Background: Coffee plants in Sumbermanjing Wetan are commonly cultivated on dry lands that rely solely on rainfall as the source of water input that eventually makes them susceptible to climate change. The deficiency of organic material and water availability for these plants poses a significant challenge for coffee farmers in Sumbermanjing Wetan. Therefore, a research was conducted to investigate the addition of various organic matter through biopore infiltration holes in coffee plantations with the following objectives: i) to analyze the impact of applying organic matter on the distribution of soil pores and ii) to examine the effect of organic matter application on soil moisture content. 
 
Methods: The research was carried out in the Smallholder Coffee Plantation of Argotirto Village, Sumbermanjing Wetan District, Malang Regency. A randomized block design was implemented with five treatment groups, which included the control (P1), two biopore holes + manure (P2), two biopore holes + compost (P3), two biopore holes + green manure (P4) and surface-applied manure (P5), each repeated three times. The observed variables included the percentage of soil organic matter, pore distribution, available water capacity and soil moisture content. 
 
Result: The findings indicated that addition of organic matter in biopore infiltration holes enhanced soil organic material content, where treatment P4 (two biopore holes + green manure) exhibiting the highest soil organic material values in the first and third months after the application. The application of organic matter increased soil porosity in all treatments, where treatment P4 (two biopore holes + green manure) showing the highest available water capacity. This suggests that the utilization of organic matter can improve soil aggregation, thus increasing porosity and available water capacity. Consistently, soil water content at a depth of 40-60 cm tended to increase in the third month following biopore infiltration holes application, indicating that the addition of organic matter through biopore infiltration holes can enhance soil moisture at subsoil.

Improvement of Soil Pore Distribution and Soil Moisture Content using Organic Matter Addition Technology

<div>Background: Phosphorus and zinc are two essential nutrients which are required for normal plant growth. These nutrients are mutually antagonistic in certain circumstances which can cause yield reductions in many crops due to either P or Zn deficiencies. Organic matter causes soil to clump and form soil aggregates, which improves soil structure. With better soil structure, permeability improves, in turn improving the soil&rsquo;s ability to take up and hold water.&nbsp; The addition of organic manure may reduce the mobility of Zn in soil by forming stable chelates thereby may affect the formation of Zn-P complexes in soil. Thus, the present study was undertaken to find the interaction between P and Zn on the changes in different inorganic phosphorus fractions under waterlogged soil treated with and without organic matter. 
 
Methods: An incubation experiment has been conducted in the laboratory of Department of Agricultural Chemistry and Soil Science, University of Calcutta to find the interaction between P and Zn on the changes in different phosphorus fractions under waterlogged soil treated with and without organic matter. Treatments details: P0Zn0 - No Phosphorus + No Zn, P0Zn1 - No Phosphorus + Application of Zn at 2.5 mg/kg soil, P0Zn2 - No Phosphorus + Application of Zn at 5 mg/kg soil , P1Zn0 - Application of P at 10 mg/kg soil + No Zn, P1Zn1 - Application of P at 10 mg/kg soil + Application of Zn at 2.5 mg/kg soil,P1Zn2 - Application of P at 10 mg/kg soil + Application of Zn at 5 mg/kg soil, P2Zn0 - Application of P at 15 mg/kg soil + No Zn, P2Zn1 - Application of P at 15 mg/kg soil + Application of Zn at 2.5 mg/kg soil, P2Zn2 - Application of P at 15 mg/kg soil + Application of Zn at 5 mg/kg soil. The same treatment combination was studied with application of organic matter where organic matter was applied @1% by soil weight basis and another set of treatment combination were conducted in absence of organic matter. After application of all treatments, maintaining waterlogged condition, the soils were allowed to incubate at room temperature (30&plusmn;2)&deg;C for a period of 10, 20, 30, 40, 50 days interval and analyzed for different fractions of P.&nbsp; 
 
Result: The amount of Soluble and Loosely bound P fractions has been recorded highest (47.50 mg kg-1) in the treatment P2OM2 at 30 days of incubation in presence of organic matter. As regards to the interaction effect between P and organic matter it was observed that the amount of Al-P was recorded enhanced, being highest with their highest level of application. The individual application of P increased the amount of Fe-P content, being highest (56.96 mg kg-1) at 30 days of incubation with its highest level, while the application of organic matter at its highest level recorded highest amount of Fe-P (55.30 mg kg-1) content. The absolute amount of Reductant soluble P was recorded a lower value than Fe-P. The results suggest that Ca-P fraction was the dominant inorganic P fraction among other fractions and there is a synergistic effect was found between P and organic matter where there is an antagonistic effect found between P and Zn.</div>

Interaction between P and Zn on the Changes in Different Inorganic Phosphorus Fractions under Waterlogged Soil Treated with and Without Organic Matter

<div>Background: The no-till system is increasingly accepted as an alternative to conventional tillage because of its agronomic and environmental advantages. The evaluation of soil quality during the transition to no-till phases is very important to allow better soil management, especially in semi-arid regions. 
 
