<div style="text-align:justify">Background: Nickel can act as micronutrient essential for nitrogen fixation in legume crops or it can cause toxicity when present in high concentration. Rhizospheric supplement of Nickel be at a dose not beyond its beneficial level.&nbsp; 
 
Methods: An experiment was conducted for mash bean genotypes to evaluate the toxic level of Nickel concentrations. Seeds of four genotypes were sown in earthen pots filled with homogenized loamy soil. Nickel was added as its chloride salt solutions at the age of twenty days @ 15.0, 30.0, 45.0, 60.0, 75.0 and 90.0 mg kg-1 soil. Yield plant-1 and its contributing factors were recorded at physiological maturity of crop.&nbsp; 
 
Result: At low concentration, Nickel appeared to be non toxic and high doses reduced yield attributes. The lowest significantly effective dose which affected the parameters was 45 mg kg-1 except for number of legumes plant-1 for which same was true at 60 mg kg-1. While, the most effective dose was 45 mg kg-1 for each attributes. The observations were excluded from the ongoing trend when 15 mg kg-1 Nickel reflected positive role. Of the genotypes, MASH 80 was the least productive while MASH 88 was the most productive. In terms of grain numbers, MASH 97 was the least sensitive.</div>

Nickel Fertilization as Plant&rsquo;s Foes or Friends?- Evaluation by Yield Attributes of Mash [Vigna mungo (L.) Hepper] Genotypes

Background: At the present time, various technologies have been used in the development of modern agriculture. The technology used to help in the development of agricultural farms is called a smart farm. Mashed Mushroom is a food due to their usefulness and high nutritional and good income, as this result, the researcher was interested in the use of technology and innovation of smart farms in the mashed mushroom cultivation house and find a mathematical model of the optimum temperature and humidity for growing mashed mushrooms. Furthermore, find a mathematical model of the yield amount of mashed mushrooms against temperature and humidity. 
 
Methods: There are 5 methods in this research, to be composed of studying the problem, planning the operation process, using technology and innovation in smart farms, collecting data and finally finding a mathematical model of the optimum temperature and humidity for growing mashed mushrooms. In addition, a mathematical model of the yield of mashed mushrooms was obtained.&nbsp; 
 
Result: The results showed that the mathematical model of the optimum temperature for mashed mushroom was T= 0.3267t3-2.83t2+7.1433t+20, the most appropriate temperature was 24.95&plusmn;5.557&deg;C at the average andthe mathematical model of the optimum humidity for mashed mushroom was H= -0.8417t3+4.82-0t2.1883t+59.65, the most appropriate humidity was 74.58&plusmn;15.451% at the average. In addition, the mathematical model of product yield of mashed mushrooms was&nbsp;<img alt="" src="data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAA4AAAAVCAYAAAB2Wd+JAAAAAXNSR0IArs4c6QAAAARnQU1BAACxjwv8YQUAAAAJcEhZcwAADsMAAA7DAcdvqGQAAALcSURBVDhPZVPPS1VBFL4guJEoXbSrTUgbbREY5CLaBC2i6JdQ0L8QVFDQJijEooIkE6KHUpIGFdq2IhdpLTJEaFE9LQsSQfHpe/fe+Xnv13fm6gtsePPmzNzzne87Z85EmbdA7gFkMM4ipyU21BKXGIq7ZbqIh5ynaRzWAkjDZzqsSarhrIapLKCtdQcat7VgfOoLaqlDlmXISZKqKiKhUIzifEqghbeOCjK8fPYEg6UHuHnnNo52nQFPkeiMoUVVgkjrgtHYKpyr0fT4WZ7F6IsReJfC5w6v341jaGQMhiSJ5RlSRJKTUswk58yElfnxMK5VaDtoa0J+4mf5J8yGM1LOFwVxGrlJ4E1MpaZwdAwieSe1sBeQFCumQUYH6xmDXzIjBSJTXkVMzKp4SfGyBKnXkHoKq+esA63ijgxXzp9DY0OEhi3bMTH1DUgTeiboG+hHW2cn1hgsYfzIEphLXkzErlUZcw3l8jR27tqNy1dvBCUif/b3V3Qc2I/5xQQJ3SNFCVI50gZZmVmBMRUcO9mFE6fPhuuRQhkW797DfqyQURIKVbW8cClCZinLkDVTOHjoMI4cPyVfwxwYGsZChffNXWrZOd6zquwGbXiH4sTqyrxw6SL27utAElfwa/4HrvfcRUJRsVZU75ijSCSbtatcNaxma7kcw48fob29FYvLS+grDdbv0tM3dXHRckW/Mld2ijbMnL+npfvY2hThWs8tfP+zBEOkUoaFZ1tSWZSzM+R1GMmPCC+XxF6dfPMKLU0NeP95GhWCJDcZzhHsFRn5lATgnCNIBDFTdtCnibdBrrSX9IGi/GJQjuSYseVErtWMRLA8nbm5MsZGnwcnCSVzA1YYrGrIkeCPkx+wp60dMzMz6O3thWL7SYOLXx0kY/0gAI3SKJVKaG5uRnd3d/Fg//mEuXnUGbXm68h5Q5QrQ5xrCV/Kur15RMK28cUYKYVUzgWpG6D/gcBf64A7ZNrEziYAAAAASUVORK5CYII=" />= -1.479+0.055T+0.028H when temperature T and humidity H were determined.

