A total of &nbsp;86 strains Klebsiella pneumoniae isolated from swine were collected to analysis the molecular genetic characteristic by multilocus sequence typing (MLST). The eURST software was used to evaluate the results of MLST. The results indicated that all isolates clustered into 14 ST types(STs). ST106 (including 3 strians) and ST23 (including 2 strians) were single branch. Other 12 ST types belong to the CC258 clonal complex. This study showed that klebsiella pneumoniae isolated from swine in this region has some genetic diversity and the main types were ST258 clone complex, it may be transfered between swine and human.&nbsp;

Multilocus sequence typing analysis of Klebsiella pneumoniae isolated from swine

<div style="text-align: justify;">Colonisation and infection of Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato is governed not only by host resistance but also by its interactions with other phylloplane bacterial colonizers. In the present study, reduced disease symptoms were observed as a result of interaction between P. syringae pv. tomato and Klebsiella pneumoniae, a predominant human enteric pathogen colonising phyllosphere. Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) plants raised under controlled aseptic conditions were divided into 4 groups of 25 plants each and treated as follows: Group 1- inoculated with P. syringae pv. tomato; Group 2- inoculated with K. pneumoniae; Group 3- combination of P. syringae pv. tomato and K. pneumoniae (1:1); Group 4- Distilled water (control). Sampled leaves from the above groups were analysed at 24, 48, 72 and 96 hours post inoculation for the activity of cytoplasmic Peroxidase (POX), Polyphenoloxidase (PPO) and Phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL). Disease incidence was recorded in treated as well as leaves emerging after 2 weeks of inoculation. Plants treated with P. syringae pv. tomato had maximum disease incidence while no infection was observed in control and those inoculated with K. pneumoniae alone. Inoculation of plants with combination of both microbes could substantially reduce the disease severity. The results thus demonstrate that K. pneumoniae, a common HEP on plant surfaces, reduces the ability of P. syringae pv. tomato to colonise the host.</div>

Effect of Klebsiella pneumoniae on speck disease development in Solanum lycopersicum

<div>Background:&nbsp;Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae are two important commensals with pathogenic potentiality in animals and birds, causing intestinal and extra-intestinal infections. These are somewhat zoonotic too via different routes. So, the present study was undertaken to investigate the prevalence of these two bacteria from cloaca and environment of ducks from different districts of West Bengal, followed by detailed characterization and antibiogram. 
 
Methods: Around 197 duck and environmental samples were collected from different districts of West Bengal. E. coli and K. pneumoniae were isolated from collected samples as per standard methods followed by serotyping of the E. coli isolates. The detection of ESBL/ACBL producing isolates was done both phenotypically and genotypically by detecting the presence of antibiotic-resistant genes. Virulence property and biofilm-producing ability of these isolates were also studied. Antibiogram of the ESBL and biofilm positive isolates were done using common 12 antibiotics by disc diffusion method.&nbsp; &nbsp; 
 
Result: A total of 134(68.02%) Escherichia coli and 33(16.75%) Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates were recovered and confirmed by PCR. The prevalence of E. coli and K. pneumoniae in cloacal swabs were less in comparison to the environmental samples (72.09% and 20.93%). Approx. 79.85% E. coli and 72.73% K. pneumoniae isolates were found to be the ESBL/ACBL producers in vitro. E. coli and K. pneumoniae isolates possessed all major antibiotic-resistant genes with the blaAmpC (64.18% &amp; 48.48%) being the most prevalent one. Twenty three (17.16%) E. coli isolates were found positive for the virulence genes, of which stx1 (39.13%) was the most common one as detected by multiplex PCR. No virulence gene was found in K. pneumoniae isolates. Ninety one (67.91%) E. coli and 26(78.79%) K. pneumoniae isolates possessed the biofilm-producing genes. All the ESBL and biofilms producing E. coli and K. pneumoniae isolates showed 100% - 95.24% resistance to ampicillin. A high percentage of resistances were also seen against cefotaxime, ticarcillin/ clavulanic acid, ertapenem, ceftazidime, norfloxacin and ciprofloxacin, which may be due to several reasons. Maximum overall sensitivity was detected against chloramphenicol, co-trimoxazole and gentamicin.</div>

