<div>Background: Lablab purpureus L. is a legume appropriate to grow in tropical environment as it is adaptable to a broad temperature spectrum, rainfall and altitudes. It develops well under humid and warm conditions at temperatures ranging between 18oC and 30oC. It is a drought hardy crop grown in humid and semi-arid regions. The species is propagated by seed and can be sown alone or intercropped; planted near hedges or near other less leafy plants to climb on. Lablab purpureus L. has a flowering response of short-day, with early and late flowering types. Some landraces flower after sowing as early as 55 days. It is predominantly self pollinated although some out crossing is known to occur. 
 
Methods: In this study, Lablab purpureus L. genetic diversity were analyzed utilizing AFLP markers on ten Indian Lablab purpureus L. accessions at Department of Botany, Bundelkhand University, Jhansi during 2019-20. Five primers set were used for checking the diversity in Lablab purpureus L. and the marker performance were measured by using 4 parameters i.e. PIC, Mean resolving Power, Resolving Power and MI.&nbsp; 
 
Result: A total of 52 bands were generated, of which 45 bands (88.46%) were polymorphic which varies from 6 (M-CAT/E-ACT ) to 13 (M-CAC/E-ACC, M-CAC/E-ACT) with mean of 9.00 bands per primer. The PIC value ranges between 0.55 and 0.76 with a mean value of 0.64. The average value of matrix index is 3.04. Higher the MI, better the marker is. The value of RP ranges between 2.60 and 7.80 with a mean value of 4.68. In the UPGMA dendrogram, the 10 accessions were separated into two main clusters with all the primers used. In this study, we have shown that molecular markers can be used successfully to understand the genetic structure of the accessions of Lablab purpureus L. and identified a series of sequence-specific markers that potentially could be used in Lablab purpureus L. genetic mapping analyses. Since Lablab purpureus L. has been considered as a promising crop because of its wide spectrum of adaptability to different ecological conditions than other legumes, participatory evaluation at an early breeding stage could shape the variety being developed to increase the productivity and other traits as well as for utilization as food.</div>

Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism based Genetic Diversity of Tropical Legume: Lablab purpureus var. typicus

<div>Background: Sahiwal cattle write is more prone to lactation failure and short lactation. The present study was conducted to study effects of restricted suckling on productive (with special reference to lactation length) and reproductive performance of Sahiwal cows, who had short lactation length.&nbsp; 
 
Methods: A total of 24 multiparous Sahiwal cows of 2nd-4th parity were selected based on their previous history of short lactation length (70-190 days). Cows were randomly divided into 3 weaning groups i.e. zero day weaning group (G1, n=8), restricted suckling up to 90 days (G2, n=6) and restricted suckling up to 150 days (G3, n=6). Recording of peak yield (PY), lactation milk yield (LMY) and lactation length (LL), udder morphometry, somatic cell count (SCC), milking behaviour and reproduction parameters was done. Blood plasma levels of prolactin (ng/ml), growth hormone (mg/ml) and cortisol (ng/ml), were also studied.&nbsp; 
 
Result: Lactation MY (kg) was found highest in G2 followed by G3 and G1. Lactation length was found significantly (p&le;0.05) longer in group-3. Temperament scoring, days to first heat and service period of cows found significantly higher in RS groups. Overall improvement in lactation length was 38.27% in G2 and 37.28% in G3 as compared to their previous LL. So, the study indicated that the restricted suckling method seems to be more efficient compared to an immediate calf separation since this avoided the cow becoming dry prematurely, improved milk yield, lactation length and growth rate of calves.</div>

Effect of Restricted Suckling on Shortened Lactation Length and Performance of Sahiwal Cattle

<div>Background: The present study investigated the polymorphism in &beta;-lactoglobulin and &alpha;-lactalbumin genes in native Malabari and Attappady black breeds in comparison with Saanen Malabari crossbred goats. The polymorphisms in these proteins and their coding genes were reported to be associated with various dairy traits in ruminants. 
 