Mathematical Model for Optimum Temperature and Humidity Determination of Mashed Mushroom in Greenhouses by using Smart Farm Technology and Innovation

<div style="text-align: justify;">Pulses productivity in Jammu &nbsp;Kashmir, India, in North-Western (NW) Himalayas is far less than the national averages because of poor crop management &nbsp;cultivation of low yielding varieties. Frontline demonstration (FLD) program is an effective technology transfer tool for better technology adoption that bridges the yield gaps. The technological &nbsp;extension yield gaps in pulses crops were studied for 3 years during 2009-10 to 2013&ndash;2014 under an FLD programme in the Poonch District of Jammu &nbsp;Kashmir, India, revealing that there was a wide yield gap between potential &nbsp;demonstration yields due to technology &nbsp;extension yield gaps. In case of chickpea on the basis of three year mean data demonstrations gave 40.60 % higher yield than local check or farmers practices. Technological yield gaps affecting yield in pulses were highest in chickpea var. BG-1103(13.00 q ha-1) during rabi 2010-11 followed by moong var. SML 668 (12.40 q ha-1) during 2010-11 while lowest gap was observed in rajmash var. local (0.36 q ha-1) during 2011. In general, the technological gaps were highest in chickpea cultivar (BG-1103) &nbsp;lowest in rajmash cultivars in the present study. Extension yield gap varied to the extent of 0.78 to 6.00 q ha-1 in chickpea. In case of lentil, demonstrations gave 12.77 % higher yield over the local check. Extension yield gap varied from 0.25-12.52 q ha-1 in lentil. In case of moong, FLDs gave 71% higher yield than the local check &nbsp;extension yield gap varied from 1.27 to 1.46 qha-1. In case of mash, demonstration gave 35.5% higher yield than farmers average plot yield whereas in case of rajmash on the basis of five year mean data, demonstration gave 28.73% higher yield. Overall, it is inferred that improved farm technology has great potential in enhancing the pulse productivity and profitability through frontline demonstration programme in Poonch district of Jammu &nbsp;Kashmir &nbsp;collateral farming situations in NW -Himalayas as well.</div>

<div style="text-align:justify">Impact of front line demonstrations on the production and productivity of moong (Vigna radiata L), mash (Vigna mungo L), &nbsp;rajmash (Phaseolus vulgaris L), lentil (Lens culinaris L) &nbsp;and chickpea (Cicer aeritinum L) under rainfed ecology in mid hills of J &amp; K, India &nbsp;</div>

