<div><strong>Background:</strong> Heat shock protein is one of the most abundant and best characterized heat shock protein family that consists of highly conserved stress proteins. Amongst these heat shock protein family, <em>HSP70</em> is expressed in response to stress and plays crucial roles in environmental stress tolerance and adaptation. Thermal stress alters the normal body homeostasis and causes severe detrimental effects on production and productivity of animals and impairs growth, immune status of animal. Therefore, the present study is proposed to study <em>HSP70</em> gene expression pattern in peripheral blood mononuclear cells.&nbsp;<br />
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<strong>Methods: </strong>The present study was conducted to study the relative mRNA expression pattern of<em> HSP70</em> gene in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (<em>PBMCs</em>) during different seasons in Padharpuri buffaloes. 10 Apparently healthy, non - pregnant Pandharpuri buffaloes (above 2 years of age) were taken for study. Blood samples were collected thrice i.e. once in winter season, once in summer season and once in rainy season. Real-time polymerase chain reaction was applied to investigate mRNA expression of <em>HSP70</em> gene during different seasons. Specificity of the desired products was documented using analysis of the melting temperature and high resolution gel electrophoresis to verify that the transcripts are of the exact molecular size predicted.<br />
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<strong>Result:&nbsp;</strong>To investigate the variation in relative mRNA expression profile of <em>HSP70 </em>gene, Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (<em>GAPDH</em> gene) was used as a housekeeping gene. The relative expression values of <em>HSP70</em> during summer and rainy seasons were found statistically significant in comparison to winter. These results suggest that HSP70 gene expression varies with season and this variation may play an imperative role in conferring thermo tolerance against heat stress during different seasons.</div>


<p><em>HSP70 </em>Gene Expression Pattern in Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells during Different Seasons in Pandharpuri Buffaloes</p>


<p><strong>Background:</strong> The interaction between nutrition and reproduction has long been known to have important implications for the reproductive performance in animal.The present study highlights the effect of by-pass fat supplementation on genital changes and blood biochemical profile in pubertal swamp buffalo heifers and puerperal swamp buffalo cows.<br />
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<strong>Methods:</strong> 24 heifers of 2-2.5 years of age and 24 puerperal cows on the day of parturition, irrespective of parity were used as experimental animal. The analytical method was based on the treatment protocols of 3 groups in both heifers and cows (n=8 in each group) viz., treated with oral bypass fat alone (I), oral bypass fat, mineral mixtures and injectable phosphorus (II) and control (III) respectively. Genital status, metabolic hormone (leptin, Ghrelin and IGF-1), reproductive hormone (estrogen and progesterone) and mineral constituents (calcium, phosphorus, zinc and copper) were analyzed on day 0, day 15 and day 30 in heifers and day 15, day 30 and day 45 in cows respectively.<br />
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<strong>Result:</strong> Feeding of bypass fat alone or bypass fat fortified with minerals and injectable phosphorus was not found to induce significant genital changes in heifers and cows. The serum leptin and IGF-1 levels were increased significantly (p&lt;0.05) in heifers at day 30 in Group I and II. However, a significant rise (p&lt;0.05) of leptin was recorded at day 45 in group I and II cows. IG1-1 level was recorded increased significantly only in cows treated with fortified bypass fat (Group II). With the progression of treatment the serum phosphorus level was increased significantly (p&lt;0.05) in Group I and II cows. Serum estrogen levels were increased in both heifers and cows with progression of treatment in both Group I and II. However, serum progesterone levels were increased significantly only in heifers of Group I and II with progression of treatment.</p>


<p>Effect of Bypass Fat on Genital Status and Blood Biochemical Profiles in Pubertal Swamp Buffalo Heifers and Puerperal Swamp Buffalo Cows</p>


<div style="text-align: justify;">Cesarean section in buffaloes is an emergency operative procedure being performed principally for uncorrectable uterine torsions and for delivery of fetal monsters. Ten cases of uncorrectable uterine torsion and fetal abnormalities were reported at TVCC, IIVER, Rohtak. It was decided to perform cesarean section in all the cases. Buffaloes were restrained in left lateral recumbency with both forelimbs and hindlimbs tied separately. Cesarean sections were performed under local infiltration analgesia using 2% lignocaine HCl and sedation with triflupromazine. Uterus were sutured using absorbable suture material with chromic catgut no. 2 in all the cases. &nbsp;Before suturing, available antibiotic pessaries were placed in the uterus. Post-operatively fluid therapy (5 days), broad spectrum antibiotics (5 days), NSAIDS (3 days) along with multivitamin (3 days) were administered. All animals except one recovered uneventfully.</div>

