<div>Background: Among the pulse crops mungbean is one of the richest sources of protein. There is great loss in the yield of mungbean due to various reasons may be biotic or abiotic constraints. To overcome the yield loss various physiological activities are studied. Physiological activities of the plant are greatly influenced by the source manipulation, plant growth regulators and chemical in mungbean. In correspondence to this, an experiment was conducted to study the physiological parameters in greengram. 
 
Methods: A factorial randomized block design in two respective years, i.e. 2016 and 2017 to study the response of source manipulation (nipping, 25% defoliation and 50% defoliation), plant growth regulators (GA3 and NAA at 25 and 50mg/l respectively) and chemical (Thiourea 500 and 1000mg/l) on the physiological parameters like Crop Growth Rate (CGR), Relative Growth Rate (RGR), Net Assimilation Rate (NAR) and Leaf Area (LA) in greengram at 30, 45, 60 and 75 DAS/harvest at Regional Research Station, Anand Agricultural University, Anand.&nbsp; 
 
Result: From the obtained results it can be proposed that the physiological parameters like crop growth rate, relative growth rate and net assimilation rate increased with the increasing phase and decreased at harvesting stage. While leaf area increased significantly at each growth phase. The treatment of nipping M2 was noted significantly higher value for CGR i.e., 8.42, 16.17 and 11.48 g/cm2/day/10, for RGR i.e., 0.544, 2.967 and 1.290 g/day, for NAR i.e., 0.466, 2.959 and 1.484 mg/cm2/day and for LA i.e. 96.87, 218.94, 381.88 and 588.78 cm2. While the treatment S2 GA3 25 mg/l was noted significantly higher value for CGR i.e, 8.60, 16.67 and 11.69 g/cm2/day/10, for RGR i.e., 0.568, 2.938 and 1.202 g/day, for NAR i.e., 0.372, 3.043 and 1.529 mg/cm2/day and for LA i.e., 96.61, 224.75, 382.20 and 580.42 cm2 contributing to the higher seed yield under M2 nipping treatment i.e., (1719.7 kg/ha) and S2 treatment i.e., GA3 25 mg/l (1714.1 kg/ha). Thus, GAM-5 had a better source-sink partitioning efficiency.</div>

<div>Response of Physiological Parameters in Greengram (Vigna radiata L. Wilckzek) cv. GAM-5 to Source Manipulation, Plant Growth Regulators and Chemical</div>

Background: Coconut is one of the major plantation crops in Kerala which are planted at a wider spacing of 7.6 m &times; 7.6 m giving an ample opportunity for growing intercrops. To enhance soil fertility and productivity of crops inclusion of legumes is a viable option. Blackgram, though a shade sensitive crop performs well in partially shaded coconut gardens due to fast growing nature. The unique ability of biological nitrogen fixation, soil amelioration, carbon sequestration, low water requirement and capacity to withstand extreme drought, pulses have remained an integral component of coconut based cropping system. Since blackgram is a shade sensitive crop, to increase the productivity of blackgram in coconut garden, foliar spray of nutrients and growth regulators is a viable option. Under, shaded or stressed situations, nutrients and plant growth regulators provide optimum vegetative growth by regulating plant growth and architecture. The primary objective of the present study was to investigate the impact of foliar nutrition and growth regulator application on the physiology and yield of different blackgram varieties. 
 
Methods: A field trial was conducted at College of Agriculture, Vellayani, Kerala, India during rabi 2020 and summer 2020-21. To find the performance of five blackgram varieties. The treatments consisted of five performing blackgram varieties under partial shade viz; Sumanjana, DBGV 5, VBN 5, VBN 6, CO 6 and foliar sprays of nutrients (19:19:19 NPK, sulphate of potash) and plant growth regulators [naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) and salicylic acid (SA)] alone and in combinations in split plot design at 45 and 60 days after sowing (DAS).&nbsp; 
 
Result: The study identified Sumanjana and DBGV 5 as shade adaptive varieties with suitable physiological traits. In both seasons, a higher stomatal conductance and lower stomatal index were observed, indicating a more efficient allocation of resources towards the photosynthetic machinery. Foliar spray of 19:19:19 (1%) and NAA at 40 mg/L and SA at 100 mg/L at 45 and 60 DAS resulted in higher seed yield, dry matter production and also higher net income and benefit cost ratio for these two varieties.&nbsp;&nbsp;

