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Full Research Article

Potassium and Organic Matter Increased Carrot Production in Acidic Terrace Soil

Mohammed Zia Uddin Kamal1,2, Mohammad Saiful Alam1,2,*, Md. Yunus Miah1, Md. Dhin Islam1, Bushra Islam Binte1, Kazi Rabbi Islam3
1Department of Soil Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Gazipur Agricultural University, Gazipur-1706, Bangladesh.
2Institute of Climate Change and Environment, Gazipur Agricultural University, Gazipur-1706, Bangladesh.
3Department of Soil Science, Faculty of Graduate Studies, Gazipur Agricultural University, Gazipur-1706, Bangladesh.

ABSTRACT

Background: Soil acidification is a key abiotic factor that hinders plant growth and diminishes agricultural output on a worldwide scale. The purpose of this experiment was to look at how carrot growth, yield and quality on acidic terrace soil were affected by organic amendments (OA) and mineral fertilization with or without potassium (K).

Methods: A field experiment was carried out using a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replicates. Organic amendments and K levels are: control (Co), recommended fertilizer (RF) excluding potassium (RF-K), RF, RF+25% excess K, RF- K+ Poultry manure (PM) (5 t ha-1), RF + PM (5 t ha-1), RF- K+ household compost (HC) (5 t ha-1), RF + HC (5 t ha-1). Statistix 10 version was used to analyze the variance (ANOVA) of growth and yield parameters of carrots.

Result: Carrot yield and plant vegetative growth were negatively impacted by untreated acidic soil. OA with K enrich RF enhanced vegetative growth, biomass yield, carrot yield, nutrient contents, â Carotene, anthocyanin, ascorbic acid and total sugar content of carrot of acidic terrace soil carrot plants, indicating its alleviating effects on carrot production in acidic soil. The exclusive use of chemical fertilizer did not have a noticeable impact on the yield and quality of acidic stressed carrots. Among the amending substances, T8 [RF + HC 5 t ha-1] showed significant enhancement in the fertility indices of acidic-stressed terrace soil and resulted in increased growth, yield and profitability of carrots. Incorporating OA and K-enrich RF to terrace soil has preserved a ranking of T8 > T4 > T6 in terms of their potential to improve productivity. These results suggested that RF and K-enrich RF fertilization might mitigate the antagonistic impact of soil acidity on carrot yield by adjusting soil fertility and creating a favorable environment in acidic terrace soils.

INTRODUCTION

Currently, the escalation of degraded land productivity is a significant issue in order to address the growing global food crisis. The growth of the world’s population is expected to reach 9 billion by 2050, resulting in a sharp rise in the need for agricultural production (Ibeto et al., 2020). In densely populated developing countries like Bangladesh, agriculture in devastated lands requires increased attention. Terrace soil plays a significant role in Bangladesh’s agriculture; covering 1,028,030 ha or approximately 342 km2, which is 8.35% of the country’s total land area (Islam et al., 2017; Bramer, 1996b; FAO/UNDP, 1988). Overall, the geomorphological features of terrace soils have a greater impact on agricultural challenges present in these soils (Siddique et al., 2014). The soils on the terrace naturally have low to medium levels of organic matter, poor fertility, low water retention, lower stability of surface soil aggregates and a very strong to slightly acidic pH, results in a region depleted in nutrients (FRG, 2018; Islam et al., 2021). Increased agronomic difficulties in terrace farming have resulted in, it becoming a problem soil in Bangladesh (Bramer, 1996a; Chapagain  and Raizada, 2017).
       
