<div>Background: Chickpea is one of the major protein rich legume crops predominantly cultivated in North Interior Karnataka (NIK). The study aimed to determine water requirement of chickpea (variety BGD- 103) using CROPWAT model that helps in tapping the potential yields of the crop through proper irrigation management by the farmers of North Interior Karnataka (NIK), which consists of 12 districts with 88,361 km2 area.&nbsp; 
 
Methods: The crop was simulated by considering recommended practices of UAS, Dharwad across four dates of sowing from 01st October to 15th November at quarterly interval for the past (1991-2020) and projected period (2021-2050), and the decadal analysis was done for the past and projected climate. The analysed climate, crop and soil data were used for simulation using CROPWAT model.&nbsp;&nbsp; 
 
Results: The average crop evapotranspiration (ETc), effective rainfall (ER) and irrigation requirement (IR) under past climate (1991-2020) for NIK were 292.6, 57.4 and 245.9 mm, respectively. Decrease of 67 mm in ETc, 91.3 mm in IR and an increase of 40.8 mm in ER were observed under projected climate. Sowing early i.e., on 01st October under projected climate (2021-2050) simulated the lowest water requirement and irrigation requirement for all the 12 districts of NIK.</div>

Effect of Changing Climate on Water Requirement of Chickpea in North Interior Karnataka: Cropwat Model based Assessment

<div style="text-align: justify;">Mature compost with good agronomic properties can be used to control nitrogen loss from soil. Soil incubation and leaching experiments were conducted to determine the effects of paddy husk compost addition on controlling ammonium and nitrate losses from Bekenu Series soil. Retention of soil exchangeable ammonium and available nitrate were significantly improved in soil amended with paddy husk compost treatments compared with urea alone thus, reducing leaching of these ions. At 30 days of the leaching experiment, ammonium and nitrate losses were highest in urea without paddy husk compost addition compared with co-application of urea and paddy husk compost because the treatment significantly improved retention of soil exchangeable ammonium and available nitrate. Urea can be co-applied with paddy husk compost to improve release of ammonium and nitrate and to retain nitrogen availability.</div>

Paddy husk compost addition for improving nitrogen availability

<div>Background: Brown bast is one of the most serious threats to natural rubber production. It is estimated that brown bast leads to an approximately 15-20% decrease in latex yield production. There is currently no effective method to control this problem and an effort to overcome this problem is in progress by the natural rubber producing countries. 
 
Methods: This study evaluated the effect and the most suitable rate and frequency of Rejuvenator application to cure brown bast (latex dryness) and improve latex yield. The Rejuvenator treatment was applied to the selected tree with two different treatment frequencies (every 3 days and every 6 days) and three different Rejuvenator concentrations (5 g/L, 10 g/L and 5 g/L). The Rejuvenator was applied 5 times. Data on latex yield and brown bast cure were then recorded 1 month after the application of the last treatment. The treatments used were T1: No Rejuvenator, T2: 5 g/L of Rejuvenator, T3: 10 g/L of Rejuvenator, T4: 15 g/L of Rejuvenator.&nbsp; 
 
Result: Of all the treatment used, T3 (10 g/L) resulted in higher production of latex yield and Hevea bark nutrient concentration (g/t/t) than control. It also gave the highest nutrient content in the bark tissue. The findings of this study reveal that the optimum concentration and frequency of Rejuvenator application were established at 10 g/L every 6 days. More so, the findings explain that inadequate nutrients can be attributed to the brown bast syndrome in rubber plantation which can be prevented with the use of a rejuvenator to the tree&rsquo;s bark.</div>

Effect of Changing Climate on Water Requirement of Chickpea in North Interior Karnataka: Cropwat Model based Assessment

Paddy husk compost addition for improving nitrogen availability

Application of Different Rates and Frequencies of Rejuvenator for the Treatments of Brown Bast Syndrome on Hevea brasiliensis