<div style="text-align: justify;">Vigna radiata genotypes viz., SML 668 and SML 832 and V. mungo genotypes viz., Mash 114 and Mash 218 were crossed in all possible combinations during summer 2015 to generate F1 hybrids. Interspecific hybridization was attempted by using V. radiata genotypes as female parent. Pod set percentage varied from 5.5 percent (SML 832 x Mash 218) to 24.1 percent (SML 832 x Mash 114). The germination percentage ranged from 14.29 to 30.56. Maximum pollen fertility was observed in cross SML 668 x Mash 114 (28.36 percent) followed by SML 668 x Mash 218 (27.03 percent), SML 832 x Mash 218 (24.32 percent) and minimum in SML 832 x Mash 114 (22.59 percent).The purity of hybrids were tested through microsatellite markers. For parental polymorphism, microsatellite markers were selected from related Vigna species such as Vigna unguiculata, Vigna radiata and Vigna mungo. Out of 84 markers used, 46 were polymorphic i.e 54.76 per cent polymorphism between parents. These polymorphic markers were used for confirmation of hybrids produced from different crosses. All the F1 plants gave resistant reaction to Mungbean yellow mosaic virus (MYMV) indicating the introgression of resistance gene(s) from V. mungo to V. radiata.</div>

Generation of interspecific hybrids for introgression of mungbean yellow mosaic virus resistance in Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek &nbsp;

<div>Background: Blackgram or Urdbean [Vigna mungo (L.) Hepper] is an important food legume crop of Indian sub-continent. Urdbean Leaf Crinkle Virus (ULCV) disease is an emerging major yield limiting factor. The yield loss due to ULCV disease ranges from 62 - 100%. So far, no information is available on the genetics of this disease. Hence, the present investigation was carried out to study the nature of inheritance of ULCV disease in blackgram.&nbsp; 
 
Methods: The present investigation was conducted at the National Pulses Research Center, Vamban, Tamil Nadu, India. &nbsp;Seven crosses were made between ULCV susceptible [VBN (Bg] 4, VBN 6 and VBN 8) and resistant (Mash 114, Mash 1008 and VBG 11053) genotypes during Nov-Dec 2016 season. All F2 populations were artificially screened during July-Aug, 2017 for their resistance against ULCV disease through sap transmission technique. Individual plants in F2 generation were scored as resistant and susceptible based on the symptom appearance. Disease reaction was recorded on 60 days after sap transmission. Ratio for ULCV disease (resistance: susceptible) in the segregating population was tested through Chi-square test. 
 
Result: Among crosses viz., VBN 6 x Mash 114, VBN 6 x Mash 1008, VBN 8 x Mash 114, VBN 8 x Mash 1008 and VBN 8 x VBG 11053 had digeneic inhibitory gene action (13R:3S). The cross VBN (Bg) 4 x Mash 1008 had trigeneic inhibitory gene action (49R:15S). The cross VBN (Bg) 4 x Mash 114 did not fit into any genetic ratio. Differences in number of genes involved for ULCV might be due to the presence of similar allelic pattern for a gene among male and female parents. Gene symbols were assigned for six genotypes viz., S1S1S2S2ii [VBN (Bg) 4], S1S1S2S2ii (VBN 6 and VBN 8) and s1s1s2s2ii (Mash 114, Mash 1008 and VBG 11053). Hence, delayed selection in recombination breeding was suggested to enhance the ULCV disease resistance in black gram.</div>

<div>Inheritance of Urdbean Leaf Crinkle Virus Disease in Blackgram [Vigna mungo (L.) &nbsp;Hepper]</div>

<div>Background: Mungbean yellow mosaic virus (MYMV) disease is the most destructive disease in blackgram. Development of MYMV resistant varieties is one of the best possible solutions to avoid the yield reduction in blackgram. There are conflicting reports on the genetics of resistance to MYMV disease claiming that it is controlled by both dominant and recessive genes. Hence the present study was aimed to understand the inheritance pattern of the MYMV disease resistance in eight crosses of blackgram. 
 