Inherent acidity of the terrace soil triggers challenges in plant nutrient assess and microbial populations, leading to the release of harmful elements like A13+, Fe3+ and Mn2+, which in turn impacts plant metabolism and crop yield (Binte et al., 2021; Khanam et al., 2022). Applying organic and inorganic fertilizers could be a good strategy for addressing soil fertility issues in terrace farming (Ahmad et al., 2014). In essence, adding organic amendments initially increases soil pH by oxidizing anions or releasing OH- ions, while also lowering Mn and/or Fe oxides and hydrous oxides during decomposition (Sparling et al., 1999; Angelova et al., 2013). Furthermore, organic matter enhances soil aggregation stability and releases various nutrients (such as N, P and S), can boost microbial activity and improve the yield potential of problematic soil (Appiah et al., 2017). Besides these, by increasing organic carbon and nitrogen levels, reducing soil compactness and boosting porosity, organic fertilizers can greatly enhance the quality of soil aggregates (Wang et al., 2019). Therefore, organic fertilizer has the potential to enhance soil health and decrease environmental degradation, supporting the long-term progress of agriculture (Chen et al., 2018). However, terrace land farming in Bangladesh did not place much focus on incorporating organic amendments. Exploring the potential of organic amendments, evaluating if the organic method could offer a successful way to improve the productivity of degraded land becomes an urgent issue (Meena et al., 2020; Ahmed et al., 2022).
       
Nevertheless, modern agricultural land intensification and improved crop production, it is not sufficient to rely solely on one source of plant nutrients, whether organic or inorganic fertilization (Paramesh et al., 2023).  Fertilizer quickly addressed the issue of soil nutrient deficiency and enhanced the metabolic and translocation activity of carbohydrates from source to sink (Parry et al., 2005). The use of inorganic fertilizer in Bangladesh is linked to a 50% increase in total crop production (BARC, 1997). But, the indiscriminate use of inorganic fertilizers without organic matter can deteriorate soil quality by causing soil acidity and compromising soil structure, rather than improving productivity on degraded land (Zhang et al., 2009; Mehedi et al., 2012). Hence, using both organic and inorganic amendment wisely could be crucial in overcoming agricultural limitations in terrace soil. Yet, the research data on promising mitigation approaches for terrace soils are lacking, even though their agricultural importance is well recognized. This study examines the efficacy of different nutrient management to enhance productivity in acid-prone terrace soil in the Madhupur tract.
       
Carrot is one of the major economic vegetable crops grown throughout the world (Nisar et al., 2019). Carrot (Daucus carota L.) is rich in beta-carotene, phenolic content, flavinols as well as vitamins (A, B and C) and various minerals. K, Fe, Cu and Mn (Subba et al., 2016). Carrots, a type of root crop, thrive in soil with high potassium levels (Singh et al., 2019). Potassium is essential in many biochemical processes such as net photosynthetic rate, translocation of assimilates and regulating plant turgor pressure (Shaban et al., 2018). Additionally, potassium triggers the anti-oxidative defense mechanism to combat various biotic and abiotic stresses such as drought, diseases and pest infestations. The presence of potassium in the soil significantly impacts the yield, quality and shelf life of root crops (Malavika, et al., 2022). In our country, terrace farmers often overlook the proper use of potassium fertilizers and maintaining soil potassium balance, thereby leading to a significant decrease in yields. This sense of potassium application is extremely important in the cultivation of carrots in terrace soil. Farmers in this region are decidedly interested in growing carrots because of their higher nutritional and economic value. There is still a significant lack of understanding regarding nutrient management, quality crop production and maintaining a nutrient balance on terraces. In this current research, we hypotheses that the combination of organic matter and potassium can improve the bio-physicochemical condition of exhausted terrace soil and enhance its crop yield. Therefore, the key aim of the study is to improve terrace soil carrot productivity by adding potassium and organic matter. Thus, the research was conducted to evaluate the effect of different organic amendments and potassium on carrot yield and productivity efficiency of terrace soil.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Experimental site
The investigation was led at a research site in Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural University, Gazipur, from November 2018 to March 2019, located at latitude 24o02'10.94"N, longitude 90°23'42.45"  E and altitude 8.4 meters above the sea level. The location of the site is in the middle of Madhupur Tract (AEZ -28). Throughout the growth of carrots, the mean air temperature, relative humidity and evaporation varied between 11.3-33.2oC, 78.5-89.6% and 18.7-96.09 mm, respectively.  The geographical area being investigated is characterized by terrace landforms and falls under the general soil type Shallow Red Brown Terrace Soil. The soil classification according to USDA in the area is Inceptisol order. The topsoil had a pH of 5.43 (Strongly acidic soil), with organic carbon at 0.79%, total nitrogen at 0.08%, available phosphorus at 7.80 mg kg-1, available sulphur at 12.85 mg kg-1, exchangeable potassium at 0.12 cmol (+) kg-1 and counted bacterial colony population at 4.00 x 106 cfu g-1 soil. Its bulk density was 1.38g/cm3, belonging to the clay loam textural class with sand at 17.30%, silt at 45.30% and clay at 36.90%.
       