Physiological Response of Blackgram Varieties to Foliar Nutrition and Growth Regulators under Partial Shade in Coconut Orchard in Kerala

<div>Background: Horsegram is an important pulse crop grown as Rabi crop in Tamil Nadu. Kharif sown crop could not flowers may be because of more number of tendrils produced as compare to Rabi sown crop. Hence, an attempt was made to reduce the number of tendrils and induce flowering in horsegram during Kharif season by plant growth regulators.&nbsp; 
 
Methods: A field experiment was conducted to study the impact of plant growth regulators viz., salicylic acid (100 ppm), chlormequat chloride (CCC - 250 ppm), mepiquat chloride (250 ppm), tri iodo benzoic acid (TIBA - 200 ppm) and nitrobenzene (0.2%) on physiological traits and tendril growth associated with flowering in horsegram during Kharif. Different treatments were applied through foliar application at 25 Days after sowing.&nbsp; 
 
Result: Among the PGRs, foliar application of TIBA registered the lowest number of tendrils (2.3) followed by CCC (3.0) compared to other treatments. Higher root length of 16.8 cm and RWC of 82.3% was found in CCC treatment. CCC also registered the highest photosynthetic rate (27.15 &micro;mol m-2 s-1), transpiration rate (18.06 mmol m-2 s-1) and lowest leaf temperature (26&deg;C) compared to other treatments. The highest soluble protein content of 13.1 mg g-1 was also estimated in CCC treatment followed by mepiquat chloride (12.51 mg g-1). Sucrose phosphate synthase (SPS) activity did not show any significant difference between the treatments. Number of flowers buds formed per plant was zero and hence the flowering did not take place in any treatments. Among the plant growth regulators used, TIBA and CCC registered its positive action on reduced the number of tendrils and leaf temperature, but not enough to induce flowering under Kharif season.</div>

Impact of Exogenous Plant Growth Regulators on Physiological Traits, Tendril and Flowering in Horsegram (Macrotyloma uniflorum Lam) under Kharif Season&nbsp;

<div>Background: Low temperatures during flowering severely affect crop growth and yield.&nbsp; 
 
Methods: This experiment was conducted under potted conditions with LXD 4 and TJH as test materials and pre-sprayed with exogenous ABA at a concentration of 20 mg&middot;L-1 at flowering stage, respectively and then with an average of 15&deg;C condition for 5 days. 
&nbsp; 
Result: The results showed that foliar spraying exogenous ABA effectively inhibited the increase of MDA content and relatively significantly improved the photosynthetic parameters such as Gs and Tr and alleviated the loss of yield factors caused by chilling stress. Compared with spraying water, spraying exogenous ABA can significantly increase the yield per pot of LXD 4 by 6.72~17.77% and TJH by 6.41~37.04% under low temperature conditions. In summary, foliar spraying exogenous ABA ameliorated the effects of chilling stress on the physiological characteristics of adzuki bean leaves and improved yield as a result of improved antioxidant defense mechanisms which impeded lipid peroxidation. Thus, we conclude that foliar spraying exogenous ABA could decelerate the damages caused by chilling stress to some extent.</div>

Effect of Exogenous Abscisic Acid (ABA), a Potential Growth Regulator on Physiological Response to Chilling Stress of Adzuki Bean (Vigna angularis) at Flowering Stage

The concept of water movement across cell membranes eventually lead to identification of water channels, known as &lsquo;Aquaporins&rsquo;. The transport function exerted by aquaporins (AQPs) is carried out efficiently by 13 distinct isoforms of AQPs in mammals. AQPs help in regulation of physiological functions of various organ systems and have a functional role in stress associated with various pathological conditions. This review summarises the involvement of AQPs in transport of ROS and oxidative stress regulation in various organ systems. AQP1, AQP4, AQP7 and AQP9 are the major AQPs in the cardiac tissues of various animals, playing vital role in the patho-physiology of congestive heart failure, myocardial oedema, myocardial ischemia and polymicrobial sepsis. In digestive system, AQP1, AQP3, AQP4, AQP7, AQP8, AQP10 and AQP11 are localised in gastro-intestinal tract, modulating patho-physiology of pseudomembranous colitis, bile induced diarrhoea, irritable bowel syndrome and intestinal ulcers. AQPs in enteric tissues are engaged in metabolism of H2O2, providing a protective mechanism against oxidative stress. AQP1, AQP2, AQP3, AQP4 and AQP11 are major renal AQPs involved in ureteral obstruction, nephrogenic diabetes insipidus and kidney injury. In respiratory system, AQP1, AQP2, AQP4 and AQP5 are expressed in various pathological circumstances like lung injury and pulmonary inflammation due to oxidative stress. Thus, the evidences regarding the role of AQPs in oxidative stress offer a foundation for comprehending the adaptive mechanisms to oxidative injury at cellular level, which helps in strategizing breeding programmes and serves as biomarkers for efficient diagnosis.

