<div>Background: Gauri takra (GT) was found to be an excellent refreshing drink. The current investigation attempts to assess the phytochemical identification and antioxidant properties of Gauri Takra. 
 
Methods: According to the standard procedures, the food recipe GT was examined for phytochemical identification, total flavonoids, total phenolic content, in vitro radical scavenging assays and HPTLC analysis. 
 
Result: High-Performance Thin-Layer Chromatography analysis of the methanolic extract of GT has been screened for phytochemical identification. The qualitative test revealed that the methanolic extract of GT contained the presence of quercetin and their Rf value was 0.62 and the 6-gingerol Rf value was detected as 0.68. The phenolic content of GT was 2.69&plusmn;0.02 mg TAE/gm and a total flavonoid content of 4.35&plusmn;0.34 mg QAE/gm. Aqueous extract of GT were investigated for their antioxidant properties using DPPH, FRAP and ABTS&bull;+&nbsp;radical scavenging assay. There was a significant dose-dependent inhibition of in-vitro radical scavenging assays as demonstrated by the aqueous extract of GT. Thus, our results show that GT was exhibited strongest antioxidant activity.</div>

Phytochemical Identification and in vitro Radical Scavenging Activities of Medicated Butter Milk &ldquo;Gauri Takra&rdquo;: The Ancient Traditional Recipe of Ayurveda

<div style="text-align: justify;">The phenolic compounds and radical scavenging activity of ethanolic extracts of five adzuki beans were evaluate according to cultivar. The predominant phenolic acids in five cultivars of adzuki bean were (+)-catechin and gallic acid. Antioxidant capacities were determined using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl and 2,2-azinobis (3-ethylbenothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) diammonium salt, and reducing power was positively enhanced according to the total polyphenolic content. In a cell-based assay, adzuki beans showed cytoprotective effects against oxidative stress induced by tert-butyl hydroperoxide and inhibitory effects on the production of reactive oxygen species, except for the cultivar Vigna angularis var. nipponensis cv. Whinnarae. In conclusion, (+)-catechin was the predominant phenolic compound found in adzuki beans, but there were differences according to the cultivar. Overall, the adzuki bean cultivars showed different antioxidant activities and cytoprotective effects according to the concentration and composition of phenolic compounds.</div>

Phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity of adzuki bean cultivars

<div style="text-align: justify;">The aim of this investigation was to evaluate the antioxidant activity, mineral content and dietary fiber of unprocessed and processed pearl millet, sorghum and mung bean grains. The methanolic extracts of different grains flours were analyzed for 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging activity. The samples were also evaluated for dietary fiber, mineral content and available mineral. The results indicated that the highest amount of total, soluble and insoluble dietary fibre content was present in mung bean. Maximum iron and zinc content was observed in unprocessed pearl millet whereas mung bean had highest amount of calcium content. &nbsp;Processing of grains improve the availability of minerals. Germinated mung bean showed DPPH free radical scavenging activity and total phenolic content.&nbsp;</div>

<div style="text-align: justify;">Antioxidant activity, mineral content and dietary fiber of grains</div>

Background: Teucrium polium L. has an essential place in traditional medicine throughout the world. Their use, based on empirical knowledge passed down from generation to generation, has helped to treat a multitude of illnesses and relieve a variety of symptoms. These traditional practices have laid the foundations for modern research, which seeks to understand the significant antibacterial properties. The bioactive compounds present in the plant, such as essential oils and polyphenols, have demonstrated antimicrobial activity against a wide range of pathogenic bacteria. This includes bacteria responsible for gastrointestinal, skin and respiratory infections. 
&nbsp; 
Methods: The focus of this study was the extraction of essential oils from the aerial portions of Teucrium polium L. via the hydrodistillation method, their anti-oxidant effect using the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging assay method and iron reduction and antimicrobial activity of these essential oils was evaluated against seven ATCC bacterial strains: Staphylococcus aureus ATCC25923, Escherichia coli ATCC25922, Salmonella typhimurium ATCC10428, Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC27853, Enterococcus faecalis ATCC29212, Klebsiella pneumoniae ATCC700603 and Bacillus subtilis ATCC7033. In addition, the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) were determined by incorporation method. These tests were carried out at the Laboratoires de the analytical chemistry laboratory at the Department of Pharmacy, Badji Mokhtar University, Annaba, Algeria. 
&nbsp; 
Result: The hydro distillation method yielded an essential oil of 0.45%. Antimicrobial activity was tested by the sensitivity test, which revealed inhibition zone diameters ranging from 11.5 mm to &pound;20 mm. In addition, minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) were determined, showing variations between bacterial strains, suggesting potential therapeutic importance for some strains. Additionally, the antioxidant activity of the essential oils was assessed using the iron-reducing capacity assay and the DPPH free radical scavenging assay. Although the results indicated notable antioxidant potential, the IC50 values obtained were relatively high when compared to ascorbic acid, registering 107.38 mg/ml for iron reduction and 91.62 mg/ml for DPPH reduction. These findings contribute to the exploration of the therapeutic potential of Teucrium polium L. essential oils for their antimicrobial and antioxidant properties.