Cesarean section in Murrah buffaloes

<div style="text-align: justify;">The aim of this study is to compare the treatment effectiveness of two different fungal vaccines on Anatolian buffaloes with trichophytosis. 40 Anatolian buffaloes with ranging ages from 4 months to 4 years were divided into two groups after being clinically and microbiologically diagnosed as trichophytosis. 10 cc of intra muscular (IM) Trichoben (Bioveta) was applied to Group I (n=20) while 10 cc of IM LTF 130 (Stavropolskaya Biofabrika) was applied to Group II (n=20). In group I, improvement started after the vaccine was applied twice in every 14 days, and in group II, the improvement started after the vaccine was applied 4 times in every 14 days. Following the vaccine application in group I, the lesions on the skin disappeared and hairing started on the 40th day, however, in group II this happened on the 65th day. While both vaccines cured this disease in Anatolian buffaloes with trichophytosis, the improvement in group I happened faster than group II. &nbsp;As a result, we think that vaccination will be beneficial for the treatment of Anatolian buffaloes with Trichophytosis.</div>

The use of two different vaccines in the treatment of Anatolian buffaloes with trichophytosis

<div style="text-align:justify">The objective of the present study was to determine the prevalence of gastrointestinal (G.I.) parasitic infections in cattle and swamp buffalo of Assam, India. A total of 3597 fecal samples of cattle (2339) and buffaloes (1258) were examined for presence of parasitic infections. Examinations revealed an overall prevalence of 58.35% and 29.80% infections in cattle and buffalo, respectively. In cattle, Strongyle sp. (18.76%) was predominant followed by Eimeria sp. (11.97%), Amphistome sp. (8.72%), Strongyloides sp. (3.76%), Moniezia sp. (2.65%), Toxocara vitulorum (1.32%), Buxtonella sulcata (0.81%), Trichuris sp. (0.72%), Fasciola gigantica (0.47%) and Bunostomum sp. (0.38%). In buffalo, Amphistome sp. (8.90%) was predominant followed by T. vitulorum (5.64%), Strongyle sp. (5%), Eimeria sp. (4.53%), Strongyloides sp. (1.35%) and Trichuris sp. (0.47%). Mixed infections with more than one species were recorded in 8.76% and 3.89% cattle and buffalo, respectively. The egg per gram (EPG) of feces in cattle and buffalo was 582.44&plusmn;8.13 and 475.86&plusmn;11.29, respectively while oocyst per gram (OPG) of feces was 425.00&plusmn;20.37 and 251.75&plusmn;22.35, respectively. Correlation of rainfall and temperature with EPG/OPG of cattle and buffalo was highly significant (P&lt;0.01) while correlation of relative humidity (Av.) with EPG of cattle and buffalo was significant (P&lt;0.05). Multiple linear regressions explained about 98.10% of total variance in EPG of cattle with environmental variables. 89.10% of total variance in EPG of buffalo was explained in multiple linear regressions due to environmental variables. This shows that the climate in this region is exclusively conducive for the development and propagation of parasites.</div>

Gastrointestinal parasitic infections in cattle and swamp buffalo of Guwahati, Assam, India