&nbsp;

The Role of Aquaporin in Stress Physiology: A Review

Leptin a multifarious hormone was discovered in 1994, a protein synthesized and secreted by adipose tissue has been shown to regulate feed intake in several species of animals. Although, a nimiety of information exists regarding the physiological role of leptin in animals, but the regulation and action of leptin in reproductive aspects of domestic animals is still naive. Emerging evidence in several species indicates that leptin may also affect the hypothalamo-pituitary-gonadal axis thus augmenting various reproductive processes. Leptin mRNA receptors are present in the anterior pituitary and hypothalamus of several species. Evidence to support direct action of leptin at the level of the gonad indicates that the leptin receptor and its mRNA are present in ovarian tissues of several species, including cattle. These leptin receptors are functional, since leptin inhibits insulin-induced steroidogenesis of both granulosa and thecal cells of cattle in vitro. Leptin receptors are present in buffalo corpus luteum in different stages of the estrous cycle. In both primates and animals, leptin receptors exist in placental tissues and may regulate metabolism of the fetal-placental unit. During pregnancy, placental production of leptin may be a major contributor for the increase in maternal leptin in primates. Leptin association can be made for body energy stores, dietary energy intake and reproductive functions in animals.

Role of leptin in physiology of animal reproduction-A review

<div>The leaf yellowing is the first visible sign of senescence, which starts at the margins of the leaf and progresses to the blade. Although, transcriptional factor family genes generally encode meticulous regulators which perform a range of functions in turns regulating the physiological and developmental mechanism of plant stature. However, the genetic relationship of TFs genes in regulating the cell death of Arabidopsis is well not understood to date. TFs family in a plant regulates various developmental and stress responses in underline pathways. In our review we observed the genetic relationship of TFs genes in regulations of cell death in Arabidopsis. Given that, programmed cell death (PCD) being an active process that includes the expression of hundreds of genes. It is speculated that many&nbsp;TFs are involved in the core elements of the regulatory network. There are only a few factors that are being demonstrated in involving the regulation of cell death, by evaluating the leaf senescence appearances of knocking of mutants and by identifying downstream target genes. In this review, we have focused on the manifold roles of TFs during genetic relationships and the regulation of cell death in Arabidopsis. We also deliberated how the transcription factors family gene regulates the cells&rsquo; death by different hormonal stress, environmental strain and their role in retrograde signaling. For deep understanding of regulatory molecular mechanisms of cell death in the plant, future research may be hypothesized to collect appropriate evidence and a detailed study may be implemented on the upstream pathway with a specific targeted gene that recognizes the stress signals involved in cell death in plants. Also, crosstalk between mitochondria and chloroplast is mainly being focused to better understand the regulations of cell death in plants. Present review concludes that regulating the cell death of Arabidopsis is very important for meeting future global food needs, crop yields. Overexpression of ERF transcription factors genes relating cell death of&nbsp;Arabidopsis confers broad-spectrum resistance to pathogens and other abiotic stresses and can also make transgenic plants resistant to drought, salinity and freezing.</div>

Genetic Relationship of Transcriptional Factor Genes in the Regulation of Cells Death in Arabidopsis: A Review

<div>Though breeding for drought resistance is complicated due to the many processes involved and their interaction with the environment, availability of precise, cheap and easy to apply selection tool is critical. The present study quantified the response of potato genotypes to drought and identified potential morpho-physiological traits that are useful for selection of drought tolerant genotypes. The study assessed sixty genotypes under two irrigation regimes: fully watered non-stress and terminal drought, where the irrigation water supply to the crop was withheld after 50 % flowering to induce post-flowering stress. Measurements for various morpho-physiological, yield and quality related traits were taken following the potato crop trait ontology. The post-flowering stress induced in this study caused a tuber yield reduction of 33.13% compared with the non-stressed treatment. The genotypes responded differently in tuber yielding potential to the drought. This differential tuber yield response to drought was associated with up and downward regulation of multiple traits related to drought adaptation in potatoes. Drought caused downward regulation on trait responses such as harvest index, leaf area and specific leaf area. Plant height, aboveground biomass and relative water content of leaf contributed negatively for tuber yield under stressed condition. Therefore, the selection attributes identified from this study could help the potato breeding program in the country to develop climate resilient potato varieties.</div>