Evaluation of Biological Activity of Essential Oil from Teucrium polium L.

Background: Pollen grains (PGE) contain a mixture of essential nutrients. Many studies have indicated that polyphenol compounds and, especially, flavonoids are among the 2ry metabolites that have many biological activities, such as antioxidant, anticancer and antibacterial activities. 
 
Methods: The main aim of the study is to evaluate the potent and high antioxidant regarding its capability of free radical scavenging activities via ABTS, ORAC and metal chelation assays; anticancer [anti-hepatocellular carcinoma (HepG-2)] and antibacterial activities against the two bacterial strains (Bacillus subtilis and Escherichia coli) of the pollen grain extract (PGE). Methods: Pollen grain extract (PGE) was chemically characterized using GC-MS, SEM and TEM and antioxidant capacities were determined via three assays (ORAC, ABTS and metal chelation) for the estimation of free radical scavenging capacities. antibacterial screening against two bacterial strains (B. subtilis and E. coli), in vitro estimation of cytotoxicity against proliferation of hepatocellular carcinoma (HepG-2). 
 
Result: GC-MS indicated the chemical structure of the pollen grains that contain a lot of phenolics and flavonoids. SEM examination, which revealed the external surface of the used PGE, showed a branched chain appearance with an amorphous structure in a small size. TEM examination, which revealed the internal structure of the used PGE, which appeared as spherical black spots inside a large line-dashed sphere, also clarified that the PGE was found to possess a high potency against the hepatic cancer cells, as evidenced by the inhibition of HepG-2 proliferation growth of cancer cells, which was measured at 84.09 &micro;g/ml at 100 &micro;g/ml. Strong antibacterial capacities of PGE are shown against two strains (B. subtilis and E. coli), at nearly low concentrations recording growth concentration at 0.625 mg/ml. PGE exhibited a potent antioxidant capacity via recording ABTS and ORAC activities at 1028.76 and 406.87 (&micro;M Trolox eq/ml), in addition to the metal chelation activity by 35.68 (&micro;M EDTA eq/mg extract). Therefore, it can be concluded that the PGE is effective with novel potent antioxidant, antibacterial and anticancer capacities.

Chemical Characterization of Pollen Grains Ethanolic Extract (PGE) with Evaluation of its Potent Antioxidant, Antibacterial and Anti-Cancer Activities against Hepatocellular Carcinoma (HepG2)

Background: As part of the valorization of Algerian medicinal flora, Juniperus phoenicea has attracted attention due to its diverse pharmacological properties. The current investigation aims to evaluate the phytochemical profile, antimicrobial potential and antioxidant activity of the methanolic extract of J. phoenicea leaves. 
 
Methods: J. phoenicea&rsquo;s methanolic extract was subjected to various phytochemical tests. Antimicrobial activity was tested against six conventional pathogenic bacterial strains and one fungal strain using the disc-diffusion technique. The minimum inhibitory concentration was determined using the agar dilution method. Antioxidant activity was estimated by DPPH radical scavenging assay. 
 
Result: The phytochemical screening of the methanolic extract indicated the presence of many secondary metabolite categories, including tannins, flavonoids, saponins and terpenoids. Antimicrobial activity was evaluated using the disc diffusion method and the bacterial strains Staphylococcus aureus and Listeria monocytogenes were shown to be the most sensitive. However, no antimicrobial activity was detected against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli or the fungal strain Candida albicans. The minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) was determined using the solid medium dilution technique and the results ranged from 1.56 to 12.5 mg/mL. The DPPH scavenging capability indicated that the methanolic extract has modest antioxidant activity, with an IC50 value of 0.82 mg/mL.