Experimentation and planting material growing system
 
Terrace land with strong acidic soil received seven different treatments of potassium doses and organic manures, plus recommended fertilizers. We utilized untreated plots for comparison purposes. The treatments include: T1= absolute control soil (no fertilizer) (Co), T2 = soil test based recommended dose of fertilizer (RF) excluding potassium (RF-K), T3 = RF, T4 = RF+ excess 25% potassium (RF+K), T5: T2 + poultry manure (PM) (5 t ha-1) (RF-K+PM), T6 = RF + PM (5 t ha-1) (RF+PM), T7 = T2 + household compost (HC)  (5 t ha-1) (RF-K+HC), T8= RF + HC (5 t ha-1) (RF+HC). A field study utilized three replications of a randomized complete block design (RCBD) to organize the treatments. Every plot measured 2.5 ´ 2.0 m and was divided by a 0.5 m drainage system. The current study used the high yielding, improved and superior color, taste and uniform root cultivar Sakata (Kuruda) carrot, enriched with carotene, as the test crop. We adopted standard cultivation methods like soil preparation and fertilization that are typically done in a carrot field in Bangladesh. On 26 November 2018, seeds were sown in rows at a uniform rate of 4 kg ha-1, with a spacing 25 x 10 cm between rows and plants and 3 seeds per hill.  Seedling thinning was conducted during the 2nd week after germination, leaving only one final plant per hill. We engaged in weeding, applying irrigation and performing other intercultural tasks as needed. The experimental field was irrigated with tap water as required, keeping the soil moisture at field capacity (FC = 30.7%). Soil test-based fertilization with 304.90 kg of urea, 230 kg of triple superphosphate (TSP), 211 kg of muriate of potash (MoP) and 105.5 kg of gypsum per ha-1 was done according to Fertilizer Recommendation Guide (FRG, 2018). Final land preparation included basal application of one-third of urea, TSP, MoP, gypsum and full volumes of organic amendments. Two top dressing applications of the leftover computed urea were made 3rd and 5th weeks of sowing. Decomposed poultry manure collected locally (aged one month) and household waste were left in natural conditions for a week to reduce excess moisture. After storing household waste in a compost pile, the compost is ready for use in the field after 6 weeks. Table 1 displays the chemical characteristics of the added organic compounds.

Table 1: Chemical properties of added organic materials.


 
Carrot growth and yield parameters are measurement
 
Several growth parameters including plant height, number of leaves plant-1, canopy spread diameter plant-1 were evaluated during the active vegetative stage at 65 DAS. The yield traits of carrots were observed in five selected plants plot-1 and their mean value was calculated. Carrot roots were harvested on March 12, 2019 after the foliage began to pale its color. The carrots were gathered, washed, dried and separated into marketable root and shoot. The average measurements of root and shoot length and weight were recorded for each plant, as well as the total biomass per plot. Afterwards, the root’s fresh weight was converted into tons per hectare in order to determine carrot yield.
 
Soil and organic matter properties assessment
 
To study the soil properties, soil sample was collected from 0-30 cm depth, air dried, ground to pass through a 2 mm sieve and stored for analysis. The study’s organic materials were also dried in the air for analysis. The soil sample’s textural class was determined using Bouyoucos hydrometer method (Bouyoucos, 1962). The terrace soil’s bulk and particle density were analyzed using core sampler and pycnometer method, respectively (Blake, 1965a; Blake, 1965b). Soil pH (1; 2.5) was measured by using glass electrode pH meter (Jackson, 1973a). The soil organic carbon content was determined using the wet oxidation method (Walkey and Black, 1965). Total nitrogen is determined by Micro-Kjeldahl method (Black, 1965). Available phosphorus (Bray and Kurtz- P) is determined by Bray and Kurtz- P method (Bray and Kurtz,1945). Ammonium acetate solution method was used to determine exchangeable potassium (Jackson 1973b). Available sulphur was calculated by turbidimetric method (Hunter, 1984). Enumeration of bacteria on collected soil samples from different treatments was done by using serial dilutions through the drop plate count method (MacFaddin, 2000).
 