<div>Morpho-Physiological Traits of Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) for Post-Flowering Drought Resistance</div>

Background: Salt stress is a major limiting factor for alfalfa yield due to its relatively low salt tolerance. High soil salinity adversely impacts alfalfa growth and development, leading to reduced yield. Melatonin (MT) is known to play a significant role in enhancing plant resistance to abiotic stresses. However, the mechanisms underlying melatonin-mediated abiotic stress responses, particularly salt stress, are not well understood. To address this gap, we conducted a study focusing on germinating alfalfa seeds under salt stress. 
&nbsp; 
Methods: Physiological indexes and transcriptomics analyses were carried out on the germinated seeds to investigate the effects of melatonin on alfalfa seedlings under salt stress conditions. 
&nbsp; 
Result: Our results revealed that the application of melatonin led to an increase in shoot length and fresh weight of alfalfa seedlings under salt stress. Moreover, key physiological indexes such as peroxidase (POD) activity and glutathione (GSH) content were increased, while content of malondialdehyde and superoxide anions decreased. Transcriptomic analysis identified a total of 2,131 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in the salt-treated group, with 726 up-regulated and 1,405 down-regulated genes, while the MT-treated group showed 2,896 DEGs, of which 1,097 were up-regulated and 1,799 were down-regulated. Further, KEGG enrichment analysis highlighted the enrichment of DEGs in pathways including flavonoid biosynthesis, ABC transporter, glutathione metabolism and the MAPK signaling pathway, with these pathways more significantly enriched in the MT-treated group. These findings collectively indicate that melatonin plays a crucial role in the response of alfalfa to salt stress and provide new insights into melatonin mediated gene expression of alfalfa salt tolerance.

Identification of Salt-responsive Genes in Melatonin Regulated Alfalfa Salt Tolerance by Transcriptome Analysis

Background: Overwintering is a critical limiting factor for alfalfa production in northern regions, directly influencing yield in the following year. 
 
Methods: A two-factor split-plot experiment was conducted with two nitrogen rates, 0 and 60 kg N ha-1&nbsp;and ten alfalfa varieties. Winter survival rate, subsequent-year yield, physiological and biochemical traits of root crowns and morphological characteristics were systematically analyzed. 
 
Result: Nitrogen application at 60 kg N ha-1&nbsp;significantly increased winter survival rate by 3.50% to 7.95% across varieties. Variety Chaoxinxing showed the highest survival rate, which was 28.16% higher than that of Caoyuan No.2. Nitrogen application also increased hay yield by 10.57% to 11.63%. Under the same nitrogen rate, Chaoxinxing outperformed other varieties by 52.42% to 140.51%. Physiological analyses revealed that nitrogen enhanced cold resistance: in February, soluble sugars in root crowns increased by 2.55% to 5.89%, soluble proteins by 4.98% to 16.65% and free proline by 11.42% to 12.27%, while malondialdehyde content decreased by 24.06% to 34.8%. Activities of superoxide dismutase, peroxidase and catalase were also elevated. Nitrogen supply improved root crown diameter and burial depth, with Chaoxinxing and Qishi T showing stronger responses than Caoyuan No.2. Path analysis indicated that osmoregulatory substances, antioxidant enzymes and morphological traits were positively correlated with winter survival rate, whereas malondialdehyde content was negatively correlated.In conclusion,&nbsp;this study provides new mechanistic insights into variety-specific overwintering performance under nitrogen regulation. Combining high hardiness varieties such as Chaoxinxing and Qishi T with appropriate nitrogen application synergistically enhances alfalfa cold tolerance through dual pathways: physiological regulation including osmotic adjustment and antioxidant defense and morphological adaptation including root crown enlargement and deeper burial. These findings offer a practical strategy for stable and high yield alfalfa cultivation in cold and arid regions of northern China.