<div>Background: Mudhol Hound the popular dog breed of Karnataka State, India has a long historical association with wars, hunting, social bondage, guarding and recently with the Indian army as a part of army&rsquo;s sniffer dog squad. Despite its unique qualities, the number of animals is getting reduced gradually. Hence the present study was aimed at molecular characterization of the Mudhol Hound which will be useful in maintenance of diversity of the breed.&nbsp; 
 
Methods: In this study, 26 microsatellite markers were used for the characterization of Mudhol Hound dog. A total of 50 blood samples were screened. Microsatellite loci were analyzed by running the PCR products on 6.5 per cent polyacrylamide gels followed by silver staining. Genotyping was done based on the banding patterns.&nbsp; 
 
Result: A total of 221 alleles were observed from the 26 microsatellites. The number of alleles ranged from 5 (AHTk211) to 12 (INU055, PEZ12) with a mean of 8.5&plusmn;1.9442 alleles. The average H0 and He were 0.7685&plusmn;0.2122 and 0.8326&plusmn;0.0397, respectively. The percentage of polymorphic loci obtained was 100 as all the loci studied were found to be polymorphic having the PIC values more than 0.5. All the 26 loci showed significant deviation from Hardy - Weinberg equilibrium (P&lt;0.001).</div>

Microsatellite DNA Polymorphism Studies in Mudhol Hound Dog Native of India

A study was conducted to characterize soil salinity and sodicity of &nbsp;Ghataprabha Left Bank Canal command area of Mudhol taluk (Bagalkot District). Bulk Electrical conductivity of salt affected soils was determined by using electromagnetic induction (EM 38). The pHs of surface and sub-surface soil layers ranged from 7.4 to 8.7 and 7.7 to 8.6, respectively. Electrical conductivity of saturated extract of surface and sub-surface soils ranged from 4.2 to 59.9 dSm-1 and 4.2 to 57.0 dSm-1. Majority of soil samples were found to be saline as sodium absorption ratio (SAR) ranged between 0.3 to 10.8 and 0.5 to 10.9 for surface and sub-surface soil, respectively. Among the analysed surface soil samples, 26 per cent were saline, 18 per cent sodic and 56 per cent were saline-sodic. On the other hand, 26, 20 and 54 per cent of soils were categorized into saline, sodic and saline-sodic, respectively. Among the water soluble cations, Na+ (10.9 to 73.4 cmol (P+) kg-1) pre-dominated in surface and sub-surface horizons (10.9 to 65.2 cmol (P+) kg- 1). &nbsp;Among water soluble anions, Cl- dominated both in surface (2.0 to 60 me L-1) and sub-surface (2.0 to 59.0 me L-1).&nbsp;

Characterization of soils of Ghataprabha Left Bank Canal command&nbsp;area of north Karnataka for salinity and sodicity

Background: Wilt disease caused by Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. ciceris in chickpea remains a persistent threat, leading to substantial losses in both quantity and quality. A roving survey was undertaken during rabi 2022-23 and 2023-24 to assemble information on chickpea wilt affected areas of Telangana state, India. 
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Methods: Wilt incidence of chickpea was calculated in each field by using the quadrant mode. The coordinates of surveyed fields were additionally recorded with the help of GPS and disease incidence was calculated. 
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Result: 14 villages in 7 districts namely Gadwal, Naryanpet, Mancherial, Nizamabad, Nirmal, Siddipet and Ranga Reddy districts were surveyed. Maximum (41.92% and 44.24%) wilt incidence was recorded in Basar village of Nirmal district, followed (31.92% and 35.31%) by Mudhole of Nirmal. Wilt incidence was minimum (16.47% and 20.21%) at Hindupur of Naryanpet. Overall incidence level of wilt in seven districts indicated that Nirmal had maximum level of disease incidence ranging from 19-44% followed by Gadwal (19-44%), Nizamabad (19-35%), Ranga Reddy (19-35%), Siddipet (16-25%), Mancherial (16-25%) respectively. These findings highlight the widespread presence of Fusarium wilt in chickpea crop growing regions of Telangana. Consequently, it is essential to explore effective management strategies to address this issue, as chickpea is a remunerative pulse crop suitable for cultivation in black soils during early rabi. 
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Microsatellite DNA Polymorphism Studies in Mudhol Hound Dog Native of India

Characterization of soils of Ghataprabha Left Bank Canal command area of north Karnataka for salinity and sodicity

Assessment for Chickpea Fusarium Wilt in Telangana