Phytochemical Screening, Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Activity of Methanolic Extract of Juniperus phoenicea Leaves

<div style="text-align:justify">An investigation was carried out to study the antioxidant, anticancer and docking activities of medicinal plant, Tulsi &ndash; Ocimum sanctum. The results of antioxidant activity of Tulsi leaves extract showed that tulsi leaves has good free radical scavenging ability and IC50 value was found to be 54.23% at 500 &micro;g/ml. The results of anticancer activity of Ocimum santum on normal VERO cell and MCF-7 cell line has showed good anticancer activity having the IC50 concentration at 51.1 &igrave;|g/ml against MCF-7 cell lines &ndash; Human Breast cancer cell line thereby indicating that the percentage of cell viability increases with the increased concentration of Ocimum santum (Tulsi) whereas 24.4% cell viability was recorded in the normal VERO cell line. DNA laddering assay was performed on agarose gel electrophoresis. A clear fragmented DNA ladders were observed in tulsi treated MCF-7&ndash; Human Breast cancer cell lines. &nbsp;But the untreated normal VERO cell lines did not show any DNA fragmentation. Thereby confirms that Ocimum sanctum induced cell death on breast cancer cell line MCF-7 cancerous cell through apoptosis. Molecular docking was carried out (AutoDock tools), Docking simulations was performed using Lamarckian genetic algorithm of Solis and Wests local search method. Interaction between HDAC6 and Cirsilileon possessing binding energy showed +15.91kcal for interaction studies. It was found that most of the hydrogen bonding is with the residues TYR 76, TRP 35, SER 67, TYR 81, GLU 33, TYR 48, ILE 69 and MET 53 present in the binding pocket. The ligand was docked with the target protein, and the best docking poses were identified and the binding poses of the cirsilieon was shown. This act as the best docking poses shows how the ligand molecule fits into the binding region of the target protein.&nbsp;</div>

Antioxidant, anticancer and molecular docking activity of tulsi plant

Background: Four Aranda hybrids, including Aranda Bangkhuntian Gold, A. Calypso, A. Royal Sapphire and A. Sayan Duangporn were analyzed for their bioactive substances and antioxidative activities as commercial cut flowers with suggested medicinal properties. 
 
Methods: A completely randomized design was conducted for this study. Total flavonoids, total phenolics and 2,2&cent;-azinobis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS), 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and ferrous ion (Fe (II)) radical scavenging activities were analyzed from the ethanoic extracts of four parts, including flower bud, blooming flowers, leaves and roots of the four Aranda cultivars. Furthermore, the dried powder samples were kept at room temperature (25-28&deg;C) or cool (5-7&deg;C) for six months to compare the bioactive substances and antioxidative activities after storage.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; 
 
Result: In most Aranda hybrids, the leaf ethanolic extracts had the highest total flavonoids and total phenolic contents range from 26.63-40.05 mg rutin equivalent (RUE)/g extract and 152.00-254.13 mg gallic acid equivalent (GAE)/g extract, respectively, which is remarkably different from the floral parts (bud or blooming flowers) that had only 8.00-20.80 mg RUE/g extract and 97.44-143.44 mg GAE/g extract, respectively. The highest ABTS and Fe (II) antioxidant activities were detected in the leaf part with 53.13-78.85% and 11.19-15.07%, respectively, while the inhibitory effect on DPPH of most Aranda hybrids was the highest in the root part (67.37-80.90%), which 1.13-2.78 folds higher than the floral parts. Compared among the four Aranda hybrids, the A. Bangkhuntian Gold had the highest leaf total phenolic content (291.67 mg GAE/g extract) and inhibitory activities on ABTS and DPPH in the root part, about 80.90-82.23%. At six months of dried sample storage at room temperature or in a refrigerator, the total phenolic contents, ABTS, DPPH and Fe (II) activities in all organs of most Aranda hybrids could maintain similar levels in both storage temperatures. In contrast, the total flavonoid contents of leaves and roots were more sensitive to room temperature since the level was markedly reduced.&nbsp;

Influence of Storage Temperature and Duration on Phytochemical Contents and Antioxidant Activities of the Inflorescence of Aranda Hybrids

<div>Background: Mitigation process to curb the ever increasing problem of antimicrobial resistance through development of new class of antimicrobials is slow and costly affairs. Research on alternative to conventional antimicrobials using plant based products as good source of numerous phytochemicals have potential to cope up the antimicrobial resistance. The present study was formulated on detection of in vitro antimicrobial and antibiofilm properties of methanol leaf extract of Citrus maxima against clinical isolates of Staphylococcus aureus. 
 