Detection and Characterization of &beta;​-lactamases and Biofilm-producing Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae from Ducks and Duck Environments in West Bengal

Background: Multidrug-resistant pathogens are a significant cause of morbidity globally. The recent rise in resistant bacterial strains is largely attributed to the extensive use of antibiotics in human and animal treatment. In recent years, there has been a notable increase in drug-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae strains, posing a major challenge for clinicians worldwide. 
 
Methods: In the current study, 121 samples were obtained from bovine mastitis milk and faeces, dairy cattle farm premises, chicken cloacal swabs, poultry farm litter and water. The samples were processed for the isolation and identification of Klebsiella species. Klebsiella isolates were identified by cultural, morphological and biochemical characteristics and were subsequently confirmed by PCR assays that targeted species-specific genes. The isolates were subjected to in vitro antibiotic sensitivity test. The DNA from all the isolates was extracted and subjected to PCR to identify the presence of 10 different Antibiotic Resistance Genes (ARG) using published primers. The ARGs targeted were blaTEM, blaSHV, blaOXA, blaIMP, DHAM, MOXM, tetA, tetB, sul1 and aadA. 
 
Result: Out of 121 samples, twenty-six (21.4%) samples were identified as Klebsiella pnuemoniae isolates. The occurence of Klebsiella pnuemoniae in samples from different sources was- 3/33 (09%) from mastitis milk, 8/27 (29.6%) from faecal samples and 04/14 (28.5%) from environmental samples collected from dairy farms. Similarly, Klebsiella pnuemoniae prevalence was recorded to be 6/33 (18.1%) in cloacal swabs and 5/14 (35.7%) from environmental samples collected from poultry farms. On in vitro antibiotic sensitivity test, all the Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates were found to be resistant to penicillin, amoxicillin, cefuroxime and ampicillin/ sulbactam (100% each), followed by cefalexin (65.3%), streptomycin (53.8%), tetracycline (38.4%), imipenum and co-trimoxazole (34.6% each), ofloxacin (30.7%), norfloxacin (27%), ceftriaxone (23%), amikacin (15.38%) and gentamicin (11.5%). All the K. pneumoniae isolates were found to be Multi Drug Resistant (MDR). Out of 26 isolates, 25 (96%) were positive for Sul1, 22 (84.6%) for blaTEM, 19 (73%) for blaSHV, 19 (3%) for tetA, 16 (61.5%) for aadA, 10 (38.4%) for OXA, 9 (34.6%) for tetB and 2 (7.6%) for DHAM and MOXM each. None of the isolates harboured blaIMP gene.

Multi Drug Resistant (MDR) Klebsiella pnuemoniae Isolated from Different Sources

Background: Making animal models is important before research involving human diseases. This study aimed to prepare animal models of pneumonia through the intranasal technique with a focus on the effect of the dose of Klebsiella pneumoniae (Kp) and incubation period on diagnosing pneumonia. We use male Wistar rats 6-8 weeks, 200-300 grams as much as 64 that appropriate the inclusion and exclusion criteria. 
 
Methods: The research method was the pre-posttest group design to prove the creation of a Wistar Rat pneumonia model based on the dose and incubation time for diagnosing Pneumonia. There were On days 1 to 5, each of the 4 rats underwent a thoracic radiography (CXR) 64 rats model divided into 4 groups, N: 4 healthy; T1, T2 and T3 groups of rats were inoculated with 25, 50 and 100 &micro;L of 0.5 McFarland intranasal Kp solution. A group of rats was then sacrificed, followed by retrobulbar blood collection (leukocyte-neutrophil count) and bacterial count/NaCL and lung tissue was taken histopathology and bacterial count/Brain Heart Infusion (BHI). The independent variables were the dose of Klebsiella pneumoniae (Kp) and the incubation period. The statistical analysis of the correlation of dose of bacteria, incubation time with leucocyte and neutrophils used One Way Anova, Kruskal Wallis if the data were abnormally distributed. The correlation is the dose of Kp, incubation period with chest radiography, histopathology, blood bacterial count (BBC) and pulmonary bacterial count (PBC) using the Chi-square test. 
 