Methods: This study was carried out during 2017. The objective of this research is to evaluate change of soil structure (morphological and analytical) and organic matter (total and labile) at two different depths (0-10 and 10-20 cm). No-till system chronosequence was carried out in four phases in cereal cultivation. Soil samples were collected, then different carbon forms (total, particulate and microbial) and soil structure (morphology, structure stability and bulk density) were analyzed.&nbsp; 
 
Result: The best soil quality was obtained during the two chronosequence phases 9 and 6 years, at both soil depths studied. However, this soil quality change is limited at 0-10 cm soil depth in the 3 years chronosequence phase.</div>

Evaluation of Change on the Structural Quality and Organic Matter the Soil Induced by No-till Chronosequence under Semi-arid Climate in Algeria

<div>Background: Soil compaction can occur due to the intensity of tractor traffic in the tillage process. The objective of this study was to determine the changes in physical, mechanical properties of the soil and plant growth that occurred due to tractor traffic and how it would affect if the addition of organic matter (compost) was added to the soil. 
 
Methods: The experimental work was conducted at the Sugarcane Plantation of PTPN II Klumpang at an initial soil moisture content of 24.69% and a bulk density of 1.08 gr/cm3 with compost and no compost then the land is traversed by the tractor with 2,4 and 6 passes. 
 
Result: The results of&nbsp; indicate that the tractor trajectory and the addition of compost have a significant effect on soil compaction. The highest values for water content, bulk density, particle density and penetration resistance were obtained at 6 times tractor traffic with soil without compost sowing respectively 35.36%, 1.31 gr/cm3, 1.87 gr/cm3, 9.61 kgf/cm2, while in soil with compost, the values obtained were 33.62%, 1.23 gr/cm3, 1.82 gr/cm3, 9.04 kgf/cm2, respectively. These findings indicated that the application of compost can reduce the level of soil density so that plant growth becomes better and more even rate of plant growth is obtained than without compost.</div>

Effect of Soil Compaction due to Organic Matter and 4-Wheel Tractor Traffic on Sugarcane Growth

Background: Soil acidification is a key abiotic factor that hinders plant growth and diminishes agricultural output on a worldwide scale. The purpose of this experiment was to look at how carrot growth, yield and quality on acidic terrace soil were affected by organic amendments (OA) and mineral fertilization with or without potassium (K). 
&nbsp; 
Methods: A field experiment was carried out using a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replicates. Organic amendments and K levels are: control (Co), recommended fertilizer (RF) excluding potassium (RF-K), RF, RF+25% excess K, RF- K+ Poultry manure (PM) (5 t ha-1), RF + PM (5 t ha-1), RF- K+ household compost (HC) (5 t ha-1), RF + HC (5 t ha-1). Statistix 10 version was used to analyze the variance (ANOVA) of growth and yield parameters of carrots. 
&nbsp; 
Result:&nbsp;Carrot yield and plant vegetative growth were negatively impacted by untreated acidic soil. OA with K enrich RF enhanced vegetative growth, biomass yield, carrot yield, nutrient contents, &acirc; Carotene, anthocyanin, ascorbic acid and total sugar content of carrot of acidic terrace soil carrot plants, indicating its alleviating effects on carrot production in acidic soil. The exclusive use of chemical fertilizer did not have a noticeable impact on the yield and quality of acidic stressed carrots. Among the amending substances, T8&nbsp;[RF + HC 5 t ha-1] showed significant enhancement in the fertility indices of acidic-stressed terrace soil and resulted in increased growth, yield and profitability of carrots. Incorporating OA and K-enrich RF to terrace soil has preserved a ranking of T8&nbsp;&gt; T4&nbsp;&gt; T6&nbsp;in terms of their potential to improve productivity. These results suggested that RF and K-enrich RF fertilization might mitigate the antagonistic impact of soil acidity on carrot yield by adjusting soil fertility and creating a favorable environment in acidic terrace soils.

