sugarcane-growing of Andhra Pradesh and determining sequence identities, sequence variations and phylogenetic relationships between the SCYLV isolates reported earlier from India and&nbsp; worldwide. 
 
Methods: ORF1 and ORF2 regions of the viral genome coding for RNA dependent RNA Polymerase (RdRP) was amplified from twelve of the samples using the gene specific primers viz.,&nbsp; SCYLV-F3 and SCYLV-R3. The ORF1 and ORF2 regions were studied for sequence similarity at nucleotide and aminoacid level and phylogentic relationships were established with the other SCYLV isolates.&nbsp;&nbsp; 
 
Result: The multiple sequence analysis of the isolates under the study with 22 similar sequences of SYLCV isolates reported from India and worldwide revealed 90.6-100% identities with IND, REU, BRA, CHN, HAW, CUB, COL and PER genotypes reported worldwide.&nbsp; The Indian isolates showed close phylogenetic relationship with the CUB and COL isolates. Hence it was confirmed from the study that SCYLV isolates collected from major sugarcane growing regions of Andhra Pradesh closely related to SCYLV-CUB and SCYLV-COL genotypes.</div>

Studies on Distribution of Sugarcane Yellow Leaf Virus in Commercially Grown Sugarcane Varieties in Andhra Pradesh

The plants viruses have been examined to study the economic losses associated with agricultural crops and the viruses that represent a focus of attention of this study, in particular the Tomato Yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV) and its impact on tomato productivity in Iraq. A study highlights the destroy produced by this virus, which can reach up to 100% in severe cases. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the economic impact of TYLCV on tomato productivity in Iraq and to discuss integrated management strategies. It addresses the significant yield losses, which can be up to 100% in severe cases. In addition, it examines the effect of the virus on the chemical composition of fruit and reduces both nutritional value and marketing. The study emphasizes that controlling plant viruses requires integrated strategies, including development of resistant cultivars, the use of chemical, biological and agronomic control measures within an integrated management framework has been stressed as the best way to control plant viruses. It also underscores the need for enhanced scientific research and for improving farmers&rsquo; awareness. Additionally, it explores the effects of plant viruses on the chemical composition of associated plants, such as some mineral elements and plant hormones and how the plant responses resulting from the interaction of the host plant and the virus can lead to the decay of crop quality. Virus management strategies, including resistant cultivars, agricultural control methods such as the use of biological control methods and nanotechnology, in some limited cases, chemical pesticides used in a responsible manner, are discussed. Overall, this review highlights the urgent need for robust, integrated management strategies to mitigate the devastating effects of TYLCV and enhance the sustainability of tomato production in Iraq. 
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The Economic Impact and Integrated Management Strategies against Tomato Yellow Leaf Curl Virus (TYLCV): A Review

<div>Background: Whitefly is one of the most destructive sucking pest in the tropical and subtropical regions of the world and causing significant crop losses directly by sucking sap from the plants and indirectly through the transmission of viral diseases specifically caused by the genus Begomovirus. The Begomovirus species viz., Mungbean yellow mosaic India virus (MYMIV) and Mungbean yellow mosaic virus (MYMV) are causing yellow mosaic virus disease in soybean, which is transmitted by whiteflies. The disease accounts to 30-70 per cent yield loss and increases up to 80 - 100 per cent during severe incidence. Hence, there is a need for development of integrated pest management strategies against disease and whiteflies, for this the knowledge on virus-vector relationship is required. But, the studies on biological relationship of yellow mosaic virus disease and whitefly in soybean are scarce. At this juncture, considering the importance of disease in soybean, the present investigation was carried out to know the virus -vector relationship of the YMV and whitefly in soybean. 
 
Methods: The experiment on virus-vector relationship of yellow mosaic virus and whitefly in soybean was conducted at Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture, G. B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, Uttarakhand during 2016-17. The data on number of whiteflies per plant, acquisition and inoculation access feeding period and pre and post starvation period required for effective transmission of virus was recorded. 
 
Result: A single viruliferous whitefly was able to transmit virus and ten viruliferous whiteflies per plant were required for cent per cent transmission of virus. The minimum acquisition access and inoculation access feeding periods required for virus transmission was 0.25h (15 min) each; while the 100 per cent virus transmission was recorded with acquisition and inoculation period of 12h, each. The per cent transmission was increased with the increase of acquisition and inoculation periods. The rate of transmission was positively correlated with pre-acquisition starvation period and negatively correlated with post- acquisition starvation period.</div>

<div>Virus Vector Relationship of Yellow Mosaic Virus and Whitefly, Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) in Soybean</div>

<div>Background: Leaf curl or yellowing symptoms, typical of those caused by begomovirus infection, are commonly observed in capsicum (bell pepper) plants in polyhouses. Three capsicum samples with leaf curl and yellowing symptoms were collected from polyhouse at Hi-tech Horticulture, University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad, Karnataka, India, during 2017-2018.&nbsp; 
 
Methods: Total nucleic acid was isolated from symptomatic and non-symptomatic samples by following CTAB (Cetyl trimethyl ammonium bromide) method and PCR amplified using degenerate and coat protein gene primers of chilli and tomato leaf curl virus. The virus was confirmed by gel electrophoresis with 0.8 per cent agarose. Amplified PCR product was eluted and sent to sequencing (Chromous biotech Pvt. Ltd., Bengaluru). 
 