Methods: Leaves of Citrus maxima plants were collected from the campus of College of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, Central Agricultural University, Aizawl, Mizoram and processed for preparation of methanol crude extract. The plant extracts were evaluated for their phytochemical and antioxidant properties using DPPH (2, 2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) method. Twenty well characterized biofilm producing and multidrug resistant Staphylococcus aureus strains recovered from milk of mastitic cows from Mizoram were received from the cultural repository of the department. The plant extracts were subjected to determine their antimicrobial and antibiofilm activities against all the bacterial isolates including&nbsp;S. aureus (ATCC 29213) by in vitro agar well diffusion method and 96 well microtiter plate methods, respectively. The MIC value of the plant extracts were determined by microdilution method. 
 
Result: In the methanol leaf extract of C. maxima alkaloids, glycosides, terpenoids, tannin and phenol and flavonoids were detected by qualitative analysis. Saponin, protein, free amino acids, steroids and carbohydrates were not detected. The free radical scavenging potential of the extract was found to be 10.66&plusmn;1.84% to 36.10&plusmn;1.98%, which was comparatively lower than ascorbic acid (83.39&plusmn;0.13% to 89.76&plusmn;0.24%). A total of 8 (40.0%), 5 (25.0%) and 7 (35.0%) strains were recorded as weak, moderate and strong biofilm producer. Maximum antibacterial activity against standard culture was observed with the zone of inhibition of 18 mm at 200 mg/mL concentration and MIC value at 25 mg/mL. Maximum antimicrobial activities against clinical isolates were recorded with 11.8&plusmn;1.13 mm zone of inhibition at 200 mg/mL and MIC value at 25 mg/mL. The clinical isolates exhibited highest (85.94&plusmn;1.00%) biofilm inhibition at 6.25 mg/mL. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first-ever report on antibiofilm and antioxidative activities of C. maxima leaf extracts against any bacteria.</div>

Antimicrobial and Antibiofilm Activities of Methanol Leaf Extract of Citrus maxima against Clinical Isolates of Multidrug Resistant Staphylococcus aureus

The Thai cultivar Capsicum, namely &ldquo;Bang Chang chili pepper&rdquo; (C. annuum var. acuminatum), is originally planted in Samut Songkhram, Thailand. Rice bran oil (RBO) is a healthy oil for preventing cardiovascular diseases. The study aimed to extract this chili pepper using RBO maceration, which was deemed safer. Capsicum extract was determined for capsaicin and &beta;-carotene contents as bioactives of Capsicum and &gamma;-oryzanol and &gamma;-tocopherol as bioactives of RBO. Total phenolic content (TPC) was also monitored. The extract was further evaluated for in vitro biological activities, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-obesity and anti-diabetic properties. Capsaicin contained in the extract was 0.002&plusmn;0.0 mg/100 g non-pungent (0-700 SHU). Therefore, &beta;-carotene was 3,489.5&plusmn;15.2 &mu;g/100 g, higher than dried chili pepper. &gamma;-oryzanol and &alpha;-tocopherol contained in the extract were 4,939.6&plusmn;11.0 mg/kg and 20,090&plusmn;45.3 &mu;g/100 g, which may affect its biological activities. However, TPC was a low amount (1.05&plusmn;0.05 mg GAE/g). Capsicum extract moderately scavenged DPPH radicals (IC50 = 72.46&plusmn;8.8 mg/mL) and preferred anti-inflammatory activity by inhibiting albumin degradation (IC50 = 1.09&plusmn;0.04 mg/mL) and inhibiting NO production from macrophage cells (21.31&plusmn;4.26%, at 0.1 mg/mL). Capsicum extract exerted in vitro anti-diabetic activity by inhibiting &alpha;-amylase and &alpha;-glucosidase (IC50 = 1.35&plusmn;0.26 and &gt;1,000 mg/mL), while there was a lack of anti-lipase. Capsicum extract (0.0001-1.0 mg/mL) was non-toxic against human fibroblast cells. In conclusion, the simple extraction of this Capsicum within RBO contained bioactive compounds with non-pungency and exhibited biological properties for health benefits with non-toxicity that can be applied for external medicinal use and food seasoning.

&ldquo;Bang Chang&rdquo;, Thai Cultivar Chili Pepper (Capsicum annuum var. acuminatum) Extract in Rice Bran Oil and its Biological Activities

Phytochemical Identification and in vitro Radical Scavenging Activities of Medicated Butter Milk “Gauri Takra”: The Ancient Traditional Recipe of Ayurveda