<div><strong>Background: </strong>Subclinical ketosis (SCK) in dairy cows is a common metabolic disorder and a strong determinant of the health and performance of cows throughout lactation. Considerable amount of milk loss takes place with SCK incidence in dairy animals. Greater benefits are to be gained by monitoring the cows for SCK. The current study was aimed to find out incidence of SCK by urine test strip (Keto-Diastix).<br />
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<strong>Methods:</strong> The present investigation was carried out on crossbred and Sahiwal cows and Murrah buffaloes (n=180) of the institute herd and rural dairy farms (n=97) around Karnal. The urine samples were tested for subclinical ketosis (SCK) 5-60 days postpartum from August 2019 to March 2020. Meteriological data on wet and dry bulb temperature and ambient temperature was collected and THI was calculated. Data of SCK incidence was classified based on stages of early lactation (5-20, 21-40 and 41-60d), parity (I, II, III and above), seasons (hot-humid, autumn, winter and spring) and milk production level (&lt;10kg, 10-20 kg and &gt;20 kg/d). Milk yield and environment variables were recorded during the experiment. Urine ketone and glucose level was detected by keto-Diastix to find out incidence of SCK.&nbsp;<br />
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<strong>Result:&nbsp;</strong>Mean level of ketone bodies in urine was higher (P&lt;0.01) in high yielding cows as compared to the medium yielders; however it did not vary in buffaloes. Ketone bodies in urine were high (P&lt;0.01) in crossbred cows than that of buffaloes and Sahiwal cows. Urine glucose level did not vary among cows and buffaloes. It is concluded that high producing crossbred cows are more vulnerable to SCK between 41-60d of lactation and in III parity and above due to peak milk production. Sahiwal cows and buffaloes suffer less from SCK probably due to medium level of milk production. Factors like high milk yield, higher parity and hot-humid stress makes the animal more vulnerable to SCK. The screening of urine samples of animals at monthly intervals may be practiced by the farmers to monitor the incidence of SCK.</div>


<p>Detection of Subclinical Ketosis in Urine of Cattle and Buffaloes</p>


<div style="text-align:justify"><strong>Background:</strong> Tremendous achievements have been made in diagnostic and therapeutic aspects of digestive tract affections of bovines throughout the world, wherein clinical traumatic reticuloperitonitis (TRP) is the most commonly reported and studied condition in bovines. TRP is accidental ingestion of foreign body (metallic or non-metallic; penetrating or non-penetrating) objects, which generally get lodged or penetrate the reticulum. The reticulum plays a crucial role in the motility of the digestive tract in bovines and so several invasive and noninvasive methods are used for reticular examination. Hence, the ultrasonographic evaluation of reticular morphometric parameters is the need of the hour.&nbsp;<br />
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<strong>Methods: </strong>The present study was undertaken to evaluate ultrasonographic morphometry of reticulum in bovines (Group I, six clinically healthy cattle and Group II, six clinically healthy buffaloes) at the Postgraduate Institute of Veterinary Education and Research, Kamdhenu University, Rajpur (Nava), Himmatnagar, Gujarat. For ultrasonography, using Esaote MyLabDelta Veterinary Ultrasound System with convex transducer (3-5 MHz), a standing left post-xiphoid paramedian approach was adopted. The morphometric parameters <em>viz</em>. half-moon-shaped reticular wall (RW), RW thickness, RW distance from the parietal peritoneum and the roughly triangular area between RW, cranio-ventral rumen sac and diaphragm were evaluated.&nbsp;<br />
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<strong>Result: </strong>The mean RW thickness (Buffalo-5.33&plusmn;0.58 mm; Cattle-4.53&plusmn;0.33 mm), mean distance of the closest point of the RW from the peritoneum (25.77&plusmn;3.23 mm; 13.07&plusmn;0.67 mm) and mean triangular area (10.21&plusmn;4.42 cm&sup2;; 4.94&plusmn;0.52 cm&sup2;) were higher in healthy buffaloes than cattle.</div>


<p>​Ultrasonographic Morphometry of Reticulum in Cattle and Buffaloes</p>


<div><strong>Background: </strong>Vitamins A and E are unable to get synthesized by animal&rsquo;s body and due to unavailability of sufficient green fodder in the ration, supplementation is required. Buffaloes are the major milk producer dairy animal in India and hence a study was undertaken to evaluate the effect of supplementing vitamin A and E on the colostrum composition of peri-parturient Murrah buffaloes. &nbsp;<br />
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<strong>Methods:</strong> Twenty-two multiparous Murrah buffaloes during their advance stage of pregnancy (-30 day) were selected and divided into three groups i. e. control (C, n=8), treatment 1 (T1, n=7) and treatment 2 (T2, n=7) based on the most probable producing ability of milk, parity and body weights. Buffaloes were fed either control diet (C) or supplemented with vitamin A and E @ 75,000 IU &nbsp;and 1,500 IU/day, respectively, in group T1 and @ 1,50,000 IU&nbsp;and 3,000 IU/day, respectively in group T2. Colostrum samples were collected from one day after parturition up to day 5th after calving and analysed for fat, protein, lactose, solid-not-fat and total solids.&nbsp;<br />
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<strong>Result: </strong>Supplementation of vitamin A and E at a higher level (T2) was helpful to increase (P&lt;0.05) colostrum protein levels for first three days and total solids percentage for first two days as compared to control, while colostrum lactose and solid not fat % were high (P&lt;0.05) in T1 groups as compared to control at day third only. The fat percentage had a reducing tendency (P&lt;0.05) in control and T1 group and total solids in the T1 group only with the advancement of the post-parturient period. Based on the findings of the study, it may be concluded that vitamins A and E supplementation had a positive influence on the colostrum composition of peri-parturient Murrah buffaloes.</div>


