Background: This study evaluates the efficacy of large animal feed as an economical alternative to standard laboratory rodent diets in Wistar rats, with a focus on body weight, feed and water intake and reproductive health outcomes. 
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Methods: Three groups were observed over four weeks: 1st&nbsp;a control group on standard rodent diets feed) C), 2nd&nbsp;T1 group on large animal feed and 3rd&nbsp;T2 group on large animal feed supplemented with raisins. 
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Result: Body weight analysis showed that standard feed (C) supported higher overall weight gain, while T1 promoted elevated feed and water consumption, indicating its adequacy in maintaining growth. Interestingly, the addition of raisins (T2) led to decreased feed and water intake compared to T1, suggesting potential satiety or palatability effects. The sperm analysis assessments revealed that T2 enhanced sperm motility, particularly in rapid and progressive velocity, which may benefit reproductive efficiency. These findings underscore the potential of large animal feed, supplemented with raisins, to maintain essential physiological parameters, providing a viable alternative for certain laboratory settings. 
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Evaluation of Large Animal Feed as an Alternative to Laboratory Rat Diets along with the Addition of Raisins as a Nutritional Supplement and its Impact on Growth and Fertility on Male Rat

<div style="text-align: justify;">Background: Grapevine is an important perennial crop worldwide, consumed as fresh or dried (raisins) fruit. Grapevines are exposed to a variety of abiotic stresses during their growth. Water shortage is one of the primary stressors and severely restricts the development of the grape industry. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), a kind of beneficial soil microorganism, can create a symbiotic association with plant roots forming arbuscular mycorrhizas (AMs), which play a role in the regulation of plant growth. Methods: This research was accomplished in order to investigate the effect of 4 species mycorrhizal fungi on grapevine &lsquo;Asgari&rsquo; cultivar under water stress conditions. We use of 3 irrigation regime that consist: 100% (as control), 70 and 40 % of field capacity. As well as, mycorrhizal treatments include: non-use of mycorrhizal (NM) and use of mycorrhiza (M) (Glomus mosseae, G. intraradices, G. etunicatum and G. verciform).&nbsp; Result: The results indicated that shoot and root dry weight, pigments (total chlorophyll and carotenoids), relative water content (RWC), P, Mg2+ and Ca2+ under water limitation decreased but electrolyte leakage (EL), proline and total soluble sugars (TSS) increased chlorophyll content, RWC and nutrient (P, K+ and Ca2+) in M plants was higher than NM plants. Generally, the use of mycorrhiza fungi in this experiment reduced the harmful effects of water stress. Our results shown that G. verciform and G. etunicatum were better for symbiosis with &ldquo;Asgari&rdquo; grapevine under water limitation.</div>

<div style="text-align: justify;">Comparison of Effectiveness of Arbuscular Mycorrhiza Fungi (AMF) on Vitis vinifera under Low Irrigation Conditions</div>