Result: The results showed that the dose of Kp was positively and significantly correlated with the neutrophil count (p=0.030) and the histopathology (p=0.000). Similarly, the incubation period was positively and significantly correlated with chest radiography (p=0.000) and histopathology (p=0.013).

Wistar Rat Pneumonia Model: Bacterial Dose, Incubation Time, Inoculation Technique and Laboratory Examination Parameters

<div>Background: Antibiotic resistance is an emerging concern in the therapy of clinical infections worldwide. Previous studies conducted in our laboratory have confirmed an increase in the prevalence of extended spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) among the Gram-negative bacterial pathogens associated with dogs, which could act as a potential source for the transfer of these resistant pathogens or their genetic determinants to human. Since carbapenems are the last resort drugs against these resistant pathogens, the study was aimed to isolate and characterise carbapenem resistance among Escherichia coli (E. coli), Klebsiella pneumoniae (K. pneumoniae) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) associated with common clinical infections in dogs. 
 
Methods: A total of 100 samples were collected from lesional skin, urine and anterior vagina of dogs presented to the Veterinary Hospitals of Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences University at Mannuthy and Thrissur. The samples were cultured onto Brain Heart Infusion Agar (BHIA), Eosin Methylene Blue (EMB) and Mac Conkey (MAC) for isolation of bacteria. Identification of the isolates was performed based on cultural, morphological and biochemical characteristics. The isolates were subjected to antimicrobial susceptibility test (ABST) against the 12 commonly used beta-lactam and non&ndash;beta-lactam group of antibiotics by disc diffusion method and further subjected to screening for ESBL double disc diffusion method. Carbapenem-resistant isolates were subjected to phenotypic confirmatory test for carbapenemase production employing Imipenem-EDTA and Ertapenem-boronic acid minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) strip method. 
 
Result: Forty four Gram-negative bacterial isolates obtained were viz., E. coli (30), K. pneumonia (11) and P. aeruginosa (3) from the 100 samples. Apart from these, other isolates obtained were Staphylococcus spp. (53) and Bacillus spp. (2). All the Gram-negative isolates were subjected to ABST employing 12 common antibiotics belonging to beta-lactam and non-beta-lactam groups. Multidrug resistance (MDR) could be observed in 28 E. coli, 11 K. pneumoniae and three P. aeruginosa isolates. All the 42 MDR isolates showed positive results for ESBL production. A total of 14 isolates out of the 44 Gram-negative bacilli were found to be resistant to carbapenem either to imipenem, meropenem or ertapenem. Among the 14 Gram-negative isolates, nine turned out to be positive for metallo-beta-lactamase (MBL) and none for K. penumoniae carbapenemase (KPC) on phenotypic confirmatory test for detecting major carbapenemase enzymes. The present study documented that Gram- negative bacteria like E. coli, K. pneumoniae and P. aeruginosa isolated from dogs are showing an increase rate of resistance against carbapenems which are the last resort drugs against ESBL producers. Hence, there is an urgent need to curb the irrational and excessive use of antibiotics in veterinary sector.</div>

<div>Phenotypic Characterisation of Klebseilla pneumoniae Carbapenemase and Metallo Beta-lactamase in Carbapenem Resistant Gram-negative Bacteria</div>

<div>Background: Respiratory diseases in calves are causing worldwide economic losses for the beef industry. This study was planned to determine the serum protein fractions and A/G ratio in calves with clinically diagnosed pneumonia, and evaluate the possibility uses of these parameters as clinical diagnostic parameters. 
 