Economic analysis
 
Economic auditing involved calculating the expenses in crop production (from planting to harvesting) and determining the economic value of all the products based on market prices. The total cost of carrot production included fixed costs like loan interest, land revenue and miscellaneous fees, along with variable costs such as seeds, organic manure, chemical fertilizers, tillage operation cost, labor wages and plant protection measures etc. Therefore, total cost of production.
 
 
 
The gross returns represented the economic value of the total output, with net return, benefit cost ratio (BCR), profitability and production efficiency were calculated by the following equations:
 



 
 
 
 
 
 
 
            
Statistical analysis
 
The statistical significance of data for soil parameter, yield and quality of carrot were subjected to analyzed through one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) to investigate how the treatments affected all the measured parameters. When a significant effect of additions combined with potassium was observed, Tukey’s HSD test at p<0.05 level was performed as post hoc on all parameters subjected to ANOVA test. The results of the tested parameters were the means ± standard deviation of three replicates. The Statistix 10.0 software package was used for all statistical analyses.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Growth traits
Carrot plants grown in untreated acidic soil had lower plant height (PH) (30.10 cm), number of leaves plant-1 (NLP) (8.33) and canopy spread plant-1 (CSP) (38.81 cm), hence exhibiting significant inhibition of plant growth (Fig 1). The application of different organic amendments and potassium doses plus RF significantly improved the growth characteristics of carrot plants grown in strong acidic terrace soil Table 2. Treatment T8 [RF + HC (5 t ha-1)] showed the highest PHT (46.04 cm) and statistically similar data in T3 (RF), T4 (RF+ excess 25% K), T5 (T2 + PM (5 t ha-1), T6 (RF + PM (5 t ha-1)], T7 (T2 + HC (5 t ha-1), treatment (Table 2). Treatment T6 [RF + PM (5 t ha-1)], showed the maximum NLP (11.33) and responses were similar for all organic amendments and potassium treated plants (Table 2). Meanwhile, the T8 treatment showed canopy spread plant-1 i.e. CSP (85.40 cm) (Table 2). Organic amended plants along with potassium doses showed more CSP i.e., in T2 (49.87%), T3 (81.36%), T4 (105.34%), T5 (86.67%), T6 (114.12%), T7 (105.54%) and T8 (120.05%) than plots with untreated acidic soil (Table 2).

Fig 1: Organic amendments and potassium application impacts on fresh biomass yield of carrot grown in terrace soil (A) total biomass plant-1 (B) Total biomass yield (t ha-1).



Table 2: Growth attributes of carrot influenced by different organic amendments and potassic fertilizer in terrace soil.


 
Yield and yield features
 
Yield-promoting parameters of acidic soil carrot plants were significantly influenced by the application of organic amendments and potassium doses plus soil test-based (SBTF) other fertilizers (Table 3). Plants in the control treatment had the lowest measurement for carrot root length (RL) (8.93 cm), root diameter (RD) (1.51 cm), stem fresh weight plant-1 (SFWP) (18.90 g) and root fresh weight plant-1 (RFWP) (41.35 g). The highest measurements for RL (16.58 cm), RD (3.64 cm) and RFWP (91.97 g) were observed in the T8 treatment. The maximum SFWP (37.23 g) was recorded in T4 treatment. Significantly increased by 56.16 - 85.63%, 78.19 -140.53%, 92.50 - 120.31%, 71.05 - 122.41%, RL, RD, SFWP and RFWP showed notable improvement when organic amendment and potassium rates were applied to plants grown in highly acidic soil (Table 3). The addition of organic amendments, in combination with potassium application, resulted in better yield traits.

Table 3: Different organic amendments and potassic fertilizer application impacts on yield attributes of carrot grown in terrace soil.