Methods: Polymorphism detection was carried out by polymerase chain reaction based restriction fragment length polymorphism method. Chi-square analysis was performed to analyse the status of each population. Association of &beta;-lactoglobulin with dairy traits was performed with univariate analysis of variation. Sanger&rsquo;s sequencing of 426 bp fragment of caprine &beta;-LG gene was performed commercially and sequences were compared with those of other breeds of various geographical areas. 
 
Result: It was proved that all three populations under study observed Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium with respect to b-lactoglobulin locus. Statistical analysis revealed significant relationship of &beta;-lactoglobulin with peak milk yield in Malabari population studied. Sequence analysis of exon 7 and 3&#39;&nbsp;flanking region revealed a novel SNP at (C to A transversion) at 7062 position in the native breeds under study. Phylogenetic tree construction and analysis revealed the native Malabari and Attappady black to different clades. The caprine&nbsp;&alpha;-LA gene appeared to be monomorphic in all the three population under study. Genetic selection utilizing the association of &beta;-lactoglobulin with peak yield could be used to improve the genetic makeup of goats for high production potential.</div>

Whey Protein Genetic Polymorphism and Dairy Traits in Goats of South India

<div>Background: Natural resistance associated macrophage protein 1 (Nramp1) is a relatively conservative gene that plays a crucial role in swine immune response and disease resistance.&nbsp; 
 
Methods: We identified the polymorphisms and gene variations in the exon 2 of Nramp1 using polymerase chain reaction&ndash;restriction fragment length polymorphism and investigated the correlation between the polymorphisms and piglet diarrhea in four pig breeds (Bamei, Duroc, Landrace, and Large White pigs).&nbsp; 
 
Result: The results showed that two alleles (A and B) were identified in all the pig breeds, three genotypes (AA, BB, and AB) were detected in Bamei and Large White breeds, and two genotypes (AA and AB) were detected in Landrace and Duroc breeds. Allele A and genotype AB were dominant in Bamei, Large White, and Landrace breeds, whereas genotype AA was dominant in Duroc pigs. A moderate polymorphism was observed in Landrace and Large White pigs, and polymorphism was abundant in Bamei pigs and low in Duroc pigs. The Chi-square test for Hardy&ndash;Weinberg equilibrium disclosed that the exon 2 of Nramp1 in the four breeds of pigs did not deviate from the Hardy&ndash;Weinberg balance (P&gt;0.05). The results of association analysis showed a significant correlation between breed and piglet diarrhea (P&lt;0.05), and the diarrhea score of Bamei pigs was much lower than those of the other breeds. The study could supply theoretical references for further functional research on Nramp1 gene and for screening genes related to disease-resistance breeding.</div>

<div>Polymorphism of Nramp1 Gene and Its Association with Diarrhea in Pigs</div>

<div style="text-align: justify;">The genetic polymorphism of the CSN1S1 (casein alpha-s1) locus was investigated in Jamunapari goat breed by Sodium Dodicyle Sulphate &ndash; Poly Acrylamide Gel Electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and Polymerase Chain Reaction &ndash; Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (PCR-RFLP). A total of 122 milk and blood samples were collected. The SDS-PAGE pattern revealed the presence of four variants of CSN1S1 locus namely, A, B, E and F. The A allele of a-s1 &ndash; casein was observed in the majority of goats. The genotypic frequency of the AA, BB, BE, AF and FF genotypes of CSN1S1 locus were 0.437, 0.175, 0.250, 0.125 and 0.012, respectively. The PCR-RFLP was performed, six different variant groups of F allele (224)bp, the B/E allelic pair (161+63) bp, A/0 allelic pair (150+63) bp, AD allelic pair (212+150+63) bp, AF allelic pair (224+150+63) bp and BF allelic pair (224+160+63) were obtained after restriction digestion with XmnI. The genotypic frequency of AA, AD, AF, BB, BE, BF and BC genotypes were 0.274, 0.114, 0.147, 0.098, 0.163, 0.081 and 0.163, respectively. The allelic frequency of A, B, C, D, E and F were 0.360, 0.303, 0.081, 0.057, 0.081 and 0.114, respectively. The present study showed that AA genotype had significant effect on total protein content on the milk and AD genotype had significant effect on 90 day milk yield in Jamunapari goat. Thus the CSN1S1 genotype information in Jamunapari could be utilised in selection strategies, in order to select genetic stock for the production of goat milk with higher protein content in marker assisted selection to increase the rate of genetic gain.</div>