Methods: The 34 calves with respiratory system problems and 10 healthy calves without clinical pneumonia symptoms were used as materials. The obtained serum samples were used for total protein and serum protein electrophoresis. 
 
Result: Albumin, &alpha;1-globulin percentages and A/G ratio decreased in the patient group (p&le;0.01), other globulin fractions were higher in the patient group (p&le;0.01), for % g values. According to concentration results, it was found that while albumin did not show a significant difference, &alpha;1-globulin (p&le;0.05) and A / G ratio (p&le;0.01) decreased in the patient group. In addition, other globulin fractions and total protein levels were higher in patient groups (p&le;0.01). As a result, the serum protein fractions should be evaluated as a useful biochemical blood parameter for diagnosis and follow up of lung diseases especially in calves.</div>

Determination of Blood Serum Protein Fractions of Calves with Clinically Diagnosed Pneumonia

<div>Background: Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) due to emergence and spread of Extended-spectrum &beta;-lactamase (ESBL) producing bacteria are point of discussion in both human as well as in animals across the world as it is one of the latest challenges faced by scientific community. The present study highlighted the prevalence of ESBL producing E. coli and Klebsiella spp. isolated from buffaloes in Uttar Pradesh. 
 
Methods: Total 240 samples were collected from two district of eastern plain zone of Uttar Pradesh during January 2020 to March 2021. E. coli and Klebsiella spp. isolates were confirmed by cultural characteristics in selective media and biochemical tests. ESBL producing isolates were confirmed by DDST, ESBL E-strip and PCR analysis using specific primer for (bla-CTX-M-1, bla-CTX-M-2, bla-CTX-M-9, bla-TEM and bla-SHV). Antibiogram of all confirmed ESBL producing isolates was performed against 20 antimicrobials under 12 different classes. 
 
Result: In the present study, a total of 147 (61.25%) E. coli and 19 (7.91%) Klebsiella spp. were isolated and identified based on cultural and biochemical characteristics. A total of 104 (62.65%) and 99 (59.63%) isolates were confirmed as ESBL producers using DDST and ESBL E-strip tests respectively. PCR analysis, revealed the presence of selected ESBL genes in 92 (55.42%) isolates, among them bla-CTX-M-1 was found most dominant gene (69.41%) in E. coli and (71.42%) in Klebsiella spp. All the ESBL positive E. coli and Klebsiella spp. isolates were found to be 99-100% and 86-100% sensitive to chloramphenicol, polypeptides and aminoglycosides classes respectively. Both isolates of E. coli and Klebsiella spp. showed 100% resistance to cefotaxime, cefpodoxime ceftriazone and ampicillin, 76.47% and 71.42% to ceftazidime respectively and 81.52% isolates were found to be MDR.</div>

Prevalence of Extended-spectrum &beta;-lactamase Producing E. coli and Klebsiella spp. Isolated from Buffaloes in Eastern Plain Zone of Uttar Pradesh

<div>Background: Among enterobacteria E. coli and Klebsiella spp. are of great concern in health care settings, as these bacteria sometimes may contaminate the milk due to unhygienic practices and poor udder condition which have been associated with various illnesses. Therefore, this study aimed to detect the carbapenem resistant E. coli and Klebsiella spp. of bovine milk origin with regard to the risk of human transfer via the food chain in community. 
 
Methods: Total 240 samples were collected from Ayodhya and Sultanpur districts of Eastern Plain Zone of Uttar Pradesh (India). Confirmation of E. coli and Klebsiella spp. isolates was done by using species specific uidA and 16S rRNA gene, respectively. Then, carbapenemase positive E. coli and Klebsiella spp. were confirmend by DDST, MBL E-strip test and PCR analysis by targeting (bla-NDM, bla-OXA-48 and bla-KPC). Antibiogram of all carbapenemase positive isolates was performed against 20 antibiotics of 12 different classes. 
 