 
Biomass yield of carrot plant
 
Different types of organic fertilizers and the addition of potassium plus rest RF had significant positive effects on the total fresh biomass plant-1 (TBP) and the total fresh biomass yield (TFBY) of carrot cultivated in acidic terrace soil (Fig 1). Unmanaged acidic soil resulted in the lowest TBP (58.25 g) and TFBY (23.30 t ha-1) in carrot plants. The organic amendments and potassium treated carrot plants displayed higher TBP and TFBY, contrast to abandoned acidic soil (control treatment). The T8-treated carrot plant produced the highest amounts of TBP and TFBY, with 129.20 g and 51.68 t ha-1, respectively. Alike TBP and TFBY were produced in T4 (123.17 g and 49.27 t ha-1, respectively) and T6 (122.26 g and 48.91 t ha-1, respectively), treatment.
 
Economic productivity
 
The use of organic sources in combination with or without potassium and other chemical fertilizer exerted a notable and statistically significant (p<0.05) influence on carrot yield in strongly acidic terrace soil Table 4. The averaged data revealed that treatment T8 [RF + HC (5 t ha-1)] resulted in the highest marketable yield of carrot at 36.79 t ha-1. These outcomes were found to be comparable with those obtained under T4 (RF+ excess 25% K) and T6 [RF + PM (5 t ha-1)] treatment and remained significantly superior to the other treatments. Treatment T2 (RF- K) exhibited a 31.33% rise in carrot production, which was statistically equivalent to that of untreated control treatment T1.

Table 4: Productivity and profitability of carrot influenced by organic amendment and potassium management practices in terrace soil.


 
Profitability
 
The T8 plot, that received RF + HC (5 t ha-1), had the highest total cultivation cost of 2477.08 US$ ha-1 compare to other plots using various sources to apply OA +/- potassium (Table 4). On the flip side, the control plot had the lowest overall cultivation cost (2172.30 US$ ha-1). The significantly (p<0.05) higher gross return (5025.92 US$ ha-1) and net return (2548.85 US$ ha-1) was registered under treatment, T8 comparable with T6 and T4. The treatment T8 listed the highest BCR (2.03) which was statistically at par with T6 and T4, but significantly better than all other treatments. The highest profitability (50.26 US$ ha-1 day-1) and production efficiency (350.35 kg ha-1 day-1) were significantly noted in T8 comparable with T6 and T4.
 
Carrot yield and quality traits
 
The terrace soil is naturally acidic and impoverished, with low fertility and organic matter content, leading to disruptions in nutrient availability, buildup of acid-forming cations and consequently inhibiting crop growth and yield (Binte et al., 2021; Khanam et al., 2022). The findings demonstrated that plant development, carrot yield and biomass productivity were significantly reduced in acid-prone terrace soil (Fig 1  and Table 2, 3). This might be due to soil acidification induced restriction of nutrient uptake and microbial activities such as organic materials mineralization, recycling of nutrients, nitrification and nitrogen fixation are inhibited or slowed down (Gazey and Davies, 2009; Binte et al., 2021). Moreover, the build-up of toxic cations like Al3+ can hinder root growth by inhibiting cell growth and elongation, reducing cell division at the root tip, which in turn limits water and nutrient uptake, impacting plant growth and development (Lauricella et al., 2020). The decrease in plant height, number of leaves and canopy area of carrot plants may be due to the soil acidity-induced macro-nutrients imbalance, which reduces the availability of nutrients to the roots and eventually disturbs the plant tissues. This would lead to a decrease in meristematic tissue activity and cell expansion. Although, chemical fertilizers contain higher amounts of nutrients and are in readily available forms, but cannot compensate for the decrease in biomass production brought on by low pH, due to the inherent terrace soil characteristics, losses and low uptake (Nisar et al., 2020). The application of organic manure is important approaches for increasing of quantity and quality of plant products (Arebu, 2022). A combination of organic and chemical fertilizers is more effective at increasing yield in acid soil than chemical fertilizer alone (Wang et al., 2019).
       