<div>Vitamins Supplementation Affecting Colostrum Composition in Murrah Buffaloes</div>


<div><strong>Background:</strong> Buffaloes (<em>Bubalus bubalis</em>) have an immense importance in rural economy by virtue of their high production potential as triple purpose animal. Application of scientific technologies can further lead to significant productivity enhancement in buffaloes. Hence, the study was aimed to investigate adoption and effect of urea-molasses multinutrient block (UMMB) supplementation on buffalo productivity in rural areas of Punjab, India.<br />
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<strong>Methods:</strong> An expost-facto research design was employed to collect data from selected buffalo farmers (N-501) through personal interview by using pretested research instrument. Based on the response, the buffalo farms were categorized as technology adopter farms (TAF) and non-adopter farms (TNAF). The effect of UMMB supplementation on productivity was evaluated by considering various productive and reproductive parameters of buffaloes. Both parametric and non-parametric statistical tests were employed to analyse the data by using SPSS software.<br />
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<strong>Result:</strong> The results indicated that the buffalo farms (36.93%; 185/501) following an additional supplementation with UMMB had significantly (p&lt;0.05) higher average daily milk yield per animal and lowered values of all reproductive parameters. This has proved the viability of UMMB technology at buffalo farms in study area.&nbsp;The study revealed that the technology plays valuable role in buffalo productivity enhancement, hence should be recommended to the government and propagated through vigorous activities at grass-root level to improve adoption.</div>


<p>Effect of Urea-molasses Multinutrient Block Supplementation on Productive and Reproductive Performance of Rural Buffalo Farms</p>


<div><strong>Background: </strong>The study aimed to observe the prevailing buffalo calf rearing practices and mortality patterns in the operational area of Dairy Vigyan Kendra (DVK), Vejalpur, Gujarat, India.<br />
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<strong>Methods: </strong>Using the simple random sampling method, 240 buffalo owners from 24 villages of 6 talukas from the operational area of Dairy Vigyan Kendra were selected. The data were collected based on the interview schedule.<br />
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<strong>Result: </strong>The majority of buffalo owners had not adopted the different management practices <em>viz</em>., provision of milk replacer, calf starter, mineral mixture, salt, deworming agent at every month up to six months and vaccine. An overall buffalo calf mortality was observed 24.26% in the study area. There was a higher mortality rate in male calves (45.00%) than female buffalo calves (14.58%) because of negligence towards the male calf. The mortality rate observed was higher during the first three months of age (90.98%) and during winter (45.08%). A negative and significant relationship was observed between some important calf rearing practices like colostrum feeding time, providing milk replacer, calf starter, concentrate feed, mineral mixture, dewormer&nbsp;and vaccines to calves with female buffalo calf mortality. Participation in various animal husbandry training programs and adoption of scientific management practices to large herd size farms will be helpful to reduce female buffalo calf mortality rate at the field level.</div>

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HSP70 Gene Expression Pattern in Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells during Different Seasons in Pandharpuri Buffaloes

Effect of Bypass Fat on Genital Status and Blood Biochemical Profiles in Pubertal Swamp Buffalo Heifers and Puerperal Swamp Buffalo Cows

Cesarean section in Murrah buffaloes

The use of two different vaccines in the treatment of Anatolian buffaloes with trichophytosis

Gastrointestinal parasitic infections in cattle and swamp buffalo of Guwahati, Assam, India

Detection of Subclinical Ketosis in Urine of Cattle and Buffaloes

Ultrasonographic Morphometry of Reticulum in Cattle and Buffaloes

Vitamins Supplementation Affecting Colostrum Composition in Murrah Buffaloes

Effect of Urea-molasses Multinutrient Block Supplementation on Productive and Reproductive Performance of Rural Buffalo Farms

Prevailing Buffalo Calf Rearing Practices and Mortality Patterns in the Operational Area of Dairy Vigyan Kendra, Gujarat