Result: In the present study, total 74(30.83%) isolates were identified including 55(22.92%) E. coli and 19(7.92%) Klebsiella spp. by PCR, out of which 12(16.21%) isolates were confirmed as carbapenemase producers comprising 7(12.72%) E. coli and 5(26.31%) Klebsiella spp by DDST and E-strip. All carbapenemase positive E. coli were found 100% sensitive to polymyxin-B and chloramphenicol, while all Klebsiella spp. were 100% sensitive to amikacin and polymyxin-B. Resistance against imipenem, meropenem, cefotaxime, cefpodoxime, ceftazidime, ceftriazone, aztreonam and ampicillin ranged between 80.0%-100%. All carbapenemase positive isolates were found multidrug resistant. Carbapenemase genes bla-NDM and bla-KPC were detected in E. coli while bla-OXA-48 and bla-KPC were detected in Klebsiella spp.</div>

​Detection of Carbapenemase Genes (bla-NDM, bla-KPC, bla-OXA-48) in Escherichia coli and Klebsiella species, Isolated from Milk Samples of Bovine in Eastern Plain Zone of Uttar Pradesh

<div style="text-align: justify;">Animal populace has attained less attention in antimicrobial resistance research than human sector resulting in limited information available on animal origin isolates. The study aimed to investigate the occurrence of ESBL, AmpC and MBL genes, plasmids and integrons in Klebsiella spp. Fecal samples were collected from healthy livestock (cattle, pig, sheep and goat) and poultry between &nbsp;2012-2015. Preliminary identification of isolates was done by conventional phenotypic methods and confirmed by genotypic methods. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed by disk diffusion method. Molecular characterization by PCR was conducted for 17 antimicrobial resistance genes, 3 integrons and 18 Plasmid replicons. A total of 48 Klebsiella isolates were identified. Multidrug resistance was observed in 23% of isolates. ESBL, AmpC and MBL resistance genes were detected in 21%, 6% and 4% of isolates, respectively. Integrons [Int2 gene] and plasmids [Y and IncI genes] were identified in 6% and 8% of isolates.The study highlights the existence of ESBL, AmpC and MBL producing Klebsiella isolates with certain strains carrying mobile genetic elements &nbsp;in healthy livestock and poultry as reservoirs and probable disseminators of resistance, thus imposing public health threat. Prudent use of antimicrobials and continuous intensified surveillance in animal sector is crucial to limit the spread of such emerging resistant traits.</div>

<div style="text-align:justify">Phenotypic and molecular characterization of extended spectrum b-lactamase, ampc b-lactamase and metallo b-lactamase producing Klebsiella spp. from farm animals in India</div>

Multilocus sequence typing analysis of Klebsiella pneumoniae isolated from swine

Effect of Klebsiella pneumoniae on speck disease development in Solanum lycopersicum

Detection and Characterization of β-lactamases and Biofilm-producing Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae from Ducks and Duck Environments in West Bengal

Multi Drug Resistant (MDR) Klebsiella pnuemoniae Isolated from Different Sources

Wistar Rat Pneumonia Model: Bacterial Dose, Incubation Time, Inoculation Technique and Laboratory Examination Parameters

Phenotypic Characterisation of Klebseilla pneumoniae Carbapenemase and Metallo Beta-lactamase in Carbapenem Resistant Gram-negative Bacteria

Determination of Blood Serum Protein Fractions of Calves with Clinically Diagnosed Pneumonia

Prevalence of Extended-spectrum β-lactamase Producing E. coli and Klebsiella spp. Isolated from Buffaloes in Eastern Plain Zone of Uttar Pradesh

Detection of Carbapenemase Genes (bla_-NDM, bla_-KPC, bla_-OXA-48) in Escherichia coli and Klebsiella species, Isolated from Milk Samples of Bovine in Eastern Plain Zone of Uttar Pradesh

Phenotypic and molecular characterization of extended spectrum b-lactamase, ampc b-lactamase and metallo b-lactamase producing Klebsiella spp. from farm animals in India