Carrots require a lot of nutrients and can reach their maximum sustainable yield in poor soil with better nutrient management (Ahmad, 2014; Paramesh et al., 2023). Employing a diverse range of integrated organic and inorganic amendments decreased soil acidity effects and significantly boosted carrot plant growth (e.g. PHT, NLP and TFBY) and yield attributes (e.g. RL, RD, RFWP), showing effectiveness in alleviating soil acidity stress (Fig 1  and Table 2, 3). The significant higher amount of plant biomass and carrot yield was discovered in carrot plants treated with OA and potassium. The study demonstrates that among the amendment combinations, application of household compost with potassium gave the superior carrot yield in terrace soil (Table 4). Combining organic and inorganic amendments attributed to their positive impact on maintaining prolonged nutrient availability and uptake mechanism, positively impacting soil physical and biological properties, ultimately leading to increased biomass and yield of carrots (Isaac and Verghese, 2016; Nisar et al., 2019). The root size was directly impacted by the increased vegetative growth of the plants. This leads to more carbohydrates being stored, leading to an enlarged root diameter, which serves as a storage organ for food (Bhandari et al., 2012; Annisha Afrin et al., 2019).  The collective use of OA (i.e. poultry manure and household compost) and potassium promoted auxin functions in plants, leading to higher RL, RD, RFW and consequently, the overall carrot production (Table 3 and 4). Utilizing organic amendments such as poultry manure and household compost improved the presence of essential nutrients like N, P, K and S, thus promoting nutrient sustainability in acidic degraded soil and enhancing crop productivity (Hailu et al., 2024). Potassium, as one of the key essential nutrients, has tremendous potential for enhancing the growth of root crops (Shikha et al., 2016).  Potassium is a crucial plant nutrient essential for growth, metabolism and development. It activates over 80 enzymes involved in important plant processes like energy metabolism, starch synthesis and photosynthesis, promoting plant growth (Shaban et al., 2018). The weight gain could be explained by the faster movement of photosynthates from the origin to the destination, affected by growth hormones triggered by the combination of OA and potassium, resulting in higher root production (Nisar et al., 2019). The growth in root production could be a result of the combined impact of all components that contribute to yield, such as root diameter, root length and root fresh weight. Mineral composition of carrot root also enthused by addition of OA plus K to terrace soil signposted better nutrient balance in soil. Hence, utilizing a combination of both inorganic and organic sources (such as poultry manure and household compost) along with potassium application could be a suitable strategy for growing carrots in acidic terrace soil.
 
Profitability
 
The combined utilization of OA and RF, with or without K, had a notable impact (p<0.05) on the gross return, net return, B: C ratio, profitability and production efficiency of terrace-grown carrots. The absolute control plot had the lowest input cost and did not implement any management practices, resulting in the lowest production total, ultimately leading to the lowest net return, BCR, production and profitability efficiency for carrots. These patterns suggest that acidity is hindering the efficiency of carrot production in terrace soil. The treatment T8, with RF + HC (5 t ha-1), showed the highest improvement in the B: C ratio, profitability and production efficiency compared to the control, indicating a more effective carrot production in terrace soil (Table 7). Again, treatment T8 had the highest total production cost could be attributed to the greater expenses related to input costs, labor and other expenditures (Avasthe et al., 2020). The data of the present study explained that organic amendments and fertilizers with potassium improves the soil’s physical, chemical and biological characteristics, resulting in higher carrot yields and economic productivity (Babu et al., 2020; Singh and Kumar, 2024). Ultimately, the best economic outcomes, productivity efficiency and profitability in growing carrots was reached by combining potassium-enriched RF with OA. This implies that potassium and OA can offset the detrimental effects of soil acidity and could be a viable method for sustainable root crop production in terrace soil.

CONCLUSION

Application of potassium-rich RF with OA, partially alleviated soil acidification, resulting in a higher average soil pH in soil treated with RF + PM (5 t ha-1) and RF + HC (5 t ha-1).  Incorporating OA and K-enrich RF into terrace soil improved the growth, yield and profitability of carrots, while the RF + HC (5 t ha-1) treatment showed superior amendment potential for restoring productivity. In summary, our findings demonstrate that using RF and K-enrich RF fertilization can mitigate the adverse impacts of soil acidity on soil fertility and crop production in terrace soils.

CONFLICT OF INTEREST

All authors declared that there is no conflict of interest.

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