Methods: Parents, F1 and F2 generation of eight cross combinations were raised during July - Sep, 2018 at National Pulses Research Centre, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Vamban, Tamil Nadu. An infector row of CO 5 was raised to intensify the MYMV disease pressure after every eight rows.&nbsp;Based on disease incidence on 60th day after sowing, two phenotypic classes were formed among F2 plants with the scales of (1 to 3) as resistant phenotype and (4 to 9) as susceptible phenotype. The goodness of fit to Mendelian segregation ratio for MYMV disease resistance in the segregating population was tested by Chi square test (Stansfield, 1991). 
 
Result: The MYMV disease incidence was tri-genically controlled with inhibitory gene action in four crosses viz., MDU 1 x Mash 114, CO5 x Mash 114, MDU 1 x VBN 6 and CO 5 x VBN 6. Complementary gene action with two genes was observed in four crosses viz., MDU 1 x Mash 1008, CO 5 x Mash 1008, MDU 1 x VBN 8 and CO 5 x VBN 8. Differences in number of genes were observed due to the presence of recessive inhibitory gene in both male and female parents of the crosses which had complementary gene action for MYMV disease. The putative gene symbols assigned for the six genotypes viz., S1S1S2S2ii (MDU 1 and CO 5), s1s1s2s2II (Mash 114 and VBN 6) and s1s1s2s2ii (Mash 1008 and VBN 8), respectively.&nbsp;</div>

<div>Inheritance Pattern of Mungbean Yellow Mosaic Virus (MYMV) Disease Resistance in Blackgram [Vigna mungo (L.) Hepper]</div>

<div>Background: Among pulses, blackgram is one of most important crop. Blackgram has originated from Indian sub-continent where it has been cultivated from ancient times and standout amongst most expensive pulse crop in India. Being observed, the productivity of blackgram is low in India as well as in Punjab due to lack of knowledge regarding various agronomic implementations, among them, time of sowing and selection of suitable cultivar are one of the major limiting factors in production, especially during kharif season. 
 
Methods: The research was carried out to investigate the effect of different dates of sowing on growth, yield attributes and yield of various cultivars of kharif blackgram (Vigna mungo L.) during kharif season 2019 at Student&rsquo;s Research Farm, Department of Agriculture, Khalsa College, Amritsar. The experiment was laid-out in split-plot design, consisting of four dates of sowing (8th July, 18th July, 28th July and 8th August) as main-plot treatments and three cultivars (Mash114, Mash 338 and KUG 479) as sub-plot treatments, with four replications. 
 
Result: Among the sowing dates, the higher seed yield (10.27 q/ha) of blackgram was recorded when crop was raised on 8th July, which was significantly 12.6%, 20.3% and 30.5% higher than 18th July, 28th July and 8th August sown crop respectively. Among blackgram cultivars, the higher seed yield was observed in Mash 114 (10.19 q/ha) which was significantly 14% and 32% superior over Mash 338 and KUG 479 respectively. The sowing dates and cultivars had significant effect on the pods/plant, seeds/pod and seed weight/plant. The significantly higher number of pods/plant (24.3), seeds/pod (6.8) and seed weight/plant (3.2 g) were obtained with 8th July sown crop as compared to 28th July and 8th August sown crop. Among the cultivars, the significantly higher number of pods/plant (23.6), seeds/pod (6.4) and seed weight/plant (3.2 g) were recorded with Mash 114. The growth parameters viz. Plant height, nodules/plant, leaf area index and dry matter accumulation, were shown decreased trend by 29.2%, 19.13%, 12.2% and 25.4% respectively with the delay in sowing from 8th July to 8th August.</div>

Effect of Different Dates of Sowing on Growth, Yield Attributes and Yield of Various Cultivars of Kharif Blackgram (Vigna mungo L.) under Amritsar Conditions

<div>Background: Blackgram [Vigna mungo (L.) Hepper] is an important food legume crop of India. Mungbean yellow mosaic virus (MYMV) disease is the major problem in blackgram. The disease can reduce seed yield upto 100% or even kill a plant infected at an early vegetative stage. The most effective way to prevent the occurrence of this disease is to develop genetically resistant cultivars of blackgram. However, a major difficulty in breeding MYMV disease resistant in blackgram is field screening for the virus disease.&nbsp;Hence identification of QTL followed by Marker-assisted selection (MAS) is highly useful for genetic improvement of crops. With this background, a study was made for identification as well as validation of quantitative trait loci (QTL) for MYMV disease resistance in blackgram. 
 