<div style="text-align: justify;">Association of the CSN1S1 gene polymorphism with milk composition traits in Jamunapari goat</div>

<div style="text-align: justify;">The aim of this study was to know the polymorphic variants and their association with milk production traits in Malvi and Nimari cattle of Madhya Pradesh at &aacute;S2 casein gene (CSN1S2) gene &nbsp; locus. The PCR amplified products of 1267 base pair (bp) length were digested by restriction endonuclease enzyme EcoRV, which recognizes GAT^ATC sites. The 1267bp product was cut into two fragments of sizes 1150bp and 117bp. &nbsp;All the tested samples yielded different results. Absence of restriction site at both the alleles that resulted in the appearance of single compact bands of size 1267bp was referred to as genotype AA. The samples exhibiting three fragments (1267bp/ 1150bp/ 117bp) were denoted as genotype AB. &nbsp;The RFLP analysis carried out in above both of the breeds of cattle revealed dissimilar genotypic patterns. AA and AB genotypes were observed in Malvi and Nimari . The genotypic and gene frequencies of AA, AB and BB genotypes of &aacute;S2-casein gene (CSN1S2)/EcoRV locus was found to be 0.44, 0.56 and 0.00 in Malvi; 0.68, 0.32 and 0.00 in Nimari and the respective gene frequency for A and B alleles were found to be 0.72 and 0.28 in Malvi; 0.84 and 0.16 in Nimari. The frequency of A allele was found to be highest as compared to B allele in all the four breeds of cattle under the study. Chi-square values for testing correspondence between observed and expected genotypic frequencies at this locus were found to be non-significant in Malvi and &nbsp;Nimari breeds of cattle. The above result indicated &nbsp;that the populations of animals of above both breeds were in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium at this locus. The association of polymorphic variants of &aacute;S2-casein gene (CSN1S2)/EcoRV in Malvi and &nbsp;Nimari breeds of cattle with milk yield per lactation (L), daily milk yield (L) showed the &nbsp;non significant difference was observed between mean MY(L) of AA and AB genotype of Malvi and Nimari and With respect of daily milk yield the &nbsp;Nimari. However, the &nbsp;Nimari breed showed significantly higher &nbsp;daily milk yield than the Malvi breed of cattle.</div>

<div style="text-align: justify;">&aacute;S2 casein gene polymorphism and association with milk production traits in Malvi and Nimari cattle of Madhya Pradesh</div>

<div style="text-align: justify;">The cDNA encoding, T-cell receptor zeta (TCR z; CD247) molecule of Deoni cattle (Bos indicus), was isolated, cloned and sequenced in the present study. The CD247 cDNA comprised 1078 nucleotides including a 30 nucleotide 5&sup1;-untranslated region (UTR), 495 nucleotide single open reading frame (ORF) and 553 nucleotide 3&sup1;-UTR. Deduced amino acid of cattle CD247 sequence was two residues shorter than the corresponding sheep sequences. However, ruminant-specific insertions and substitutions in transmembrane (TM) and intra-cytoplasmic (IC) domain were present in cattle. Immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motifs (ITAMs), the important motifs for TCR signalling, were totally conserved among ruminants including cattle. The 3&sup1; - UTR region of the cattle CD247 was highly homologous to the corresponding region in the buffalo sequence and showed lack of polymorphism after polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) analysis using Hae III and Mse I restriction enzymes in cattle population. Phylogenetically, cattle sequence was closer to buffalo sequence under the ruminant&rsquo;s lineage. The conserved nature of this gene ensures TCR integrity which is vital for induction of optimal and efficient immune response.</div>

Cloning, characterization and identification of polymorphism in TCR Zeta Gene in deoni cattle