Potassium and Organic Matter Increased Carrot Production in Acidic Terrace Soil

<div>The light texture coastal saline soils are well known for the deficiency of both macro and micronutrients especially zinc, boron, iron and manganese, etc. The zinc (Zn) and manganese (Mn) plays an important role in improving the growth, yield and quality of sesame. A field experiment was conducted to find out the influence of organics and micronutrients fertilization on the soil properties and yield of sesame in coastal saline soil. The experiment was carried out in a farmer&rsquo;s field at Ponnanthittu coastal village, near Chidambaram Taluk, Cuddalore district, Tamil Nadu. The Physico- chemical properties and nutrient status of initial soil were: pH- 8.43, EC- 4.25 dS m-1, organic carbon- 2.30 g kg-1 and DTPA Zn &ndash; 0.70 mg kg-1 and Mn- 0.96 mg kg-1, respectively. &nbsp;The treatments included were T1 -Control (Recommended dose of NPK), T2 &ndash;125% NPK + Composted coirpith (CCP) @ 12.5 t ha-1, T3 -T2 + ZnSO4 @ 25 kg ha-1 soil application (SA), T4 -T2 + MnSO4 @ 5 kg ha-1 (SA), T5 -T2 + (ZnSO4 + MnSO4) SA, T6 -T2 + ZnSO4 &nbsp;@ 0.5 % foliar application (FA),T7 -T2 + MnSO4 (FA), T8 -T2 + (ZnSO4 + MnSO4 )FA, T9 -T2 + ZnSO4 &nbsp;(SA) + ZnSO4 (FA), T10-T2 + MnSO4 &nbsp;(SA) + MnSO4 (FA) and T11-T2 + (ZnSO4 &nbsp;+ MnSO4 ) SA + (ZnSO4 + MnSO4 )FA. The experiment was laid out in a Randomized Block Design (RBD) with three replications, using sesame variety TMV 7. The results of the study indicated that the combined application of 125 per cent NPK + composted coirpith (CCP) @ 12.5 t ha-1 + ZnSO4 @ 25 kg ha-1 + MnSO4 @ 5 kg ha-1 through soil application along with foliar application of ZnSO4 @ 0.5% + MnSO4 twice at 0.5 per cent significantly increased the soil nutrient availability, microbial population, enzyme activity and yield of sesame in coastal sandy soil. This treatment recorded the highest sesame seed yield of 815 kg ha-1 and stalk yield of 1805 kg ha-1 as compared 100% recommended NPK alone 421 and 944 kg ha-1 of seed and stalk yield, respectively.</div>

<div>Influence of Organic Manures and Micronutrients Fertilization on the Soil Properties and Yield of Sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) in Coastal Saline Soil</div>

Background: Soil organic carbon stocks (SOCs) play a critical role in supporting soil quality and ecosystem functions. Information on SOCs content in coastal lands is scanty and the types of clay minerals and soil fraction size that affect SOCs are still debated. We evaluated the SOCs content and identified the mineral type and soil fraction affecting the SOCs on coastal land.&nbsp; 
 
Methods: Soil samples were collected from each layer of nine different soil profiles in three subdistricts: Seunuddon (SD), Lapang (LP) and Dewantara (DT) in Aceh Utara Regency of Indonesia. The soil profiles were taken from different distances (300, 900 and 1500 m from the shoreline-d.f.s).&nbsp;&nbsp; 
 
Result: The results revealed that SOCs possessed by each soil layer of coastal land in Aceh Utara varied between 0.64 to 43.45 MgC ha-1. The highest to lowest average total of SOCs content for the location is SD&gt;DT&gt;LP, while for the position, the distance to the shoreline is 900 m&gt;1500 m&gt;300 m. Clay minerals such as labradorite, smectite, vermiculite and chlorite positively increase the SOCs content. Very fine sand is a size of the soil fraction that affects the increase in the levels of SOCs in coastal land.

Soil Fractions Affect on Soil Organic Carbon Stock in the Coastal Land of Aceh Utara Regency, Indonesia

Background: Animal feed stuff especially forages in Indonesia are generally of low quality, hence the need to process them into silage. In addition, to improve nutrition in silage, it also needs to be enriched with additional supplements from other plant materials such as moringa and palm oil. The objective of this study to evaluate the effect of Moringa leaf meal (MLM) and palm oil (PO) supplementation on the nutrient content of feed and the growth of local sheep.&nbsp; 
 
Methods: The research used 18 local male sheep aged eight months with a weight of 18.9. The supplementation feed used was moringa leaf meal 2% (by dry matter) and palm oil 0.5% of the feed. The research design was completely randomized (CRD) with three treatments and having three sheep in six replicates. The treatments include: P0: basal feed as control diet; P1: P0 + 2% moringa leaf meal; P2: P1 + 0.5% palm oil.&nbsp; 
 
Result:&nbsp;The analysis of variance showed that the treatment had no significant effect on feeding rate and organic matter digestibility (P&gt;0.05) but had a significant effect (P&lt;0.05) on dry matter digestibility. The use of 2% moringa leaf meal and 0.5% palm oil for supplementation on silage-based feed does not interfere with the feeding rate of sheep and tends to increase the digestibility of organic matter but significantly increases dry matter digestibility.