Result: The primer pair could amplify only Chilli leaf curl virus at ~500 bp but not Tomato leaf curl virus. Sequence homology of ChiLCV isolate form Dharwad matched with ChiLCV-Papaya-New Delhi (HM14036), ChiLCV-Chilli-Jodhpu (HM007104) and ChiLCV-Chilli-Noida (HM007114) respectively. The present study results showed that Chilli leaf curl virus is associated with the leaf curl and yellowing symptoms on capsicum under protected cultivation in Dharwad, Karnataka, India.</div>

​Molecular Characterization of Viruses Associated with Leaf Curl Symptoms on Capsicum (Bell Pepper) under Protected Cultivations in Dharwad, Karnataka

<div>Background: The yellow mosaic disease (YMD) creates a major hindrance and known to affect a number of grain leguminous crops in the Indian sub-continent. However, blackgram (Vigna mungo L.) is the most important grain legume crop which is affected widely by this disease. The disease is caused by a single stranded DNA containing begomovirus viz., Yellow mosaic virus (YMV) which is mainly transmitted through whitefly (Bemisia tabaci Genn.). Symptoms include severe patho-physiological alterations characterized by the presence of bright chlorotic yellow patches interspersed with green areas on leaf lamina. The present study was aimed to determine the variability among disease causing agents in six different geographical isolates representing four states viz. Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Odisha and Telangana states of southern India during the 2019 rabi season. 
 
Methods: The variability of YMV associated with YMD of blackgram was studied based on molecular characterization of partial DNA-A coat protein gene with subsequent nucleotide sequencing and phylogenetic tree construction. 
 
Result: The synthetic primers designed for the partial DNA-A segment forms a distinct viral gene specific PCR product. The band size corresponding to CP ~704 bp was obtained for MYMV, whereas CP ~500 bp gene band was obtained for MYMIV. Further, phylogenetic analysis based on partial DNA-A gene sequences of six isolates with other isolates from GenBank formed into two unique clusters viz., MYMV and MYMIV. Overall, our study confirming that the begomovirus causing YMD of blackgram in southern India is explored to be as strains of MYMV and MYMIV.</div>

Molecular Variability of Yellow Mosaic Virus (YMV) of Blackgram in Southern India

<div>Background: Moth bean (Vigna aconitifolia (Jaq.) Marechal) is characterized as one of the most drought hardy, short duration, annual legume crop. It is mainly grown in Northern districts of Karnataka. Moth bean crop suffers from many diseases viz., yellow mosaic, bacterial blight, root rot, anthracnose and powdery mildew. Moth bean is targeted by YMV which causes severe damage to grain and fodder yields. Since not much work has been carried out on characterization of moth bean yellow mosaic virus in Northern Karnataka, an attempt was made to partially characterize coat protein gene of Moth Bean Yellow Mosaic Virus (MBYMV).&nbsp; 
 
 
Methods: The total genomic DNA was extracted from leaf tissues of healthy moth bean plants and yellow mosaic virus infected plants utilizing by modified CTAB method. Specific primers for yellow mosaic viruses were tried to amplify coat protein region of MBYMV. 
 
 
Result: Moth bean leaf samples showing yellow mosaic symptoms gave positive results with MYMV specific primer pairs (MYMV-CP-F/MYMV-CP-R) and yielded amplicons of ~1000 bp. The 1000 bp PCR products were directly sequenced and assembled. Phylogenetic tree based on full length coat protein gene sequence of MBYMV with other geminiviruses sequences downloaded from NCBI Genbank formed three major clusters of MYMV, HgYMV and MYMIV. The present MBYMV isolate formed unique cluster with MYMV group.</div>

Molecular Detection and Partial Characterization of Coat Protein Gene of Moth Bean Yellow Mosaic Virus (MBYMV) from Northern Karnataka

<div>Background: French bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.), is one of the important legume vegetables grown in India. The disease mung bean yellow mosaic virus (MYMV) limits successful production of beans. MYMV has become an epidemic in bean growing regions, particularly in the tropical and subtropical countries. In summer, the disease is more serious and widely distributed and reported in various countries. The current study is aimed at identification of MYMV and molecular characterization of mung bean yellow mosaic virus in French bean. This study will be helpful for early detection of the virus, so that better preventive measures can be taken to control MYMV. 
 