<div>Background: At present, our mutton production cannot keep up with the needs of consumers. This study aims to analyze the polymorphism of intron II in the MyoG gene of sheep and investigate its relationship with production traits. It hopes to provide some theoretical research on the supply of mutton in China to serve the production of mutton.&nbsp; 
 
Methods: Five breeds of sheep, including Small-tailed Han sheep, Large-tailed Han sheep, Yuxi fat-tailed sheep, Mongolian sheep and Lanzhou Large-tailed sheep, were selected as the subjects. The Polymerase Chain Reaction-Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) technique was used to genotype the intron II of the MyoG gene. Meat samples were collected from the back of the sheep to determine drip loss, shear force, moisture content, cooking loss and colour. The genetic diversity of the MyoG intron II in the sheep population was calculated using Popgene software and the association between different genotypes and sheep growth traits was analyzed using SPSS 17.0 software. 
 
Result: The results showed that both Small-tailed Han sheep and Lanzhou Large-tailed sheep had three genotypes in the MyoG intron II: AA (368, 540 bp), AB (908, 368, 540 bp) and BB (908 bp). Large-tailed Han sheep, Yuxi fat-tailed sheep and Mongolian sheep had two genotypes in the MyoG intron II: AB (908, 368, 540 bp) and BB (908 bp). The association analysis showed that individuals with the AA and BB genotypes had significantly higher moisture content in their meat than individuals with the AB genotype (p&lt;0.05). The cooking loss in the meat of individuals with the AB and BB genotypes was significantly higher than that of individuals with the AA genotype (p&lt;0.05). The colour of the meat in individuals with the AA genotype and AB genotype was significantly higher than that in individuals with the BB genotype (p&lt;0.05). In conclusion, the polymorphism studied provides valuable information for improving the production performance of sheep.&nbsp;</div>

Polymorphism of MyoG Gene in Sheep and Its Association with Meat Quality Traits

In present study the effect of genetic polymorphism of Fatty acid synthase (FASN) gene on eight traits related to milk production and its composition in 162 Murrah buffaloes was studied. The traits studied includes 305 days milk yield, lactation fat average (LFA), 305 days fat yield (305LFY), lactation solid not fat average (LSA), 305 days solid not fat yield (305LSY), lactation total solid average (LTSA), 305 days total solid yield (305LTSY) and peak yield (PY). Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (RFLP) was used to identify the SNP in a 472 bp PCR amplified product of exon-40 in FASN gene. It was found to be polymorphic with Guanine to Adenine transition and three genotypes namely AA, AG and GG were observed. Allele A was found to be more frequent than G allele. We report for the first time that exon-40 FASN gene is associated with LFA, LTSA and peak yield in Murrah buffaloes. This information can augment future studies to determine the role of bovine FASN gene as a candidate gene marker for a milk fat, total solids and peak milk production.

Influence of FASN gene polymorphism on milk production and its composition traits in Murrah buffaloes

<div>Background: Prolactin is a physiological candidate gene which has significant effects on egg production in poultry. Also, it plays a major role on incubation behaviour (broodiness) in birds. The main objective of the present study was identification of single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) C-2161G in the promoter region of prolactin gene and its association with egg production in Tellicherry native chicken population. 
 
Methods: A total of 200 blood samples were collected from the randomly selected birds of Tellicherry native chicken in All India Co-ordinated Research Project on Poultry improvement (AICRP) farm, Mannuthy, Thrissur, Kerala. Isolation of Genomic DNA was done and the isolated samples were subjected to polymerase chain reaction (PCR) followed by restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis to identify the SNP C-2161G of prolactin gene. 
 
Result: On the basis of RFLP patterns, birds were designated with three different genotypes namely CC, CG and GG. The allelic and genotypic frequency was calculated. The observed genotypic frequency at the SNP site C-2161G was CC (0.61), CG (0.160) and GG (0.23) and the frequency of allele was 0.69 for C and 0.31 for G. The egg production was shown to be statistically similar for the genotypes of SNP C-2161G.</div>

​Identification of Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP) C-2161G in the Promoter Region of Prolactin Gene and its Association with Egg Production in Tellicherry Native Chicken