Feeding Rate, Dry Matter and Organic Matter Digestibility of Local Sheep Fed Moringa Leaf and Palm Oil Supplemented Diets

<div>Background: Maize is one of the best cereal crop as it is also known as &ldquo;Queen of cereals&rdquo; by giving good taste, having more hybrid varieties, good production and price also. But to make maize best cereal well fertile and neutral soil is important. In the several previous years tthere was good soil, plant and environment relationship but due to passing the time soil health was deteriorated by using the more amount of inorganic fertilizers (beyond the limit). The insect pest attack was also increased due to uses of more amount of fertilizers. Soil becomes topic in nature and most of the inorganic chemical leached down and mixed with the water table. 
 
Material: The two year field experiment was conducted at experimental farm at Lovely Professional University Phagwara Punjab during the kharif season 2019- 2020 to study the influence of integrated use of organic manures and inorganic fertilizers on physio-chemical properties of soil and yield of kharif maize in coarse loamy Typic Haplustept soil with 8 treatments treatments T1- Control, T2 - RDF (125:60:30) kg ha-1, T3- RDF +10 ton farmyard manure ha-1, T4- 75% RDF + 10 ton farm yard manure ha-1+ Vermicompost @2 ton/ha, T5-75% RDF +10 ton farmyard manure ha-1, T6- 50% RDF +10 ton farm yard manure + vermicompost@2 ton ha-1 + azotobacter ha-1, T7-50% RDF +15 ton of farmyard manure +azotobacter ha-1, T8-25 % RDF + azotobacter + vermicompost@ 2 ton ha-1 in RBD design with 3 replications. 
 
Result: The soil pH was found highest in T2 (RDF (125:60:30) kg ha-1) (7.8) whereas highest EC was found in T6 (50% RDF +10 ton farm yard manure + vermicompost@2 ton ha-1 + azotobacter ha-1) (0.27 dsm-1). The highest bulk density found under T1 (Control) ( 2.02 gcm-3) and porosity was highest in T8 (25 % RDF + azotobacter + vermicompost@ 2 ton ha-1) (37.96%). In T6 (50% RDF +10 ton farm yard manure + vermicompost@2 ton ha-1 + azotobacter ha-1), the highest amount of Nitrogen (412.3 kgh-1), phosphorus (67.77 kgh-1), potassium (884.3 kgh-1) and organic carbon (0.567%) was found. In terms of yield parameters, the grain yield (4223 kgh-1), straw yield (6266 kgh-1), harvest index (41.53%) and 1000- seed weight (366.86gms) was found highest in T6 ((50% RDF +10 ton farm yard manure + vermicompost@2 ton ha-1 + azotobacter ha-1). There are significant difference in all the treatements with respect to the physio-chemical properties of soil and yield paramters of maize.</div>

Influence of Integrated Use of Organic Manures and Inorganic Fertilizers on Physio-chemical Properties of Soil and Yield of Kharif Maize in Coarse Loamy Typic Haplustept Soil

<div style="text-align: justify;">An experiment was conducted to study the influence of soil application of organic manures and foliar spray of organic nutrients on resultant seed quality in Kabuli chickpea varieties. The experiment was carried at Seed Quality and Research Laboratory, Seed Unit (National Seed Project), University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad during rabi of 2015-16 and 2016-17. Seed quality parameters were significantly influenced among varieties and organic amendment treatments. BG1105 (V1) recorded significantly higher seed quality parameters as compared to MNK-1 (V2), While among the treatments, application of 100 % organics equivalent to RDP [50 % Farm yard manure (FYM) and 50 % Vermicompost] + Foliar application of Panchagavya @ 3 % at flowering and 15 Days after flowering (T2) recorded significantly higher seed quality parameters as compared to all other treatments and control. This treatment can be used to improve seed quality attributes in kabuli chickpea varieties.</div>

<div style="text-align: justify;">Influence of soil application of organic manures and foliar spray of organic nutrients on resultant seed quality in Kabuli chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) varieties</div>