Methods: A total of 112 F2:3 lines were evaluated for MYMV disease resistance along with parents viz., MDU 1 (MYMV disease susceptible) and Mash 1008 (MYMV disease resistant) at the National Pulses Research Centre, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Vamban, Tamil Nadu during July-September 2018 under Augmented Design in the field. Each line was sown in one row of 3 m in length with a spacing of 30 cm as between row and 10 cm as within row. Susceptible genotypes CO 5 and MDU 1 were sown as disease spreader rows after every eight rows and also around the plots. The MYMV disease score was recorded on 60 DAS, by using phenotype rating scale from 1 (resistant) to 9 (highly susceptible), as suggested by Singh et al. (1995). The mean of each progeny was calculated and used as phenotypic data. A total of 525 SSR primers were used to test polymorphism between parents MDU 1 and Mash 1008. Genotyping was carried out for 112 F2:3 RILs of the cross MDU 1 x Mash 1008 with 35 polymorphic SSR markers. Linkage and QTL analyses were performed using QTL IciMapping (version 4.1.0.0) (Wang et al. 2016) and QGene 4.4.0 (Joehanes and Nelson 2008) respectively. Two mapping populations MDU 1 x Mash 114 and CO 5 x VBN 6 in F2:3 and F2 generations respectively were used in this study to validate the identified QTL regions. 
 
Result: QTL study indicated the presence of two major QTLs for MYMV disease score in LG 2 and LG 10 at 60 DAS with 20.90 and 24.90% of phenotypic variation respectively. Validation of these QTLs in two other mapping population indicated that QTL on LG 10 was validated with high phenotypic variation of 45.40-46.00%. Hence it may conclude that qmymv10_60 may be utilized for MAS/MABC with assured improvement on MYMV disease resistance in blackgram.</div>

<div>Identification and Validation of Quantitative Trait Loci of Mungbean Yellow Mosaic Virus Disease Resistance in Blackgram [Vigna mungo (L). Hepper]</div>

<div style="text-align:justify">Background: The main cause for low yield in greengram is its susceptibility to Mungbean Yellow Mosaic Virus (MYMV) which is the most prevalent and destructive viral pathogen cause 85% yield lose. Inter specific hybridization between Vigna radiata and Vigna mungo could be an alternate approach to develop MYMV resistant genotypes in greengram which leads to additional source of creating variability for desirable attributes including yield, nutritional quality, biotic and abiotic stresses. 
 
Methods: The present investigation was carried out at National Pulses Research Centre (NPRC), Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Vamban during 2016-2017. Interspecific hybridization has been effected between Vigna radiata var. VBN (Gg)2, VBN (Gg) 3 (as females) and Vigna mungo Var. Mash 114 (as male) during Summer 2016. The interspecific F1 hybrids, F2 and F3 populations were evaluated during Kharif 2016, Rabi 2016-17 and summer 2017 respectively. The F2 and F3 populations were evaluated for days to 1st flowering, days to maturity, plant height (cm), number of branches / plant, number of clusters / plant, number of pods / clusters, pod length (cm), number of seeds / pod, number of pods / plant, single plant yield (g.). The MYMV resistance has been confirmed under infector row method using CO 5 as susceptible check variety. Phenotypic coefficient of variation (PCV) and genotypic coefficient of variation (GCV), Heritability (h2) in broad sense, genetic advance as per cent of mean, Skewness and Kurtosis were estimated for yield and yield components. 
&nbsp; 
Result: Four true F1 plants were recovered in Vigna radiata var. VBN (Gg)2 x Vigna mungo Var. Mash 114 cross combination. The fertile F1 had the shallow lobbed leaf of Vigna radiata var. VBN (Gg)2 and black colour seed of Vigna mungo var. Mash 114 with pollen fertility of 42.0 per cent and crossability of 12.50%. Most interestingly all the four interspecific F1 plants were free from MYMV disease. In F2 generation, only one healthy plant was survived which had a pod, stem and branching behaviour of blackgram and greengram characters of lobbed leaf and green seed colour. In F3 generation, number of branches per plant, number of clusters per plant, number of pods per plant, pod length and seed yield per plant had high GCV, high PCV, high heritability coupled with high genetic advance as per cent of mean. Present study suggests that MYMV resistant cultivars of greengram can be explored through interspecific hybridization with Vigna mungo var. Mash 114 as a source of resistance and the hidden transgressive segregants can be recovered in F3 generation.</div>