Methods: The investigations were conducted during 2016-2017, all the agro climatic zones of Karnataka province were surveyed. The coat protein (CP) gene of MYMV was amplified using gene specific primer with DNA isolated from MYMV infected leaves samples in french bean. Polymerase chain reaction products were Sequenced and analysed using a bioinformatic tool.&nbsp; 
 
Result: The CP gene decrypt sequences analysis revealed that the identity and similarity in global alignment for all the obtained sequences ranging from 80.8 to 95.3% with reference to MYMV, whereas for horse gram yellow mosaic virus (HYMV) it ranges from 90.4 to 99.1%. Two distinct yellow mosaic viruses infecting french bean (MYMV and HYMV) were identified and it was observed that there exists considerable genetic variation among these species. Present work showed that the CP region is efficient enough to provide a simple, rapid and reliable method for early detection of MYMV infections in french bean, which would help to develop proper management strategies to control these viruses.</div>

<div>Identification and Molecular Characterization of Mung Bean Yellow Mosaic Virus in French Bean through Coat Protein Gene</div>

Yellow mosaic virus disease is one of the major diseases of soybean in India. Genetic basis of 41 soybean genotypes varying in resistance against yellow mosaic virus was studied using 58 simple sequence repeat primers. A total of 140 alleles with an average of 2.41 alleles per locus were detected, which indicated very narrow genetic base of the genotypes studied. The polymorphic information content varied from 0.00 to 0.754 with an average of 0.357. Unweighted Pair Group Method with Arithmetic Average allocated the genotypes in 2 major clusters separated at 41% similarity with fairly good bootstrap support. Ten unique alleles observed in the study can be used for identification of genotype possessing that particular unique allele. The resistant group comprised of 21 genotypes with similarity coefficient 0.33 to 0.805, of which 20 genotypes were classified in a single sub-cluster. The results presented are of significance with regard to the identification of suitable donor parents for incorporating yellow mosaic resistance into popular soybean varieties. Genetically diverse parents with varying resistance against yellow mosaic virus identified in the study can be used for generating mapping population for the identification of SSR markers closely linked with yellow mosaic virus. &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;

Assessment of genetic diversity of soybean genotypes differing in resistance against yellow mosaic virus using simple sequence repeat markers

<div style="text-align:justify">Background: India is the second largest producer of sugarcane in the world. Uttar Pradesh, Maharashtra, Punjab and Bihar are Indian states have maximum production of sugarcane. During 2019, approximately 307 lakh tonnes of sugarcane was produced in India, which is nearly 11.8 per cent of the global sugarcane production. Sugarcane crop has very long leaves. Stripping of sugarcane leaves is a major problem, which requires labor-intensive effort. Therefore, to resolve this problem, a tractor operated sugarcane stripper machine was designed using the computer aided design (CAD) software.&nbsp; 
Methods: In main frame of CAD design, a power transmission system, transportation system, feed hopper conveyer, sugarcane de-topper and a stripper system were designed. This machine will reduce human drudgery. Currently, this sugarcane stripper machine is getting very good acceptance nationwide. Further research has been undertaken at Department of Farm Machinery and Power Engineering, Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture Technology and Sciences, Prayagraj, Uttar Pradesh, India. This machine was designed. 
Result: Use of this machine will also help in reducing the cost and time of operation. In future, this machine will help in improving quality of stripping as well as ensuring effective utilization of the resources. The Design and development of sugarcane leaf stripper machine will play a significant role.</div>

Design and Development of Sugarcane Leaf Stripper

<div style="text-align:justify">Background: Vigna mungo (Blackgram) is the major pulse crop cultivated in the Indian sub-continent. It is highly prone to yellow mosaic disease (YMD), which is widespread problem because all cultivated varieties are susceptible to the YMD in Andhra Pradesh state. The presence of two species of begomovirus i.e. Mungbean yellow mosaic virus (MYMV) and Mungbean yellow mosaic India virus (MYMIV) with YMD was reported in Andhra Pradesh. The current study was aimed to develop simple method of viral dimer clone construction and identifying the resistant blackgram genotypes against two species of begomovirus (MYMV and MYMIV) by agroinoculation technique. 
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Methods: In this study, we standardize the rolling circle amplification (RCA) based viral dimer clone construction (MYMV DNA-A, MYMV DNA-B and MYMIV DNA-A) and constructed viral dimer clones were used to transform Agrobacterium tumefaciens EHA105 cells through freeze-thaw technique. Sprouted seed method of agroinoculation screening was conducted. 
 
Result: Total 45 blackgram genotypes were screened by sprouted seed method of agroinoculation with two combinations of viral dimeric constructs (MYMV-TPT-A+MYMV-TPT-B and MYMIV-TPT-A+MYMV-TPT-B). Twenty four genotypes offered resistant against MYMV infection and twenty three genotypes were resistant to MYMIV infection. Total 17 genotypes offered resistance to both species of virus (MYMV andMYMIV) associated with YMD.</div>