<div style="text-align:justify">Interspecific Hybridization Between Vigna radiata and Vigna mungo Towards the Broadening of Genetic Base for MYMV Disease Resistance and Generating Variability</div>

<div>Background: Candlenut is one of the vegetable oil-producing plants as a source of biodiesel raw materials. One of the innovations is to increase the production and quality of candlenut oil by treating the kernels before roasting. Kernel condition (whole or fine powder) and roasting temperature affects and the oil production. This study aims to determine the condition of the kernel at various roasting temperatures on the production, yield and quality of the oil. 
&nbsp; 
Methods: Using a one-factor completely randomized design, kernel conditions with variations in roasting temperature consists of 7 (seven) levels, such as T0= Finely ground kernel, without roasting; T1= Whole kernel, roasted at 80&deg;C for one hour, then mashed; T2= Whole kernel, roasted at 90&deg;C for one hour, then mashed; T3= Whole kernel, roasted at 100&deg;C for one hour, then mashed; T4= finely ground kernel, baked at 80&deg;C for one hour; T5= Finely ground kernel, baked at 90&deg;C for one hour; T6= Finely ground kernel, baked at 100&deg;C for one hour. Each treatment was repeated 5 times and further tested with Duncan&rsquo;s multiple range test at 0.01 level. 
 
Result: The results showed that the&nbsp; roasted fine powder kernels resulted in higher oil production, oil weight and oil yield compared to unroasted kernels and whole roasted kernels. The best results were found in finely ground kernels roasted at 90&deg;C. The roasting temperature lowers the free fatty acid content of the oil, whole kernels produce lower free fatty acids than finely ground kernels. The lowest free fatty acids were found in whole kernels baked at 90&deg;C.</div>

Nickel Fertilization as Plant’s Foes or Friends?- Evaluation by Yield Attributes of Mash [Vigna mungo (L.) Hepper] Genotypes

Mathematical Model for Optimum Temperature and Humidity Determination of Mashed Mushroom in Greenhouses by using Smart Farm Technology and Innovation

Impact of front line demonstrations on the production and productivity of moong (Vigna radiata L), mash (Vigna mungo L), rajmash (Phaseolus vulgaris L), lentil (Lens culinaris L) and chickpea (Cicer aeritinum L) under rainfed ecology in mid hills of J & K, India

Generation of interspecific hybrids for introgression of mungbean yellow mosaic virus resistance in Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek

Inheritance of Urdbean Leaf Crinkle Virus Disease in Blackgram [Vigna mungo (L.) Hepper]

Inheritance Pattern of Mungbean Yellow Mosaic Virus (MYMV) Disease Resistance in Blackgram [Vigna mungo (L.) Hepper]

Effect of Different Dates of Sowing on Growth, Yield Attributes and Yield of Various Cultivars of Kharif Blackgram (Vigna mungo L.) under Amritsar Conditions

Identification and Validation of Quantitative Trait Loci of Mungbean Yellow Mosaic Virus Disease Resistance in Blackgram [Vigna mungo (L). Hepper]

Interspecific Hybridization Between Vigna radiata and Vigna mungo Towards the Broadening of Genetic Base for MYMV Disease Resistance and Generating Variability

Kernel Condition with Variations in Roasting Temperature on Yield and Quality of Candlenut Oil